Determinants of urban household income diversification and its relation to food security: lessons from Yejube town in Ethiopia

References

• Aababbo, Y. E., & Sawore, A. M. (2016). Assessing determinant factors of income diversification among rural farm households in Ethiopia: The case of Leemo and Anileemo Districts, Hadiya Zone, South Nation Nationalities People Region. International Journal of Science and Research, 5(12), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.21275/ART20163308
   Google Scholar
• Aboaba, K. O., Adenle, S. M., Sowunmi, E. O., & Akinade, A. I. (2019). Nexus between poverty and livelihood diversification among rural households in Nigeria: A multidimensional poverty index approach. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publication, 3(5), 168–175.
   Google Scholar
• Aboaba, K. O., Akamo, A. A., Fadiji, D. M., & Obalola, T. O. (2020). Food security and income diversification nexus: USDA approach. Scientific Papers Series-Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture& Rural Development, 20(3), 13–23.
   Google Scholar
• Addisu, Y. (2017). Livelihood strategies and diversification in western tip pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Pastoralism, 7, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-017-0083-3
   Google Scholar
• Addisu, Y. (2015). Food insecurity and its determinants in households of Ethiopia: The case of Libo Kemkem District. Amhara National Regional State, 41, 95–101.
   Google Scholar
• Adem, M., & Tesafa, F. (2020). The intensity of income diversification among small-holder farmers in Asayita Woreda, Afar Region, Ethiopia Intensity of income diversification among small-holder farmers in Asayita Woreda, Afar Region. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1759394. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1759394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adem, M., Tadele, E., Mossie, H., & Ayenalem, M. (2018). Income diversification and food security situation in Ethiopia: A review study. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 4(1), 1513354. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2018.1513354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adugna, E., & Wagayehu, B. (2012). Causes of household food insecurity in Wolaita. Full-length research paper. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 3(3), 35–48.
   Google Scholar
• Agbola, P. O., Awotide, D. O., Ikpi, A. E., Kormawa, P. M., Okoruwa, V. O., & Babalola, D. A. (2008). Effect of income diversification strategies on food insecurity status of farming households in Africa: Result of analysis from Nigeria (No. 725-2016-49415). https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/44388.
   Google Scholar
• Agyeman, B. A. S., Asuming-Brempong, S., & Onumah, E. E. (2014). Determinants of income diversification of farm households in the Western Region of Ghana. https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=https%3A//ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/195729/files/3_Agyeman.pdf;h=repec:ags:qjiage:195729
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, B. (2016). What factors contribute to the smallholder farmers’ farm income differential? Evidence from East Hararghe. Oromia, Ethiopia Contribution/Originality, 6(7), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.2/2016.6.7/2.7.112.119
   Google Scholar
• Akinyemi, M., Olayinka, J. A., Junaidu, M., Ekpa, D., Bodaga, T., & Ibrahim, U. M. (2021). The determinants of livelihood income diversification among rural farming households in Osun State, Nigeria. Fudma Journal of Sciences, 5(2), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0502-527
   Google Scholar
• Alobo, S., Bignebat, C., Alobo, S., & Patterns, C. B. (2020). Patterns and determinants of household income diversification in Rural Senegal and Kenya. HAL Id : hal-01608295 patterns and determinants of household income. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/568230/1/document_568230.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, D. (2012). Seasonality and farm/non-farm interactions in Western Kenya. Journal of Modern African Studies, 50(1), 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragie, T., & Genanu, S. (2017). Level and determinants of food security in North Wollo Zone (Amhara Region – Ethiopia). Journal of Food Security, 5(6), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfs-5-6-4
   Google Scholar
• Asfaw, A., Simane, B., Hassen, A., & Bantider, A. (2017). Determinants of non-farm livelihood diversification: evidence from rainfed-dependent smallholder farmers in north-central Ethiopia (Woleka sub-basin). Development Studies Research, 4(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2017.1413411
   Google Scholar
• Asmamaw. (2019). Determinants of income diversification and its implication on rural households food security in Gubalafto Wereda, Northern Ethiopia. Asmamaw.
   Google Scholar
• Atara, A.,Tolossa, D., &Denu, B. (2020). Analysis of rural households’ resilience to food insecurity: Does livelihood systems/choice/ matter? The case of Boricha woreda of sidama zone in southern Ethiopia. Environmental Development, 35, 100530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayana, G. F., Megento, T. L., & Kussa, F. G. (2021). The extent of livelihood diversification on the determinants of livelihood diversification in Assosa Wereda, Western Ethiopia. GeoJournal, 87(4), 2525–2549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10379-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babatunde, R. O., & Qaim, M. (2009). Patterns of income diversification in rural Nigeria: Determinants and impacts. Quarterly Journal International Agriculture, 4, 305–320.
   Google Scholar
• Babatunde, R., Omotesho, O., & Sholotan, O. (2007). Socio-economic characteristics and food security status of farming households in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2007.49.58
   Google Scholar
• Bassie, Y. (2014). Determinants of household income diversification and its effect on food security status in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopia longitudinal rural household survey. Addis Ababa University.
   Google Scholar
• Bealu, T. (2019). Analysis of livelihood diversification practice to promote rural households’ food security: The case of Hawassa Zuria District of Sidama Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2018.0926
   Google Scholar
• Berlie, A. B. (2020). The invisible crisis of urban food security in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 18(4), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2020.1838983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A., & A., S., Edward. (2014). Determinants of income diversification of farm households in the Western Region of Ghana. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 1, 55–72.
   Google Scholar
• Bigsten, A., & Makonnen, N. (1999). The anatomy of income distribution in urban Ethiopia. African Development Review, 11(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.00001
   Google Scholar
• Bigsten, A., Kebede, B., & Shimeles, A. (2005). Dynamics of income distribution in urban Ethiopia 1994 - 1997. In Poverty, income distribution and labor markets in Ethiopia (pp. 100–132). Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala. http://www.nordicafricinstitute.com/publications/download.HTML/91-71.
   Google Scholar
• Birhane, T., Shiferaw, S., Hagos, S., & Mohindra, K. S. (2014). Urban food insecurity in the context of high food prices: A community based cross sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 680. (https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borooah, V. K. (2002). Logit and probit: Ordered and multinomial models (No. 138). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Coates Jennifer, A. S., & Bilinsky, P. (2007). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: indicator guide (p. 34). Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.
   Google Scholar
• Constas, M., Frankenberger, T., & Hoddinott, J. (2014). Resilience measurement principles: Toward an agenda for measurement design. Food Security Information Network, Resilience Measurement Technical Working Group, Technical Series, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Davendra, G., Smale, M., Maxted, N., Cole, M., Sthapit, R., Jarvis, D., & Updhyay, M. P. (2005). Socioeconomic and agro-ecological determinants of conserving diversity on-farm: The case of rice genetic in Nepal. Nepal Agricultural Research Journal, 6, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Debela, M., & Abebe, W. (2017). Determinants of rural female-headed households’ food security in Ambo District, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development, 5(1), 73–87.
   Google Scholar
• Demissie, A., & Legesse, B. (2013). Determinants of income diversification among rural households: The case of smallholder farmers in Fedis district, Eastern hararghe zone. Ethiopia, 5(March), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE12.104
   Google Scholar
• Dev, T., Sultana, N., & Hossain, E. (2017). Analysis of the impact of income diversification strategies on food security status of rural households in Bangladesh: A case study of Rajshahi District. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business, 2(4), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20160204.13
   Google Scholar
• Dimova, R., & Sen, K. (2010). Is household income diversification a means of survival or a means of accumulation? Panel data evidence from Tanzania (pp. 1–34). Brooks World Poverty Institute Working Paper 122.
   Google Scholar
• Dorward, A., Wobst, P., Lofgren, H., Tchale, H., & Morrison, J. (2003). Modeling pro-poor agricultural growth strategies in Malawi: Lessons for policy and analysis. Wye, Ashford, UK, Center for Development and Poverty Reduction. Department of Agricultural Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Doss, C., Oduro, A. D., Deere, C. D., Swaminathan, H., Baah-Boateng, W., & Suchitra, J. Y. (2018). Assets and shocks: A gendered analysis of Ecuador, Ghana and Karnataka, India. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue Canadienne D’études Du Développement, 39(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2017.1316244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, E. (1997). Diversification in the household economic portfolio. http://www.microlinks.org/ev02.php?ID=7188 201 &ID2=DO TOPIC.
   Google Scholar
• Echebiri, R. N., & Onwusiribe, C. N. (2017). Effect of livelihood diversification on food security status of rural farm households in Abia State Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 17(1), 159–166.
   Google Scholar
• Education, I. O. (2010). Regression with stata Chapter 2: Regression diagnostics. https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/webbooks/reg/chapter2/stata-webbooksregressionwith-statachapter-2-regression-diagnostics/
   Google Scholar
• Elemineh, D. A., Edmealem, H., & Mulusew, M. (2020). Prevalence and associated factors of agricultural technology adoption and Teff productivity in Basso Liben District, East Gojjame Zone (pp. 1–21). https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.358770v1.full
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, F., & Allison, E. (2004). Livelihood diversification and natural resource access. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Livelihood Support Programme Working Paper 9, Overseas Development Quintile, University of East Anglia.
   Google Scholar
• Endalew, B., & Gashaw, T. (2016). Ethiopia: Review. Radix International Education and Research Consortium, 4(December 2015), 2250–3994.
   Google Scholar
• Ersado. (2003). Income diversification in Zimbabwe: Welfare implications from urban and rural areas (FCND Discussion Paper 152). International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Etea, B. G., Zhou, D., Abebe, K. A., & Sedebo, D. A. (2019). Household income diversification and food security: Evidence from rural and semi-urban areas in Ethiopia. Sustainability, 11(12), 3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. (2005). The state of food insecurity in the world. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• FDRE. (1996). Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia: Food security strategy document. FDRE.
   Google Scholar
• Gani, B. S., Olayemi, J. K., & Inoni, O. E. (2019). Livelihood diversification strategies and food Insecurity status of rural farming households in Northeastern Nigeria. Economics of Agriculture, 66(1), 281–295.
   Google Scholar
• Gebreyesus, B. (2016). Determinants of livelihood diversification: the case of Kembata Tambaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Poverty Invest Dev, 23(0), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Gebru, G. W., Ichoku, H. E., & Phil-Eze, P. O. (2018). Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0
   Google Scholar
• Gemechu, F., Zemedu, L., & Yousuf, J. (2016). Determinants of farm household food security in Hawi Gudina district, West Hararghe zone, Oromia Regional National State. Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 8(2), 12–18.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis (5th ed.). New York University.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, W. H. (2000). Models with discrete dependent variables. In Econometric analysis. New York University.
   Google Scholar
• Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic econometrics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies.
   Google Scholar
• Habtewold, T. M. (2019). Determinants of food security in the Oromiya Region of Ethiopia (Issue April 2018). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8126-2
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, H.,Henry, R.,Rounsevell, M.,Moran, D.,Cossar, F.,Allen, K.,Boden, L., &Alexander, P. (2020). Exploring global food system shocks, scenarios and outcomes. Futures, 123, 102601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2020.102601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idowu, A. O., Awoyemi, T. T., Omonona, B. T., & Fausi, A. O. (2011). Non-farm income diversification and poverty among rural farm households in Southwest Nigeria. European Journal of Social Sciences, 21(1), 163–177.
   Google Scholar
• Kasie, T., Agrandio, A., & Garcia, I. (2017). Household resilience to food insecurity: Shock exposure, livelihood strategies, and risk response options: The case of Tach-Gayint District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. University of Jaume I.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, E., House, L., Nelson, M. C., & Degner, R. (2005). An evaluation of consumer preferences regarding goat meat in the South. Food Distribution Research, 37(1), 88–96.
   Google Scholar
• Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology, methods, and techniques (pp. 13–14). New Age International Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Megan, G. (2010). Three essays on buyer power theory, dominant HMOs, and technology transfer. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation submitted to Department of Economics, Northeastern University. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20000287.
   Google Scholar
• Mekuriaw, T. (2019). Analysis of current and future water demand scenario in Yejube Town, Ethiopia. International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 06(02), 1291–1304. https://doi.org/10.29294/IJASE.6.2.2019.1291-1304
   Google Scholar
• Minot, M., Epprecht, M., Anh, T., & Trung, L. (2006). Income diversification and poverty in the northern uplands of Vietnam. International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed, A. A. (2017). The food security situation in Ethiopia: A review study. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 2(3), 86–96.
   Google Scholar
• Motbainor, A., Worku, A., & Kumie, A. (2016). Level and determinants of food insecurity in East and West Gojjam zones of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16, 503. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obalola, T. O. (2020). Food security and income diversification nexus: USDA approach. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 20(3), 13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Obayelu, A. E. (2012). Households’ food security status and its determinants in North-Central Nigeria. Food Economics, 9(4), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/2164828X.2013.845559
   Google Scholar
• Ocho, F. L., Yadessa, G. B., Abdissa, F. M., & Bekele, A. E. (2017). Why does food insecurity persist in Ethiopia? Trends, challenges, and prospects of food security in Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 9(12), 341–354.
   Google Scholar
• Oluwatayo, I. B. 2009. Poverty and income diversification among households in rural Nigeria: A gender analysis of livelihood patterns [Paper presentation]. Conference Paper No.41, IESE
   Google Scholar
• Onunka, C. N., & Olumba, C. C. (2017). An analysis of the effect of livelihood diversification on the food security status of the rural farming households in Udi L. G.A of Enugu state. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research, 7, 389–398.
   Google Scholar
• Perneger, T. V., Courvoisier, D. S., Hudelson, P. M., & Gayet-Ageron, A. (2015). Sample size for pre-tests of questionnaires. Quality of Life Research, 24(1), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0752-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robaa, B., & Tolossa, D. (2016). Rural livelihood diversification and its effect on household food security. A case study at Damota Gale Woreda, Wolayta, Southern Ethiopia. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 32(1), 93–118. https://doi.org/10.1353/eas.2016.0001
   Google Scholar
• Singh, K. (2007). Quantitative research methods. Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Tefft, J., Jonasova, M., Adjao, R., & Morgan, A. (2017). Food systems for an urbanizing world. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Tegegne, E. (2015). Livelihoods and food security in the small urban centers of Ethiopia: The case of Durame, Wolenchiti, and Debresina Towns [Dissertation]. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Teshome, B. E., & Khalil, A. (2013). Determinants and patterns of income diversification among Smallholder Farmers in Akaki District, Ethiopia. Journal of Research in Economics and International Finance, 2(4), 68–78.
   Google Scholar
• Welderufael, M. (2015). Analysis of households vulnerability and food insecurity in Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia: Using value at risk analysis. Ethiopian Journal of Economics, 23, 37–78.
   Google Scholar
• Winters, P., Davis, B., Carletto, G., Covarrubias, K., Quiñones, E. J., Zezza, A., Azzarri, C., & Stamoulis, K. (2009). Assets, activities and rural income generation: Evidence from a multicountry analysis. World Development, 37(9), 1435–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introduction analysis (2nd ed.). Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Yishak, G. (2017). Rural farm households’ income diversification: The case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Social Sciences, 6(2), 45–56.
   Google Scholar
• Zegeye, T., & Hussien, H. (2011). Farm households’ food insecurity, determinants, and coping strategies: The case of Fadis District, Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 8(1), 1–35.
   Google Scholar
• Zerai, B., & Gebreegziabher, Z. (2011). Effect of nonfarm income on household food security in eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia: An entitlement approach. Food Science and Quality Management, 1(10), 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Zerihun, B. (2017). Non-farm diversification in Ethiopia: What determines participation and returns? Conference paper economic development in Africa. The Centre for African and Oriental Studies., Addis Ababa University.
   Google Scholar