Exploring the continuity and change in political advertising research: a systematic literature review

References

• Arendt, F., & Obereder, A. (2016). Attribute agenda setting and political advertising: (Dis)association effects, modality of presentation, and consequences for voting. Communications, 41(4), 421–443. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2016-0024
   Google Scholar
• Atkin, C., & Heald, G. (1976). Effects of political advertising. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.1086/268289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas, J., Schotten, M., Plume, A., Côté, G., & Karimi, R. (2020). Scopus is a curated, high-quality bibliometric data source for academic research in quantitative science studies. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(1), 377–19. https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article-abstract/1/1/377/15571 https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00019
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, B. (2021). Commercial companies in party networks: Digital advertising firms in U.S. elections from 2006-2016. Political Communication, 39(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1978021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, C. L., Bandara, S., Fowler, E. F., Baum, L., Gollust, S. E., Niederdeppe, J., & Hendricks, A. K. (2020). Guns in political advertising over four U.S. election cycles, 2012–18. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 39(2), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bast, J, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany. (2021). Politicians, parties, and government representatives on Instagram: A review on research approaches, usage patterns, and effects. Review of Communication Research, 9, 193. https://doi.org/10.12840/ISSN.2255-4165.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batrynchuk, Z., Yesypenko, N., Bloshchynskyi, I., Dubovyi, K., & Voitiuk, O. (2022). Multimodal texts of political print advertisements in Ukraine. World Journal of English Language, 12(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p115
   Google Scholar
• Baum, K., Meissner, S., & Krasnova, H. (2021). Partisan self-interest is an important driver for people’s support for the regulation of targeted political advertising. PloS One, 16(5), e0250506. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baviera, T., Sánchez-Junqueras, J., & Rosso, P. (2022). Political advertising on social media: issues sponsored on Facebook ads during the 2019 general elections in Spain. Communication & Society, 35(3), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.35.3.33-49
   Google Scholar
• Binder, A., Stubenvoll, M., Hirsch, M., & Matthes, J. (2022). Why am i getting this ad? how the degree of targeting disclosures and political fit affect persuasion knowledge, party evaluation, and online privacy behaviors. Journal of Advertising, 51(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2021.2015727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkle, C., Pendlebury, D. A., Schnell, J., & Adams, J. (2020). Web of science as a data source for research on scientific and scholarly activity. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(1), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00018
   Google Scholar
• Bölükbaşi, M. (2022). Turkish political advertising: A content analysis of newspaper political advertisements between 1977 and 2007. İlef Dergisi, 9(2), 344–371. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1033652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodnax, N. M., & Sapiezynski, P. (2022). From home base to swing states: The evolution of digital advertising strategies during the 2020 U.S. presidential primary. Political Research Quarterly, 75(2), 460–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221078046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano-Orón, L., Calvo, D., López García, G., & Baviera, T. (2021). Disinformation in Facebook ads in the 2019 Spanish general election campaigns. Media and Communication, 9(1), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavaliere, P. (2022). The truth in fake news: How disinformation laws are reframing the concepts of truth and accuracy on digital platforms. European Convention on Human Rights Law Review, 3(4), 481–523. https://doi.org/10.1163/26663236-bja10044
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M. K., & Rohla, R. (2018). The effect of partisanship and political advertising on close family ties. Science (New York, N.Y.), 360(6392), 1020–1024. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, J. (2008). Political Ads and citizen communication. Communication Research, 35(4), 423–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208315976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, A. (2014). How “Ab Ki Baar Modi Sarkaar” Slogan Helped BJP: The Impact of “Ab Ki Baar Modi Sarkar” Slogan on Voter’s Psyche. https://www.onlymyhealth.com/how-ab-ki-baar-modi-sarkaar-slogan-helped-bjp-1400156839
   Google Scholar
• Cotter, K., Medeiros, M., Pak, C., & Thorson, K. (2021). “Reach the right people”: The politics of “interests” in Facebook’s classification system for ad targeting. Big Data & Society, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951721996046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crain, M., & Nadler, A. (2019). Political manipulation and internet advertising infrastructure. Journal of Information Policy, 9, 370–410. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Y., & Luqiu, L. (2020). Camouflaged propaganda: A survey experiment on political native advertising. Research & Politics, 7(3), 205316802093525. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168020935250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gregorio, G., & Goanta, C. (2022). The influencer republic: Monetizing political speech on social media. German Law Journal, 23(2), 204–225. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2022.15
   Google Scholar
• Dobber, T., & Vreese, C. d (2022). Beyond manifestos: Exploring how political campaigns use online advertisements to communicate policy information and pledges. Big Data & Society, 9(1), 205395172210954. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221095433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobber, T., Kruikemeier, S., Helberger, N., & Goodman, E. (2023). Shielding citizens? Understanding the impact of political advertisement transparency information. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231157640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobber, T., Kruikemeier, S., Votta, F., Helberger, N., & Goodman, E. P. (2023). The effect of traffic light veracity labels on perceptions of political advertising source and message credibility on social media. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2023.2224316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobber, T., Ó Fathaigh, R., & Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. J. (2019). The regulation of online political micro-targeting in Europe. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dommett, K., & Zhu, J. (2022). The barriers to regulating the online world: Insights from U.K. debates on online political advertising. Policy & Internet, 14(4), 772–787. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dommett, K., Mensah, S. A., Zhu, J., Stafford, T., & Aletras, N. (2023). Is there a permanent campaign for online political advertising? investigating partisan and non-party campaign activity in the U.K. between 2018–2021. Journal of Political Marketing, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2023.2175102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133(133), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
   Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M., & Ryan, J. B. (2020). Affective polarization, local contexts and public opinion in America. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01012-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dür, A. (2018). How interest groups influence public opinion: Arguments matter more than the sources. European Journal of Political Research, 58(2), 514–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverría, M, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. (2020). Why do candidates attack? Explanatory factors in negative television political advertising. Comunicación y Sociedad, 2020(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2020.7573
   Google Scholar
• Echeverría, M. (2023). Experiencing political advertising through social media logic: A qualitative inquiry. Media and Communication, 11(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrand, B. (2023). Regulating misleading political advertising on online platforms: an example of regulatory mercantilism in digital policy. Policy Studies, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2023.2258810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz, M. M., & Ridout, T. N. (2007). Does political advertising persuade? Political Behavior, 29(4), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-007-9032-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, P., Franz, M., & Goldstein, K. (2004). Campaign advertising and democratic citizenship. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 723–741. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido-Lora, M., Sánchez Decicco, W. N., & Rivas-De-Roca, R. (2022). Strategy and creativity in the use of political slogans: A study of the elections held in Spain in 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Grüning, D. J., & Schubert, T. W. (2021). Emotional campaigning in politics: being moved and anger in political ads motivate to support candidate and party. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 781851. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halyna, K., Oleksandr, N., Tetiana, S., Olha, Y., & Vita, S. (2023). The place and role of political advertising in the system of manipulative technologies: the linguistic dimension.
   Google Scholar
• Harbath, K., & Fernekes, C. (2022). A brief history of tech and elections: A 26-year journey. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/download/?file=/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/A-Brief-History-of-Tech-and-Elections_-A-26-Year-Journey.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Harker, M. (2019). Political advertising revisited: digital campaigning and protecting democratic discourse. Legal Studies, 40(1), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1017/lst.2019.24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug, M. M., Koppang, H., & Svennevig, J. (2010). Moderator bias in television coverage of an election campaign with no political advertising. Nordicom Review, 31(2), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0131
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, M., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2024). The influence of political fit, issue fit, and targeted political advertising disclosures on persuasion knowledge, party evaluation, and chilling effects. Social Science Computer Review, 42(2), 554–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393231193731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, M., Stubenvoll, M., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2023). Beneficial or harmful? How (Mis)Fit of targeted political advertising on social media shapes voter perceptions. Journal of Advertising, 53(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2023.2175081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtz-Bacha, C. (2018). Political advertising—a research overview. Central European Journal of Communication, 11(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.11.2(21).4
   Google Scholar
• Howdle, G. (2023). Microtargeting, dogwhistles, and deliberative democracy. Topoi, 42(2), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-023-09889-3
   Google Scholar
• Jacob, N., & Doshi, G. (2021). In charts: India’s political parties spent thousands of crores on publicity in the last five years. https://scroll.in/article/1006842/in-charts-indias-political-parties-spent-thousands-of-crores-on-publicity-in-the-last-five-years
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, N. F., & Munis, B. K. (2018). Place-based imagery and voter evaluations: Experimental evidence on the politics of place. Political Research Quarterly, 72(2), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918781035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissas, A. (2017). Ideology in the age of mediatized politics: from “belief systems” to the re-contextualizing principle of discourse. Journal of Political Ideologies, 22(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2017.1306958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen, J., & Hess, A. (2021). Experiencing multimodal rhetoric and argumentation in political advertisements: a study of how people respond to the rhetoric of multimodal communication. Visual Communication, 20(3), 327–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/14703572211013399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koçer, S., & Yalkın, Ç. (2016). Invented myths in contemporary Turkish political advertising. Society, 53(6), 603–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-016-0087-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koliska, M., Bhat, P., & Gandhi, U. (2023). #MainBhiChowkidar (I Am Also a Watchman): Indian Journalists Responding to a Populist Campaign Challenging Their Watchdog Role in Society. Digital Journalism, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2254811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, A., & Sokolova, T. (2017). A focus on partisanship: How it impacts voting behaviours and political attitudes. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(4), 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2017.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lariscy, R. A. W., & Tinkham, S. F. (1999). The sleeper effect and negative political advertising. Journal of Advertising, 28(4), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1999.10673593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, R. R., Andersen, D. J., Ditonto, T. M., Kleinberg, M. S., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2016). Effect of media environment diversity and advertising tone on information search, selective exposure, and affective polarization. Political Behavior, 39(1), 231–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9354-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Kaid, L., Fernandes, J., & Painter, D. (2011). Effects of political advertising in the 2008 presidential campaign. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(4), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211398071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B., & Campbell, V. (2016). Looking out or turning in? Organizational ramifications of online political posters on Facebook. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(3), 313–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216645928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leerssen, P., Ausloos, J., Zarouali, B., Helberger, N., & de Vreese, C. H. (2019). Platform ad archives: promises and pitfalls. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, T.-C., Tang, K.-Y., Lin, S.-S., Changlai, M.-L., & Hsu, Y.-S. (2022). A co-word analysis of selected science education literature: Identifying research trends of scaffolding in two decades (2000–2019). Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 844425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.844425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.-I. (2012). The influence of communication context on political cognition in presidential campaigns: A geospatial analysis. Mass Communication and Society, 15(1), 46–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.583179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubis, T., & Purba, A. (2020). Metaphor and parallelism in political advertisements of alas language. Cogency, 12(2), 71. https://doi.org/10.32995/cogency.v12i2.360
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, A. B., Grigoriou, N., Fuxman, L., & Reisel, W. D. (2019). Political advertising effectiveness in war-time Syria. Media, War & Conflict, 13(4), 375–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219841356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolov, G. L. (2019). Theoretical aspects of political advertising. Economic Studies Journal, 28(6), 54–73.
   Google Scholar
• McKinnon, L. M., Kaid, L. L., Murphy, J., & Acree, C. K. (1996). Policing political ads: An analysis of five leading newspapers’ responses to 1992 political advertisements. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909607300107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murashova, E. P. (2021). The role of the cognitive metaphor in the hybridization of marketing and political discourses: An analysis of English-language political advertising. Training, Language and Culture, 5(2), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.22363/2521-442X-2021-5-2-22-36
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, M., Franklin Fowler, E., & Ridout, T. N. (2022). Body language and gender stereotypes in campaign video. Computational Communication Research, 4(1), 254–274. https://doi.org/10.5117/CCR2022.1.007.NEUM
   Google Scholar
• Olena, K., Olha, K., Tetiana, B., Yuliya, B., & Vira, R. (2023). Linguistic dimension of political advertising: Analysis of linguistic means of manipulative influence.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, S., & Ghosh, M. (2023). Bibliometric review of research on misinformation: Reflective analysis on the future of communication. Journal of Creative Communications, 18(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/09732586231165577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp, Z., & Patkós, V. (2018). The macro-level driving factors of negative campaigning in Europe. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218803426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phalswal, S. (2023). Mapping the grassroots innovation research: A bibliometric analysis and future agenda. Journal of Scientometric Research, 12(3), 727–738. https://doi.org/10.5530/jscires.12.3.069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priyanka, P. V. (2014). Priyanka P.V Philip Kotler center for advanced marketing. IMS Noida Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Rahim, M. H. A., Lyndon, N., & Mohamed, N. S. P. (2017). Transforming political advertising in Malaysia: Strategizing political advertisements towards first-time and young voters in Malaysian G.E. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Rakshit, S. (2023). Political advertising: Best platforms to use in 2023. https://www.themediaant.com/blog/political-advertising-best-platforms-to-use-in-2023/
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, S. C., Franz, M. M., Fowler, E. F., & Ridout, T. N. (2019). The role of dark money disclosure on candidate evaluations and viability. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 18(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2018.0499
   Google Scholar
• Ridout, T. N., & Searles, K. (2011). It’s my campaign i’ll cry if i want to: How and when campaigns use emotional appeals. Political Psychology, 32(3), 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00819.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridout, T. N., Fowler, E. F., & Franz, M. M. (2021). Spending fast and furious: Political advertising in 2020. The Forum, 18(4), 465–492. https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2020-2109
   Google Scholar
• Ridout, T. N., Franklin Fowler, E., Franz, M. M., & Goldstein, K. (2017). The long-term and geographically constrained effects of campaign advertising on political polarization and sorting. American Politics Research, 46(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17721479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riskedahl, D. (2022). Lebanese political advertising and the dialogic emergence of signs. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), 25(4), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.4.03ris
   Google Scholar
• Rizki, I., Usman, B., Samad, I. A., Muslim, A., & Mahmud, M. (2019). The rhetorical pattern of political advertisement in Aceh. Studies in English Language and Education, 6(2), 212–227. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v6i2.13851
   Google Scholar
• Roy, T. L. (2023). BJP is highest spender on political ads on platforms like Meta and Google. Storyboard 18. https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/bjp-is-highest-spender-on-political-ads-on-platforms-like-meta-and-google-16782.htm
   Google Scholar
• Scammell, M., & Langer, A. I. (2006). Political advertising: why is it so boring? Media, Culture & Society, 28(5), 763–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443706067025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäwel, J., Frener, R., & Trepte, S. (2021). Political microtargeting and online privacy: A theoretical approach to understanding users’ privacy behaviors. Media and Communication, 9(4), 158–169. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2017). Effects of economic and symbolic threat appeals in right-wing populist advertising on anti-immigrant attitudes: The impact of textual and visual appeals. Political Communication, 34(4), 607–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1316807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmuck, D., Tribastone, M., Matthes, J., Marquart, F., & Bergel, E. M. (2020). Avoiding the other side? An eye-tracking study of selective exposure and selective avoidance effects in response to political advertising. Journal of Media Psychology, 32(3), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000265
   Google Scholar
• Seibt, B., Schubert, T. W., Zickfeld, J. H., & Fiske, A. P. (2018). Touching the base: heart-warming ads from the 2016 U.S. election moved viewers to partisan tears. Cognition & Emotion, 33(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1441128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal, S., & Kaur, H. (2018). A content analysis of youtube political advertisements: Evidence from Indian parliamentary elections. Journal of Creative Communications, 13(2), 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258618761408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, D., Sullivan, J., Allen, B., & Alger, D. (2008). What’s good for the goose is bad for the gander: Negative political advertising, partisanship, and turnout. The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080481
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubenvoll, M., Binder, A., Noetzel, S., Hirsch, M., & Matthes, J. (2022). Living is easy with eyes closed: avoidance of targeted political advertising in response to privacy concerns, perceived personalization, and overload. Communication Research, 51(2), 203–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502221130840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanusondjaja, A., Michelon, A., Hartnett, N., & Stocchi, L. (2023). Reaching voters on social media: planning political advertising on Snapchat. International Journal of Market Research, 65(5), 566–580. https://doi.org/10.1177/14707853231175085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatelo, M. T. (2022). Afrocentric analysis of music in political advertisements of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa, 41(2), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v41i2.1431
   Google Scholar
• Trifu, A.,Smîdu, E.,Badea, D. O.,Bulboacă, E., &Haralambie, V. (2022). Applying the PRISMA method for obtaining systematic reviews of occupational safety issues in literature search. MATEC Web of Conferences, 354, 00052. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235400052
   Google Scholar
• Türksoy, N. (2020). Appealing to hearts and minds: The case of a political advertising campaign in the 2019 european parliament elections in cyprus. Intersection, 6(2), 22–39.
   Google Scholar
• van der Goot, E., Kruikemeier, S., Vliegenthart, R., & de Ridder, J. (2023). The online battlefield: how conflict frames in political advertisements affect political participation in a multiparty context. Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217231178105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittman, D. (2007). Candidate quality, pressure group endorsements and the nature of political advertising. European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 360–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.01.004
   Google Scholar
• Wolfs, W., & Veldhuis, J. J. (2023). Regulating social media through self-regulation: a process-tracing case study of the European Commission and Facebook. Political Research Exchange, 5(1), 2182696. https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2023.2182696
   Google Scholar
• Wood, S. C. (1990). Television’s first political spot ad campaign: Eisenhower answers America. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 20(2), 265–283. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27550614.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3Ac0498aa6a3793f1c38b7c31246ad6f7c&ab_segments=&origin=&initiator=&acceptTC=1
   Google Scholar
• Yaakop, A. Y., Padlee, S. F., Set, K., & Salleh, M. (2014). Political advertising and media: Insights from a multicultural society. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(7), 510–518. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p510
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yanich, D. (2020). Local television political advertising and the manufacturing of political reality. Society, 57(5), 554–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-020-00538-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarouali, B., Dobber, T., De Pauw, G., & de Vreese, C. (2020). Using a personality-profiling algorithm to investigate political microtargeting: Assessing the persuasion effects of personality-tailored ads on social media. Communication Research, 49(8), 1066–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220961965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. J., Möller, J., Kruikemeier, S., Ó Fathaigh, R., Irion, K., Dobber, T., Bodo, B., & De Vreese, C. (2018). Online political microtargeting: Promises and threats for democracy. Utrecht Law Review, 14(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumofen, G., & Gerber, M. (2018). Effects of issue-specific political advertisements in the 2015 parliamentary elections of Switzerland. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(4), 442–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar