Childhood and adolescent sexual behaviors predict adult sexual orientations

References

• Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., & Ytteroy, E. A. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. A review of studies from 1978 to 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 335–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anestis, S. F. (2004). Female genito-genital rubbing in a group of captive chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 25, 477–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronsson, H., Lind, J., Ghirlanda, S., & Enquist, M. (2011). Parental influences on sexual preferences: The case of attraction to smoking. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 9, 21–41.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, J. M., & Bell, A. P. (1993). Familiality of female and male homosexuality. Behavior Genetics, 23, 313–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C., Neale, M. C., & Agyei, Y. (1993). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 217–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action, a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 347–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Catanese, K. R., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 242–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, K. W., O’Keefe, S. L., Swindell, S., Stroebel, S. S., Griffee, K., Young, D. H., & Linz, T. D. (2013). Brother–brother incest: Data from anonymous computer-assisted self-interviews. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 20, 217–253. doi:10.1080/10720162.2013.807483
   Google Scholar
• Bearman, P. S., & Bruckner, H. (2002). Opposite‐sex twins and adolescent same‐sex attraction. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 1179–1205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., & Hammersmith, S. K. (1981). Sexual preference. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bereczkei, T., Gyuris, P., & Weisfeld, G. E. (2004). Sexual imprinting in human mate choice. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271, 1129–1134.
   Google Scholar
• Bickham, P. J., O’Keefe, S. L., Baker, E., Berhie, G., Kommor, M. J., & Harper-Dorton, K. V. (2007). Correlates of early overt and covert sexual behaviors in heterosexual women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 724–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billingham, R. E., & Hockenberry, S. L. (1987). Gender conformity, masturbation fantasy, infatuation, and sexual orientation: A discriminant analysis investigation. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 368–374.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, R. (2001). Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male homosexuality. Hormones & Behavior, 40, 105–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert, A. F., & Friesen, C. (2002). Sexual orientation and height, weight, and age of puberty: New tests from a British national probability sample. Biological Psychology, 59, 135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert, A. F., Friesen, C., & Klentrou, P. (2002). Age of puberty and sexual orientation in a national probability sample. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brecher, E. M., & Brecher, J. (1986). Extracting valid sexological findings from severely flawed and biased population samples. Journal of Sex Research, 22, 6–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookey, R. A. (2001). Bio-rhetoric, background beliefs and the biology of homosexuality. Argumentation and Advocacy, 37, 171–183.
   Google Scholar
• Brookey, R. A. (2002). The rhetoric and power of the gay gene. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buehler, C., Franck, K. L., & Cook, E. C. (2009). Adolescents’ triangulation in marital conflict and peer relations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 669–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, P., & Cameron, K. (1995). Does incest cause homosexuality? Psychological Reports, 76, 611–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. A., Alan sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2004). The construction of experience: A longitudinal study of representation and behavior. Child Development, 75, 66–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles, R. (2001). Is there any empirical support for Bowen’s concepts of differentiation of self The American Journal of Family Therapy, 29, 279–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallos, R., & Vetere, A. (2012). Systems theory, family attachments and processes of triangulation: Does the concept of triangulation offer a useful bridge? Journal of Family Therapy, 34, 117–137. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00554.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawood, K., Bailey, J. M., & Martin, N. G. (2009). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation. In Y.-K. Kim (Ed.), Handbook of behavior genetics (pp. 269–279). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media LLC.
   Google Scholar
• De Waal, F., & Lanting, F. (1997). Bonobo the forgotten ape. Berkley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Desmarais, C., Roeber, B. J., Smith, M. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2012). Sentence comprehension in postinstitutionalized school-age children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55, 45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L. M. (2000). Passionate friendships among adolescent sexual-minority women. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 191–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L. M. (2002). Having a girlfriend without knowing it. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 6, 5–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond, L. M. (2012). The desire disorder in research on sexual orientation in women: Contributions of dynamical systems theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 73–83. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9909-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, N., van Roode, T., Cameron, C., & Paul, C. (2013). Stability and change in same-sex attraction, experience, and identity by sex and age in a New Zealand birth cohort. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 753–763. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-0063-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPonte, M. W. (2007). The basics of heat (estrus) detection in cattle. Retrieved from http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/LM-15.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Enquist, M., Aronsson, H., Ghirlanda, S., Jansson, L., & Jannini, E. A. (2011). Exposure to mother’s pregnancy and lactation in infancy is associated with sexual attraction to pregnancy and lactation in adulthood. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8, 140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, N. A., & Rutter, M. (2010). Introduction to the special section on the effects of early experience on development. Child Development, 81, 23–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, III, C. A. (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child Development, 81, 28–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franck, K. L., & Buehler, C. (2007). A family process model of marital hostility, parental depressive affect, and early adolescent problem behavior: The roles of triangulation and parental warmth. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 614–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich, B. (2005). Correlates of sexual behavior in young children. Journal of Child Custody, 2, 41–55.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, J., & DiVasto, P. (1979). Mother–daughter incest. Child Abuse & Neglect, 3, 953–957.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, J., & DiVasto, P. (1989). Female homosexuality: A sequel to mother–daughter incest. In J. M Goodwin (Ed.), Sexual abuse: Incest victims and their families (pp. 140–146). Chicago, IL, Year Book Medical Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, A. S., & Bailey, J. M. (1993). Do biological explanations of homosexuality have moral, legal, or policy implications? Journal of Sex Research, 30, 245–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffee, K., O’Keefe, S. L., Beard, K. W., Young, D. H., Kommor, M. J., Linz, T. D., … Stroebel, S. S. (2014a). Human sexual development is subject to critical period learning: Implications for sexual addiction, sexual therapy, and for child rearing. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 21, 114–169. doi:10.1080/10720162.2014.906012
   Google Scholar
• Griffee, K., O’Keefe, S. L., Beard, K. W., Young, D. H., Kommor, M. J., & Linz, T. D. (2014b). Human sexual development is subject to critical period learning: Paradigm shifting implications for sexual therapy and for child rearing. International Journal of Sexual Health, 26, 295–313. doi:10.1080/19317611.2014.898725
   Google Scholar
• Griffee, K., Swindell, S., O’Keefe, S. L., Stroebel, S. S., Beard, K. W., Shih-Ya Kuo, S.-Y., & Stroupe, W. (2014). Risk factors for sibling incest: Data from an anonymous computer-assisted self-interview. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, on line ahead of print, 1–40. Retrieved from http://sax.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/11/27/1079063214558941.abstract
   Google Scholar
• Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. M. L. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science, 261, 321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 260–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, C. (1997). Context and development of sexual behavior of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba, Zaire. International Journal of Primatology, 18, 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, K., & Holmes, J. G. (1998). Childhood revisited: The intimate relationships of individuals from divorced and conflict-ridden families. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 280–316). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hershberger, S. L. (1997). A twin registry study of male and female sexual orientation. Journal of Sex Research, 34, 212–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, A. B. (1965). The environment and disease: Association or causation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58, 295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, H. (2012). Considering the role of conditioning in sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 63–71. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9915-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlock, E. B., & Klein, E. R. (1934). Adolescent “Crushes”. Child Development, 5, 63–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hyde, J. S. (2005). Biological substrates of human sexuality. In: J. S. Hyde (Ed.), Biological substrates of human sexuality (pp. 9–20). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Irwin, D. E., & Price, T. (1999). Sexual imprinting, learning, and speciation. Heredity, 82, 347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, M. W., & Bell, A. P. (1995). Romantic emotional attachment: Additional factors in the development of the sexual orientation of men. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 621–625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. L., & Yarhouse, M. A. (2011). A longitudinal study of attempted religiously mediated sexual orientation change. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 37, 404–427. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2011.607052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M., & McDonald, E. (1992). Homosexuals who are twins: A study of 46 probands. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 407–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia, PA: W. B Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A. C., Reichert, P., Cauldwell, D. O., & Mozes, E. B. (1955). The causes of homosexuality: A symposium. Sexology, 21, 558–562.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, F. (1990). The need to view sexual orientation as a multivariable dynamic process: A theoretical perspective. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 277–282). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhle, B. X., & Radtke, S. (2013). Born both ways: The alloparenting hypothesis for sexual fluidity in women. Evolutionary Psychology, 11, 304–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laumann, J. H., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• McConaghy, N., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Stevens, C., Manicavasagar, V., Buhrich, N., & Vollmer-Conna, U. (2006). Fraternal birth order and ratio of heterosexual/homosexual feelings in women and men. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 161–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiselman, K. C. (1979). Incest: A psychological study of causes and effects with treatment recommendations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Mustanski, B. S., Chivers, M. L., & Bailey, J. M. (2002). A critical review of recent biological research on human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 89–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Wasserman, W. (1989). Applied linear statistical models (4th ed.). Chicago, IL: Irwin.
   Google Scholar
• Nojo, S., Tamura, S., & Ihara, Y. (2012). Human homogamy in facial characteristics Human Nature, 23, 323–340. doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9146-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, S. L., Beard, K. W., Swindell, S., Stroebel, S. S., Griffee, K., & Young, D. H. (2014). Sister–brother incest: Data from anonymous computer-assisted self-interviews. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 21, 1–38. doi:10.1080/10720162.2013.877410
   Google Scholar
• Offord, D. R., & Kraemer, H. C. (2000). Risk factors and prevention. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 3, 30–71. doi:10.1136/ebmh.3.3.70
   Google Scholar
• Peplau, T. A., Spaulding, L. R., Conley, T. D., & Veniegas, R. C. (1999). The development of sexual orientation in women. Annual Review of Sex Research, 10, 71–99.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., Coria-Avila, G. A., Gelez, H., Afonso, V. M., Ismail, N., & Parada, M. (2012). Who, what, where, when (and maybe even why)? How the experience of sexual reward connects sexual desire, preference, and performance. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 31–62. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9935-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkington, B. & Kremer, J. (1995). A review of the epidentiological research on child sexual abuse. Community and college student samples. Child Abuse Review, 4, 84–98.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R. T., Pinheiro, K. A. T., Magalhães, P. V. D., Horta, B. L., Da Silva, R. A., Sousa, P. L. R., & Fleming, M. (2006). Cocaine addiction and family dysfunction: A case-control study in southern Brazil. Substance Use & Misuse, 41, 307–316. doi:10.1080/10826080500409167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, G., Anderson, C., Risch, N., & Ebers, G. (1999). Male homosexuality: Absence of linkage to microsatellite markers at Xq28. Science, 284, 665–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinett, S. R. (2012). Covert behaviors occurring in childhood and adolescence: Predictors of adult sexual orientation and sexual identity ( Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 338). Retrieved from http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/338
   Google Scholar
• Roisman, G. I., Collins, W. A., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2005). Predictors of young adults’ representations of and behavior in their current romantic relationship: Prospective tests of the prototype hypothesis. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 105–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roisman, G. I., Madsen, S. D., Henninghausen, K. H., Sroufe, L. A., & Collins, W. A. (2001). The coherence of dyadic behavior across parent–child and romantic relationships as mediated by the internalized representation of experience. Attachment & Human Development, 3, 156–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosencrans, B. (1997). The last secret: Daughters sexually abused by mothers. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rusby, J. S. M. (2010). Effect of childhood age in foster care on the incidence of divorce in adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 101–104. doi:10.1037/a0017940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghir, M. T., & Robins, E. (1973). Male & female homosexuality: A comprehensive investigation. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, A. R., Martin, E. R., Beecham, G. W., Guo, S., Dawood, K., Rieger, G., & Bailey, J. M. (2015). Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual orientation. Psychological Medicine, 45, 1379–1388. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R. C. (1995). An exploratory study of pubertal maturation timing and self-esteem among gay and bisexual male youths. Developmental Psychology, 31, 56–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutz, F. (1965). Homosexualitãt und prägung [Homosexuality and stamping]. Psychologische Forschung, 28, 439–463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz, G., Kim, R. M., Kolundzija, A. B., Rieger, G., & Sanders, A. R. (2010). Biodemographic and physical correlates of sexual orientation in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 93–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simari, C. G., & Baskin, D. (1984). Incestuous experiences within lesbian and male homosexual populations: A preliminary study. Child Psychiatry Quarterly, 17, 21–40.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. (1998). Attachment in Adulthood. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 3–21). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L. (2003). Can some gay men and lesbians change their sexual orientation? 200 participants reporting a change from homosexual to heterosexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 403–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storms, M. D. (1980). Theories of sexual orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 783–792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storms, M. D. (1981). A theory of erotic orientation development. Psychological Review, 88, 340–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebel, S. S., O’Keefe, S. L., Griffee, K., Kuo, S., Beard, K. W., & Kommor, M. J. (2013). Sister–sister incest: Data from an anonymous computerized survey. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22, 695–719. doi:10.1080/10538712.2013.811140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susser, M. W. (1991). What is a cause and how do we know one? A grammar for pragmatic epidemiology. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133, 635–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenhula, W. N., & Bailey, J. M. (1998). Female sexual orientation and pubertal onset. Developmental Neuropsychology, 14, 369–383. doi:10.1080/87565649809540716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa, R. J., Kinder, B. N., & Ironson, G. (1987). Heterosexual bias in the perception of loving relationships of gay males and lesbians. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 163–172.
   Google Scholar
• Uylings, H. B. M. (2006). Development of the human cortex and the concept of “critical” or “sensitive” periods. Language Learning, 56, 59–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wyk, P. H., & Geist, C. S. (1984). Psychosocial development of heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13, 505–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrangalova, Z., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2010). Correlates of same-sex sexuality in heterosexually identified young adults. Journal of Sex Research, 47, 92–102. doi:10.1080/00224490902954307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrangalova, Z., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2012). Mostly heterosexual and mostly gay/lesbian: Evidence for new sexual orientation identities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 85–101. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9921-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen, R. E., Geary, D. C., & Johnson, F. (1990). Models of sexuality. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 61–70). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. J., & Weinberg, M. S. (2003). Zoophilia in men: A study of sexual interest in animals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 523–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker, K. J. (2003). The politics and science of “reparative therapy”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 399–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar