Is conservation agriculture a potential option for cereal-based sustainable farming system in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nepal?

References

• Bhatt, R., Kukal, S. S., Busari, M. A., Arora, S., & Yadhav, M. (2016). Sustainability issues on rice-wheat cropping system. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4, 64–74. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapagain, T., & Raizada, M. N. (2017). Agronomic challenges and opportunities for smallholder terrace agriculture in developing countries. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 331. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DADO. (2017). Annual agricultural development statistical book: Government of Nepal, ministry of agricultural development, department of agriculture. Sunsari: District Agriculture Development Office.
   Google Scholar
• Dillon, J. L., & Hardaker, J. B. (1993). Farm management research for small farm development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Drechsel, P., Heffer, P., Magen, H., Mikkelsen, R., & Wichelns, D. (2015). Managing water and fertilizer for sustainable agricultural intensification (1st ed.). Paris, France: International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), and International Potash Institute (IPI).
   Google Scholar
• Duxbury, J. M., Abrol, I. P., Gupta, R. K., & Bronson, K. F. (2000). Analysis of long-term soil fertility experiments with rice-wheat rotations in South Asia. Rice-Wheat Consortium Paper (Vol. 6, pp. 7–22). New Delhi: Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2018). Conservation agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy. Retrieved May 27, 2018, from http://www.fao.org/conservation-agriculture/en/
   Google Scholar
• Gopal, R., Jat, R. K., Malik, R. K., Kumar, V., Alam, M. M., Jat, M. L., … Gupta, R. (2010). Direct dry seeded rice production technology and weed management in rice based systems. Technical Bulletin. New Delhi, India: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. 28.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, R. K., Naresh, R. K., Hobbs, P. R., & Ladha, J. K. (2002, April 5–10). Adopting conservation agriculture in rice wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains-new opportunities for saving water. Paper presented at the “Water wise rice production workshop”, Phillipines: IRRI. doi: 10.1044/1059-0889(2002/er01)
   Google Scholar
• Homann-KeeTui, S., Adekunle, A., Lundy, M., Tucker, J., Birachi, E., Schut, M., … Mundy, P. (2013). What are innovation platforms? Innovation platforms practice brief 1. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
   Google Scholar
• Hongyan, L., Hussain, S., Zheng, M., Peng, S., Huang, J., Cui, K., & Nie, L. (2015). Dry direct-seeded rice as an alternative to transplanted-flooded rice in Central China. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag, 35(1), 285–294. doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0239-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huehn, M. (1993). Harvest index versus grain/straw-ration. Theoretical comments and experimental results on the comparision of variation. Euphytica, 68, 27–32. doi:10.1007/BF00024151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, M. F., Hussain, M., Faisal, N., Iqbal, J., Rehman, A. U., Ahmad, M., & Padyar, J. A. (2017). Happy seeder zero tillage equipment for sowing of wheat in standing rice stubbles. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 4(4), 101–105. doi:10.22192/ijarbs
   Google Scholar
• Keil, A., D’souza, A., & McDonald, A. (2017). Zero-tillage is a proven technology for sustainable wheat intensification in the eastern indo-gangetic plains: What determines farmer awareness and adoption? Food Security, 9, 723–743. doi:10.1007/s12571-017-0707-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladha, J. K., Dawe, D., Pathak, H., Padre, A. T., Yadhav, R. L., Bijay, S., … Hobbs, P. R. (2003). How extensive are yield declines in long term rice-wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research, 132, 204–212.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, R. K., Kamboj, B. R., Jat, M. L., Sindhu, H. S., Bana, A., Singh, V., … Gupta, R. (2011). No-till and unpuddled mechanical transplanting of rice (pp. P13). New Delhi, India: Operational Manual, Cereal Systems Inititative for South Asia.
   Google Scholar
• Mehla, R. S., Verma, J. K., Gupta, R. K., & Hobbs, P. R. (2000). Stagnation in the productivity of wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains: Zero till seed cum fertilizer drill as an integerated solution. New Delhi: Rice-Wheat Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• MOAD. (2004). National agriculture policy. Kathmandu: Ministry of Agricultural Development Singha Durbar.
   Google Scholar
• MOAD. (2017). Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture. Agri-business promotion and statistics division. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Agricultural Development, Singha Durbar.
   Google Scholar
• Panday, D. (2012). Adapting climate change in agriculture: The sustainable way in Nepalese context. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentSpecial Issue: Conference Proceedings, Lalitpur, Nepal  (pp. 91–94).
   Google Scholar
• Panday, D, Maharjan, B, Chalise, D, Shrestha, R. K, & Twanabasu, B. (2018). Digital soil mapping in the bara district of nepal using kriging tool in arcgis. Plos One, 13(10), e0206350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, S, Bhatta, N. P, Paudel, P, Pariyar, R, Maskey, K. H, Khadka, J, & Panday, D. (2018). Improving fertilizer recommendations for nepalese farmers with the help of soil-testing mobile van. Journal Of Crop Improvement, 32(1), 19–32. doi: 10.1080/15427528.2017.1387837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudyal, K. R., Ransom, J. K., Rajbhandari, N. P., Adhikari, K., Gerpacio, R. V., & Pingali, P. L. (2001). Maize in Nepal: Production Systems, Constraints, and Priorities for Research. NARC and CIMMYT. Kathmandu, Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Pokharel, D. (2016). Promoting conservation agriculture in rice wheat farming system in Eastern Region of Nepal. Agronomy for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, Environment, Energy and Livelihood Security to Achieve Zero Hunger Challenge” at ICAR-IARI, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India, November 22–26, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Saharawat, Y. S., Singh, B., Malik, R. K., Ladha, J. K., Gathala, M., Jat, M. L., & Kumar, V. (2010). Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice–Wheat rotation in North Western IGP. Field Crops Research, 116(3), 260–267. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2010.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekar, I., & Pal, S. (2012). Rice and wheat crop productivity in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India: Changing pattern of growth and future strategies. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 67, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Soneja, S. I., Tielsch, J. M., Khatry, S. K., Curriero, F. C., & Breysse, P. N. (2016). Highlighting uncertainty and recommendations for improvement of black carbon biomass fuel-based emission inventories in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region. Current Environmental Health Reports, 3(1), 73–80. doi:10.1007/s40572-016-0075-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SRFSI. (2016). Sustainable and resilient farming systems intensification in the eastern Gangetic Plains (SRFSI). Semi-Annual Project Report. Australia: CIMMYT Bangladesh and ACIAR.
   Google Scholar
• Thierfelder, C., Mwila, M., & Rusinamhodzi, L. (2013). Conservation agriculture in eastern and southern provinces of Zambia: Long-term effects on soil quality and maize productivity. Soil and Tilage Research, 126, 246–258. doi:10.1016/j.still.2012.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, R. L., Yadav, D. S., Singh, R. M., & Kumar, A. (2008). Long term effects of inorganic fertilizer input and crop productivity in rice–Wheat cropping system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 51, 193–200. doi:10.1023/A:1009744719420
   Google Scholar