Biochar and manure influences tomato fruit yield, heavy metal accumulation and concentration of soil nutrients under wastewater irrigation in arid climatic conditions

References

• Anonymous. (2011). Agricultural statistics of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Islamabad.
   Google Scholar
• Baligar, V. C., Fageria, N. K., & He, Z. L. (2001). Nutrient use efficiency in plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32, 921–15. doi:10.1081/CSS-100104098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, C. E., & Brown, R. C. (2012). Biochar. In A. Sayigh (Ed.), Comprehensive renewable energy (pp. 357–384). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. T., Koenig, R. T., Higgins, D. R., Harsh, J. B., & Rossi, R. E. (2008). Lime effects on soil acidity, crop yield, and aluminum chemistry in direct-seeded cropping systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 72, 634–640. doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruun, E.W., Petersen, C.T., Hansen, E., Holm, J.K., Haubbard-Nielsen, H. (2014). Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention. Soil Use Manag. 30, 109–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, G., Pandit, N. R., Taylor, P., Pandit, B. H., Sparrevik, M., & Schmidt, H. P. (2013). Emissions and char quality of flame-curtain “Kon Tiki” kilns for farmer-scale charcoal/biochar production. Plose One, 1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154617
   Google Scholar
• D’Angelo, E., Crutchfield, J., & Vendivere, M. (2001). Rapid, sensitive, microscale determination of phosphate in water and soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 2206–2209. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.2206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deal, C., Brewer, C. E., Brown, R. C., & Okure, M. A. E. (2012). Amoding. Comparison of kiln-derived and gasifier-derived biochars as soil amendments in the humid tropics. Biomass Bioener, 37, 161–168. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgallal, M., Fletcher, L., & Evans, B. (2016). Assessment of potential risks associated with chemicals in wastewater used for irrigation in arid and semiarid zones: A review. Agricultural Water Management, 177, 419–431. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estefan, G., Sommer, R., & Ryan, J. (2013). Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis: A manual for the West Asia and North Africa region. Beirut, Lebanon. Rolf Sommer, and John Ryan: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).
   Google Scholar
• Gatta, G., Libutti, A., Beneduce, L., Gagliardi, A., Disciglio, G., Lonigro, A., & Tarantino, E. (2016). Reuse of treated municipal wastewater for globe artichoke irrigation: Assessment of effects on morpho-quantitative parameters and microbial safety of yield. Scientia horticulturae, 213, 55–65. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghori, S. A., Gul, S., Tahir, S., Sohail, M., Batool, S., Shahwani, M. N., … Butt, M. R. (in preparation). Influence of wood-derived biochar on morphological and physiological traits of spinach under groundwater and wastewater irrigation. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management.
   Google Scholar
• Giuliani, M. M., Nardella, E., Gagliardi, A., & Gatta, G. (2017). Deficit irrigation and partial root-zone drying techniques in processing tomato cultivated under Mediterranean climate conditions. Sustainability, 9, 2197. doi:10.3390/su9122197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Pakistan (GOP). (2015). Meeting of the Federal Committee on Agriculture. Kharif Session, (2015-2016).
   Google Scholar
• Gul, S., Ahmad, S., Achakzai, A. K. K., & Islam, M. (2007). Impact of microhabitat upon survival of Seriphiduim quettence seedling. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39, 1717–1724.
   Google Scholar
• Gul, S., & Whalen, J. K. (2016). Biochemical cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in biochar-amended soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 103, 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gul, S., Whalen, J. K., Thomas, B. W., Sachdeva, V., & Deng, H. (2015). Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: Mechanisms and future directions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 206, 46–59. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gul, S., Winans, K. S., Leila, M., & Whalen, J. K. (2014). Sustaining soil carbon reserves of bioenergy cropping systems in northern temperate regions. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 9, 1–23. doi:10.1079/PAVSNNR20149026
   Google Scholar
• Haider, F., Gul, S., Hussain, J., Ghori, S. A., Shahwani, M. N., Murad, M., & Kakar, A. M. (2018). Influence of biochar on yield and heavy metal accumulation in roots of Brassica rapa under groundwater and wastewater irrigation. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 34, 418–427.
   Google Scholar
• Imran, M., Khan, M. A., Azeem, M., Ahmed, N., Binyamin, R., & Riaz, A. (2012). Screening of tomato germplasm for the source of resistance and its management against ToMV. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 24(1), 53–57.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, M., Razzaq, A., Gul, S., Ahmad, S., Muhammad, T., Hassan, S., … Louhaichi, M. (2018). Impact of grazing on soil, vegetation and ewe production performances in a semi-arid rangeland. Journal of Mountain Science, 4, 685–694. doi:10.1007/s11629-017-4702-7
   Google Scholar
• Kammann, C. I., Schmidt, H.-P., Messerschmidt, N., Linsel, S., Steffens, D., Muller, C., … Joseph, S. (2015). Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in cocomposted biochar. Scientific Reports, 5, 5–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. U., Malik, R. N., & Muhammad, S. (2013). Human health risk from Heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan. Chemosphere, 93, 2230–2238. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, J. (2007). A handful of carbon. Nature, 447, 143–144. doi:10.1038/447143a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libutti, A., Gatta, G., Gagliardi, A., Vergine, P., Pollice, A., Beneduce, L., … Tarantin, E. (2018). Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under mediterranean conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 196, 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Rong, Q., Wei, Z., & Liang, G. (2017). Effects of inorganic and organic amendment on soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial community and soil quality in yellow clayey soil. PloS one, 12, 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mia, S., Uddin, N., Hossain, S. A. A. M., Amin, B., Mete, F. Z., & Hiemstra, T. (2015). Production of biochar for soil application: A comparative study of three kiln models. Pedosphere, 25(5), 696–702. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(15)30050-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtaza, G., Ghafoor, A., Qadir, M., Ownes, G., Aziz, M. A., Zia, M. H., & Saifullah. (2010). Disposal and use of sewage on agricultural lands in Pakistan: A review. Pedosphere, 20(1), 23–34. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60279-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawab, J., Ghani, J., Khan, S., & Xiaoping, W. (2018). Minimizing the risk to human health due to the ingestion of arsenic and toxic metals in vegetables by the application of biochar, farmyard manure and peat moss. Journal of Environmental Management, 214, 172–183. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzediegwu, C, Prasher, S, Elsayed, E, Dhiman, J, Mawof, A, & Patel, R. (2019). Effect of biochar on heavy metal accumulation in potatoes from wastewater irrigation. Journal Of Environmental Management, 232, 153–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qasim, S., Gul, S., Shah, M. H., Hussain, F., Ahmad, S., Islam, M., … Shah, S. Q. (2017). Influence of grazing exclosure on vegetation biomass and soil quality. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5, 62–68. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rechcigl, J. E., & Payne, G. G. (1989). Comparison of a microwave digestion system to other digestion methods for plant tissue analysis. Annual meetings of American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science society of America, Las Vegas Nevada. Retrieved from http://www.cem.de/documents/pdf/publikation/digestion/rd026.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shah, M. A., Khan, A. I., Awan, F. S., Sadaqat, H. A., Bahadur, S., Rasheed, A., & Baloch, F. S. (2015). Genetic diversity of some tomato cultivars and breeding lines commonly used in Pakistani breeding program. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 3(3), 126–132. doi:10.24925/turjaf.v3i3.126-132.249
   Google Scholar
• Sims, G. K., Ellsworth, T. R., & Mulvaney, R. L. (1995). Microscale determination of inorganic nitrogen in water and soil extract. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 26(1–2), 303–316. doi:10.1080/00103629509369298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spokas, K. A, Novak, J. M, Stewart, C. E, Cantrell, K. B, Uchimiya, M, DuSaire, M. G, & Ro, K. S. (2011). Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere, 85, 869–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghizadeh-Toosi, A., Clough, T. J., Sherlock, R. R., & Condron, L. M. A. (2012). Wood based low-temperature biochar captures NH3-N generated from ruminant urine-N, retaining its bioavailability. Plant and Soil, 353, 73–84. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1010-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir, S., Gul, S., Ghori, S. A., Sohail, M., Batool, S., Jamil, N., … Butt, M. R. (2018). Biochar influences growth performance and heavy metal accumulation in spinach under wastewater irrigation. Cogent Food And Agriculture, 4, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Q., Liu, X., Hao, T., Zeng, M., Shen, J., Zhang, F., & Vries, W. D. (2018). Modeling soil acidification in typical Chinese cropping systems. The Science of the Total Environment, 613-614, 1339–1348. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziadi, N., Whalen, J. K., Messiga, A. J., & Morel, C. (2014). Assessment and modeling of soil available phosphorus in sustainable cropping systems. Advances in Agronomy, 122, 85–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar