7,064
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
SOIL & CROP SCIENCES

Effects of anthracnose disease on avocado production in Kenya

ORCID Icon, & | (Reviewing editor)
Article: 1799531 | Received 04 May 2020, Accepted 16 Jul 2020, Published online: 29 Jul 2020

References

  • Abang, M. M., Winter, S., & Green, K. R. (2002). Molecular identification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing yam anthracnose in Nigeria. Plant Pathology, 51, 63–14. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0032-0862.2001.00655.x
  • Agrios, G. N. (2005). Plant Pathology (5th ed.). Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Ajay, K. G. (2014). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: Biology, pathogenicity and management in India. Journal of Plant Physiology and Pathology, 2, 2-11.
  • Alahakoon, P. W., Brown, A. E., & Sreenivasaprasad, S. (1994). Cross infection potential of genetic groups of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on tropical fruits. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 44(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-5765(05)80104-3
  • Arauz, L. (2000). Mango anthracnose: Economic impact and current options for integrated management. Plant Disease, 84, 600–611. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.6.600
  • Bill, M., Dharini Sivakumar, A., Thompson, K., & Korsten, L. (2014). Avocado Fruit Quality Management during the Postharvest Supply Chain. Food Reviews International, 30(3), 169–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2014.907304
  • Boesewinkle, H. J. (1982). A list of 142 new plant disease recordings from New Zealand and short notes on three diseases. Australian Plant Pathology, 11(4), 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1071/APP9820040
  • Brecht, J. K., Yahia, E. M., & Litz, R. E. (2009). Postharvest physiology in Litz, R. E. (eds). The mango: Botany, production and uses (2nd ed., 484–528). CABI.
  • Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. Internaytional Journal Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
  • Cai, L., Hyde, K. D., Taylor, P. W. J., Weir, B., Waller, J., Abang, M. M., Zhang, J. Z., Yang, Y. L., Phoulivong, S., Liu, Z. Y., Prihastuti, H., Shivas, R. G., McKenzie, E. H. C., & Johnston, P. R. (2009). A polyphasic approach for studying Colletotrichum. Fungal Diversity, 39(1), 183–204.
  • Cannon, P. F., Damm, U., Johnston, P. R., & Weir, B. S. (2012). Colletotrichum – Current status and future directions. Study Mycology, 73, September 2012, 181–213. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0014
  • Chen, H., Morrell, P. L., Cruz, M. D. L., & Clegg, M. T. (2008). Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium in wild avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Journal of Heredity, 99(4),382-389.
  • Chung, W. H., Ishii, H., & Nishimura, K. (2006). Fungicide sensitivity and phylogenetic relationship of anthracnose fungi isolated from various fruit crops in Japan. Plant Disease, 90(4), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0506
  • Cooper, J., Dobson, H., & Orchard, J. (2003). Avocado production protocol- a document in consultation with avocado growers and exporters in Kenya. Natural Resources Institute. University of Greenwich, UK. 63.
  • Cristobal-Martınez, A. L., Ya~nez-Morales, M. J., & Solano- Vidal, R. (2017). Diversity of Colletotrichum species in coffee (Coffea arabica) plantantions in Mexico. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 147(3), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-1029-0
  • Crouch, J. A., & Beirn, L. A. (2009). Anthracnose of cereals and grasses. Fungal Diversity, 39, 19–44. http://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/FD39-2.pdf
  • Damm, U., Cannon, P. F., Woudenberg, J. H. C., & Crous, P. W. (2012). The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. Studies in mycology, 73, 37-113.
  • Davidse, L. C. (1973). Antimitotic activity of methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC) in Aspergillus nidulans. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 3(3), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(73)90030-8
  • Dean, R., Van Kan, J. A., Pretorius, Z. A., Hammond-Kosack, K. E., & Di Pietro, A. (2012). The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 13(4), 414–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x
  • Dreher, M. L., & Davenport, A. J. (2013). Hass avocado composition and potential health effects. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 53(7), 738-750.
  • El Ghaouth, A., Wilson, C. L., Wisniewski, M., Droby, S., Smilanick, J. L., & Korsten, L. (2002). Biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. Biological Control of Crop Diseases.Mercel Dekker, Newyork, 289-312
  • European Food Safety Authority EFSA. (2013). Reasoned opinion on the review of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for guazatine according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/20051. EFSA Journal, 11(5), 3239. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3239
  • Evans, H. C., Greaves, M. P., & Watson, A. K. (2001). Fungal biocontrol agents of weeds. Fungi as Biocontrol Agents, 169–192. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
  • Everett, K. R., Owen, S. G., & Cutting, J. G. M. (2005). Testing efficacy of fungicides against postharvest pathogens of avocado (Persea americana cv. Hass). N. Z. Plant Protection, 58, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4260
  • Eyres, L., Sherpa, N., & Hendriks, G. (2001). Avocado oil: New edible oil from Australasia. Lipid Technology, 13(4), 84–88.
  • Fallik, E. L. A. Z. A. R., & Lurie, S. U. S. A. N. (2007). Thermal control of fungi in the reduction of postharvest decay. Heat Treatment for Postharvest Pest Control: Theory and Practice
  • FAO (2004). Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins for 2003. A Compendium of Food and Nutrition Paper No. 81.
  • FAOSTAT,(2013). The Statistical Division (FAOSTAT) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  • Farr, D. F., Aime, M. C., Rossman, A. Y., & Palm, M. E. (2006). Species of Colletotrichum on agavaceae. Mycology Resource, 110(12), 1395–1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.09.001
  • FDA (2014). US food and drug administration. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts
  • Freeman, S. (2000). Genetic Diversity and host specificity of Colletotrichum species on various fruits. In D. Prusky, S. Freeman, & M. B. Dickman (Eds.), Colletotrichum: Host specificity, pathology, and host- pathogen interaction (pp. 133–134). American Phytopathological Society.
  • Freeman, S., Katan, T., & Shabi, E. (1996). Characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from avocado and almond fruits with molecular and pathogenicity tests. Applied and environmental microbiology, 62(3), 1014-1020.
  • Freeman, S., Katan, T., & Shabi, E. (1998). Characterization of Colletotrichum species responsible for anthracnose diseases of various fruits. Plant Disease, 82(6), 596–605. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.6.596
  • Freeman, S., & Rodriguez, R. J. (1995). Differentiation of Colletotrichum species responsible for anthracnose of strawberry by arbitrarily primed PCR. Mycological Research, 99(4), 501–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80653-9
  • Fuentes-Aragón, D., Juárez-Vázquez, S. B., Vargas-Hernández, M., & Silva-Rojas, H. V. (2018). Colletotrichumfructicola, a member of colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, is the causal agent of anthracnose and soft rot in avocado fruits cv. “Hass”. Mycobiology, 46(2), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1454010
  • Gamage, T. V., & Rehman, M. S. (1999). Post- harvest handling of foods of plant origin. In M. S. Rehman (Ed.), Handbook of food preservation (pp. 11–46). Marcel Dekker Inc.
  • Gañán, L., Álvarez, E., & Castaño Zapata, J. (2015). Genetic identification of Colletotrichum spp. anthracnose causing in avocado, banana, mango and tree tomato fruits. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Science. Ex Fis. Nat., 39(152), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.192
  • Garrido, C., Carbú, M., Fernández-Acero, F. J., Budge, G., Vallejo, I., Colyer, A., & Cantoral, J. M. (2008). Isolation and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose of strawberry in south west Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 120(4), 409–415.
  • Giblin, F. R., Coates, L. M., & Irwin, J. A. G. (2010). Pathogenic diversity of avocado and mango isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose and pepper spot in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 39(1), 50-62.
  • Griesbach, J. (1985). The avocado industry in Kenya. In X African Symposium on horticultural crops 158 (pp 87-92). Doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1985.158.9
  • Griesbach, J. (2005). Avocado growing in Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Kul Graphics Ltd. Nairobi.
  • Guerber, J. C., Liu, B., & Correll, J. C. (2003). Characterization of diversity in Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato by sequence analysis of two gene introns, mtDNA and intron RFLPs, and mating compatibility. Mycologia, 95(5), 872–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833047
  • Harp, T. L., Pernezny, K., Ivey, M. L. L., Miller, S. A., & Kuhn, P. J. (2008). The etiology of recent pepper anthracnose outbreak in Florida. Crop Protection, 27(10), 1380–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.05.006
  • Hartill, W. F. T., & Everett, K. R. (2002). Inoculum sources and infection pathways of pathogens causing stem‐end rots of ‘Hass’ avocado(Persea Americana). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 30(4), 249-260.
  • Hernandez, G. 2011. Production and trade forecast to grow GAIN Report. Foreign Agricultural Service.
  • Hodson, A., Mills, P. R., & Brown, A. E. (1993). Ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from tropical fruits. Mycological Research, 97(3), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81130-1
  • Hofman, P. J., Bower, J., & Woolf, A. (2013). Harvesting, packing, postharvest technology, transport and processing. In B. Schaffer, B. N. Wolstenholme, & A. W. Whiley (Eds.), The avocado: Botany, production and uses (2nd ed., pp. 489–540). CABI.
  • Horticultural Crop Development (HCD), (2018). National Horticultural Validated Report.
  • Idris, S., Ndukwe, G., & Gimba, C. (2009). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of seed extracts of Persea americana (avocado pear). Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(1), 173–176. Doi: 10.4314/bajopas.v2i1.58538
  • Ippolito, A., & Nigro, F. (2000). Impact of preharvest application of biological agents on postharvest diseases of fresh fruits and vegetables. Crop Protection, 19(8–10), 715–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00095-8
  • Isman, B. M. (2000). Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection, 19(8–10), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00079-X
  • Janisiewicz, W. J., & Cornway, W. S. (2010). Combining biological control with physical and chemical treatments to control fruit decay after harvest. Stewart Postharvest Reveiw, 10, 1–3.
  • Janisiewicz, W. J., Tworkowski, T. J., & Kurtzman, C. P. (2001). Biocontrol potential of Metchnikowia pulcherrima strains against blue mold of apple. Phytopathology, 91(11), 1098–1108. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.11.1098
  • Kader, A. A. (1994). Modified and controlled atmosphere storage of tropical fruits. In B. R. Champ, E. Highley, & G. I. Johnson (Eds.), Postharvest Handling of Tropical Fruits (pp. 239–249). Proc. ACIAR conference.
  • Kaewchai, S., K. Soytong, and K. D. Hyde. (2009). Reviews, Critiques and New Ideas.
  • Kalemba, D., & Kunicka, A. (2003). Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Current Medical Chemistry, 10(10), 813–829. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867033457719
  • Karabulut, O. A., & Baykal, N. (2002). Evaluation of the use of microwave power for the control of post harvest diseases of peaches. Post harvest Biology and Technology, 26(2),237-240.
  • Kimaru, S. K., Monda, E., Cheruiyot, R. C., Mbaka, J., & Alakonya, A. (2018a). Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from diseased avocado fruits to selected fungicides in Kenya. Advances in Agriculture, 2018, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3567161
  • Kimaru, S. K., Monda, E., Cheruiyot, R. C., Mbaka, J., & Alakonya, A. (2018b). Morphological and molecular identification of the causal agent of anthracnose disease of avocado in Kenya. International Journal of Microbiology, 2018, 10. Article ID 4568520. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4568520
  • Korsten, L., & Jeffries, P. (2000). Potential for biological control of diseases caused by Colletotichum. In D. Prusky, S. Freeman, & M. B. Dickman (Eds.), Colletotrichum host specificity, pathology and host-pathogen interaction (pp. 266–295). APS Press.
  • Korsten, L., Van Harmelen, M. W., Heitman, A., & De Jager, E. (1991). Biological control of post-harvest mango diseases. South African Mango Growers Association Year Book, 11, 65–67.
  • Korsten, L., Wehner, F. C., De Villiers, E. E., Kotze, J. M., & De Jagar, E. S. (1995). Evaluation of epiphytes isolated from avocado leaf and fruit surfaces for biocontrol of avocado post- harvest diseases. Plant Disease, 79(11), 1149–1156. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-79-1149
  • Latunde‐Dada, A. O. (2001). Colletotrichum: tales of forcible entry, stealth, transient confinement and breakout. Molecular plant pathology, 2(4),187-198.
  • Li, H., Zhou, G. Y., Liu, J. A., & Xu, J. (2016). Population genetic analyses of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola on tea-oil trees in China. PloS one, 11(6), e0156841.
  • Lima, N. B., Batista, M. V. D. A., & De Morais, M. A. (2013). Five Colletotrichum species are responsible for mango anthracnose in north-eastern Brazil. Fungal Diversity, 61(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0237-6
  • Liu, B., & Correll, J. C. (2007). Molecular tools for taxonomy of Colletotrichum species. Brazilian Phytopathology, 32S21–S24.
  • Lopez, A. M. Q., & Lucas, J. A. (2010). Colletotrichum isolates related to Anthracnose of cashew trees in Brazil: morphological and molecular description using LSU rDNA sequences. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 53(4), 741-752.
  • Lu, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, D., Lee, R., & GAO, K. (2009). California “Hass” avocado: Profiling of carotenoids, tocopherol, fatty acid, and fat content during maturation and from different growing areas. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(21), 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901839h
  • Mills, P. R., Hodson, A., & Brown, A. E. (1992). Molecular differentiation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates infecting tropical crops. In J. A. Bailey & M. J. Jeger (Eds.), Colletotrichum: Biology, pathology and control (pp. 269–288). CAB International.
  • Naveh, E., Werman, M. J., Sabo, E., & Neeman, I. (2002). Research Communication: Defatted Avocado Pulp Reduces Body Weight and Total Hepatic Fat But Increases Plasma Cholesterol in Male Rats Fed Diets with Cholesterol. The Journal of nutrition, 132(7), 2015-2018.
  • Njombolwana, N. S., Erasmus, A., & Fourie, P. H. (2013). Evaluation of curative and protective control of Penicillium digitatum following imazalil application in wax coating. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 77(2013), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.11.009
  • Ogbebor, N. O., Adekunle, A. T., & Enobakhare, D. A. (2007). Inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sac. causal organism of rubber (HeveabrasiliensisMuell. Arg.) leaf spot using plant extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(3), 213–218. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/56139
  • Peres, N. A. R., Souza, N. L., Zitko, S. E., & Timmer, L. W. (2002). Activity of benomyl for control of postbloom fruit drop of citrus caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant disease, 86(6), 620–624.
  • Pernezny, K., Belle, G., & Marlatt, R. B. (2000). Diseases of Avocado in Florida. Plant Pathology Fact Sheet pp-21.
  • Pest Control Products Board. (2019). List of registered pest control products in Kenya. (9th Ed).
  • Pitarokili, D. O., Couladis, T. M., & Verykokidou, E. (1999). Composition and antifungal activity of essential oil of Salvia pomiferas fsp. calycina growing wild in Greece. Journal Essential Oil Research, 11(5), 655–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1999.9701233
  • Piteira, M. C. C., & Rodrigues Jr, C. J. (1999). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Morphocultural studies and pathogenicity tests using cross inoculations on other tropical fruits. In [New Directions in Plant Protection], Oeiras (Portugal), 24–25 Sep 1998. EAN.
  • Poulivong, S., Cai, L., Chen, H., McKenzie, E. H. C., Abdelsalam, K., Chukeatirote, E., & Hyde, K. D. (2010). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is not a common pathogen on tropical fruits. Fungal Diversity, 44(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0046-0
  • Prabakar, K., Raguchander, T., Parthiban, V. K., Muthulakshmi, P., & Prakasam, V. (2005). Post -harvest fungal spoilage in mango at different levels marketing. Madras Agriculural Journal, 92(1-3), 42–48.
  • Prusky, D., & Keen, N. T. (2011). Involvement of preformed antifungal compounds in the resistance of subtropical fruits to fungal decay. Plant Disease, 77(2), 114–119. https://https://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/backissues/Documents/1993Articles/PlantDisease77n02_114.PDF
  • Sanders, G. M., & Korsten, L. (2003a). Comparison of cross inoculation potential of South African avocado and mango isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Microbiological Research, 128(2), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-5013-00186
  • Sanders, G. M., Korsten, L., & Wehner, F. C. (2000). Survey of fungicide sensitivity in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from different avocado and mango production areas in South Africa. European Journal of plant pathology, 106(8),745-752.
  • Schaffer, B. A., Wolstenholme, B. N., & Whiley, A. W. (Eds.). (2013). The avocado: botany, production and uses. CABI.
  • Scheepers, S., Jooste, A., & Alemu, Z. G. (2007). Quantifying the impact of phytosanitry standards with specific reference to MRLs on the trade flow of South African avocados to the EU. Agrekon, 46(2), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2007.9523771
  • Sharma, G., Maymon, M., & Freeman, S. (2017). Epidemiology, pathology and identification of Colletotrichum including a novel species associated with avocado (Persea americana) anthracnose in Israel. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15946-w
  • Shivas, R. G., & Tan, Y. P. (2009). A taxonomic re-assessment of Colletotrichum acutatum, introducing C. fioriniae comb. et stat. nov. and C. simmondsii sp. nov. Fungal Divers, 39(111), e122.
  • Sideney, B. O., & Dirlane, A. (2014). Behavior of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz & Sacc.), which causes bitter rot in apples after harvesting. Advances in Microbiology, 4(4), 202–206. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2014.44026
  • Silva-Rojas, H., & Avila-Quezada, G. (2011). Phylogenetic and morphological identification of Colletotrichum boninense: A novel causal agent of anthracnose in avocado. Plant Pathology, 60(5), 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02452.x
  • Smith, L. A., Dann, B. E. K., Leonardi, J., Dean, J. R., & Cooke, A. W. (2011). Exploring on traditional products for management of postharvest anthracnose and stem end rot in avocado. V11 World Avocado Congress Home page.
  • Sreenivasaprasad, S., Brown, A. E., & Mills, P. R. (1992). DNA sequence variation and interrelationships among Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose. Physiology Molecular Plant Pathology, 41(4), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(92)90026-R
  • Sreenivasaprasad, S., Mills, P. R., & Brown, A. E. (1994). Nucleotide sequence of the rDNA spacer 1 enables identification of isolates of Colletotrichum as C. acutatum. Mycological Research, 98(2), 186–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80184-6
  • St Leger, R., Screen, S., Butt, T., Jackson, C., & Magan, N. (2001). Prospects for strain improvement of fungal pathogens of insects and weeds. Fungi as biocontrol agents: Progress, problems and potential, 219-237.
  • Tapia-Tussell, R., Quijano-Ramayo, A., Cortes-Velazquez, A., Lappe, P., Larque-Saavedra, A., & Perez-Brito, D. (2008). PCR-Based Detection and Characterization of the Fungal Pathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum capsici Causing Anthracnose in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) in the Yucatan Peninsula. Molecular Biotechnology, 40(3), 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-008-9093-0
  • Than, P. P., Shivas, R. G., Jeewon, R., Pongsupasamit, S., Marney, T. S., Taylor, P. W. J., & Hyde, K. D. (2008a). Epitypification and phylogeny of Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds. Fungal Diversity, 28, 97–108.
  • Velázquez-del Valle, M. G., Campos-Martínez, A., & Flores-Moctezuma, H. E. (2016). First report of avocado anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum karstii in Mexico. American Phytopathological Society, 100(2), 534. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0249-PDN
  • Vidyalakshni, A., & Divya, C. V. (2013). New report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose of Pisonia alba in India. Archieve Phytopathology Plant Protection, 46(2), 201–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.736281
  • Wasilwa, L. A., Njuguna, J. K., Okoko, E. N., & Watani, G. W. (2006). Status of avocado production in Kenya.
  • Yahia, E. M. (2011). Mango (Mangifera indica L.). In E. M. Yahia (Ed.), Postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits cocona to mango (Vol. 3, pp. 492–550). Amsterdam.
  • Yakoby, N., Beno-Moualem, D., Kobiler, I., & Prusky, D. (2002). The analysis of fruit protection mechanisms provided by reduced-pathogenicity mutants of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration. Phytopathology®, 92(11), 1196–1201 doi:10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1196
  • Zentmyer, G. A. (1994). Avocado. In Compendium of tropical fruit diseases (pp. 71–84). APS Press.