1,992
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Banking & Finance

Determinants of financial inclusion gender gap in Ethiopia: Evidence from decomposition analysis

ORCID Icon &
Article: 2238124 | Received 24 Sep 2022, Accepted 13 Jul 2023, Published online: 29 Jul 2023

References

  • Abdu, E., Adem, M., & McMillan, D. (2021). Determinants of financial inclusion in Afar Region: Evidence from selected woredas Determinants of financial inclusion in Afar Region: Evidence from selected woredas. Cogent Economics & Finance, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1920149
  • Abel, S., Mutandwa, L., & Roux, P. L. (2018). A review of determinants of financial inclusion. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(3), 1–26. http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/5458
  • Alfred, S., Maureen, T., & Were, M. (2017). Mobile financial services and financial inclusion : Is it a boon for savings mobilization ?. Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2017.01.001
  • Allen, F., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Soledad, M., Peria, M., & Allen, F. (2016). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 27, 27(1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2015.12.003
  • Anyangwe, T., Vanroose, A., & Fanta, A. (2022). Determinants of financial inclusion does culture matter.Pdf. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2073656
  • Aslan, G., Deléchat, C., Newiak, M., & Yang, F. (2017). Inequality in Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality (WP/17/236; IMF Working Pape).
  • Asuming, P. O., Osei-Agyei, L. G., & Mohammed, J. I. (2019). Financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent trends and determinants. Journal of African Business, 20(1), 112–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2018.1484209
  • Aterido, R., Beck, T., & Iacovone, L. (2013). Access to finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a gender gap? World Development, 47, 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.013
  • Balana, B., Mekonnen, D., Haile, B., Hagos, F., Yimam, S., & Ringler, C. (2020). Are Smallholder Farmers Credit Constrained? Evidence on Demand and Supply Constraints of Credit in Ethiopia and Tanzania. (No. 01974; IFPRI Discussion Paper, Issue November).
  • Balasubramanian, S. A., Kuppusamy, T., & Natarajan, T. (2018). Financial inclusion and land ownership status of women. International Journal of Development Issues, 18(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-06-2018-0091
  • Bauer, T. K., & Sinning, M. (2008). An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to nonlinear models. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, 92(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10182-008-0056-3
  • Bekele, W. D. (2022). Determinants of financial inclusion: A comparative study of Kenya and Ethiopia. Journal of African Business, 23(2), 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2022.2078938
  • Benería, L., Berik, G., & Floro, M. S. (2015). Gender, development, and globalization: Economics as if all people mattered (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Beriso, B. S. (2021). Determinants of economic achievement for women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00141-5
  • Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources, 8(4), 436. https://doi.org/10.2307/144855
  • Botric, V., & Broz, T. (2017). Gender differences in financial inclusion: Central and South Eastern Europe. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 15(2), 209–227.
  • Boukhatem, J. (2016). Assessing the direct effect of financial development on poverty reduction in a panel of low- and middle-income countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 37, 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.11.008
  • Brief. (2018). Financial Inclusion Support Framework (FISF). In World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/brief/financial-inclusion-support-framework
  • Buehren, N., Goldstein, M. P., Paula, L. G., Hailemicheal, A. H., Kirkwood, D. J., Paskov, P. R., Poulin, M., Raja, C., & Tarter, A. M. (2019). Ethiopia gender diagnostic report: Priorities for promoting equity. https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Ethiopia+gender+diagnostic+report%3A+Priorities+for+promoting+equity
  • Daymont, T. N., & Andrisani, P. J. (1984). Job preferences, college major, and the gender gap in earnings. The Journal of Human Resources, 19(3), 408. https://doi.org/10.2307/145880
  • Deléchat, C., Newiak, M., Xu, R., Yang, F., & Aslan, G. What is driving women ’ s financial inclusion across countries ?. (2018). IMF Working Papers, 18(38), 1. WP/18/38. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484344460.001/
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Singer, D. (2013). Financial inclusion and legal discrimination against women: Evidence from developing countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (No. 6416; Issue April). https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6416
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., & Ansar, S. (2022). The global 2021 findex database: Financial inclusion, digital payments, and resilience in the age of COVID-19. The World Bank.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The global findex database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the fintech revolution. In The global findex database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the fintech revolution. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0
  • Desalegn, G., & Yemataw, G. (2017). Financial Inclusion in Ethiopia: Using LSMS (Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey) Data. Ethiopian Journal of Economics, 26(2), 31–58. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eje/article/viewFile/177737/167090
  • Ethiopia’s Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UN Women, UNDP, & UN Environment. (2018). The Cost of the Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia. UN Women.
  • Fairlie, R. W. (1999). The absence of the African-American owned business: An analysis of the dynamics of self-employment. Journal of Labor Economics, 17(1), 80–108. https://doi.org/10.1086/209914
  • Fairlie, R. W. (2005). An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.3233/jem-2005-0259
  • Fairlie, R. W. (2006). An Extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition Technique to Logit and Probit Models. IZA Discussion Paper (No. 1917). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.497302
  • Fairlie, R. W. (2017). Addressing path dependence and incorporating sample weights in the nonlinear blinder-oaxaca decomposition technique for logit, probit and other nonlinear models. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper (Issue 17). https://siepr.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/17-013.pdf
  • Fareed, F., Gabriel, M., Lenain, P., & Reynaud, J. (2017). Financial inclusion and women entrepreneurship. Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo económico (OECD), 1411(1411). https://doi.org/10.1787/2fbd0f35-en
  • Fungacova, Z., & Weill, L. (2015). Understanding financial inclusion in China. China Economic Review, 34, 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2014.12.004
  • Ghosh, C., & Chaudhury, R. H. (2019). Gender Gap in case of financial inclusion: An empirical analysis in Indian Context. Economics Bulletin, 39(4), 2615–2630.
  • Hajilee, M., Stringer, D. Y., & Metghalchi, M. (2017). Financial market inclusion, shadow economy and economic growth: New evidence from emerging economies. The Quarterly Review of Economics & Finance, 66, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2017.07.015
  • Jann, B. (2008). The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models. Stata Journal, 8(4), 453–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0800800401
  • Kara, A., Zhou, H., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Achieving the United Nations ’ sustainable development goals through financial inclusion: A systematic literature review of access to finance across the globe. International Review of Financial Analysis, 77, 101833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101833
  • Klapper, L., & Singer, D. (2015). The role of informal financial services in Africa. Journal of African Economies, 24, i12–i31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/eju027
  • Komicha, H. H., & Öhlmer, B. (2007). International conference on african influence of credit constraint on technical efficiency of farm households in Southeastern Ethiopia. International conference on African development archives. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/125
  • Kuada, J. (2019). Financial inclusion and the sustainable development goals. In Extending financial Inclusion in Africa (pp. 259–277). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814164-9.00012-8
  • Kulkarni, L., & Ghosh, A. (2021). Gender disparity in the digitalization of financial services: Challenges and promises for women ’ s financial inclusion in India. Gender, Technology and Development, 25(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2021.1911022
  • Lakew, T. B., & Azadi, H. (2020). Financial inclusion in ethiopia: Is it on the right track? International Journal of Financial Studies, 8(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020028
  • Li, L. (2018). Financial inclusion and poverty: The role of relative income. China Economic Review, 52(1), 165–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.07.006
  • Liaqat, I., Gao, Y., Rehman, F. U., Lakner, Z., & Olah, J. (2022). National culture and financial inclusion: Evidence from belt and road economies. Sustainability, 14(6), 3405–3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063405
  • Lu, W., Niu, G., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Individualism and financial inclusion. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 183, 268–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.01.008
  • Lyons, A. C., Kass-Hanna, J., Lyons, A. C., & Kass-Hanna, J. (2019). Financial inclusion, financial literacy and economically vulnerable populations in the middle east and north africa financial inclusion, financial literacy and economically vulnerable populations in the Middle East and North Africa. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 1–40. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3189563
  • Mat, M. L. (2020). Nexus skills/jobs: Assessment of youth Skills Development/Jobs Nexus in Ethiopia. The Netherlands Enterprise Agency. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjmy-Wika6AAxUQRvEDHbEkBuMQFnoECBAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020%2F03%2Fassessment-of-youth-skills-development-jobs-nexus-in-Ethiopia.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0ZB2jNNJLkaMIIYU43HgEw&opi=89978449
  • Mndolwa, F. D., & Alhassan, A. L. (2020). Gender disparities in financial inclusion: Insights from Tanzania. African Development Review, 32(4), 578–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12462
  • Morsy, H. (2020). Access to finance – Mind the gender gap. The Quarterly Review of Economics & Finance, 78, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.02.005
  • Mossie, W. A. (2022). Understanding Financial inclusion in Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2071385
  • Mukasa, A. N., Simpasa, A. M., & Salami, A. O. (2017). Credit constraints and farm productivity: Micro-level evidence from smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Working Paper Series (No. 247; Working Paper). www.afdb.org/
  • Nanziri, E. L. (2016). Financial inclusion And Welfare in South Africa: Is there a Gender Gap? Journal of African Development, 18(2), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.18.2.0109
  • Ndoya, H. H., & Tsala, C. O. (2021). What drive gender gap in financial inclusion? Evidence from Cameroon. African Development Review, 33(4), 674–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12608
  • Neaime, S., & Gaysset, I. (2018). Financial inclusion and stability in MENA: Evidence from poverty. Finance Research Letters, 24(May 2017), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2017.09.007
  • Neumark, D. (1988). Employers’ discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. The Journal of Human Resources, 23(3), 279–295. https://www.jstor.org/stable/145830
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 14(3), 693. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525981
  • Oaxaca, R. L., & Ransom, M. R. (1988). Searching for the effect of unionism on the wages of union and nonunion workers. Journal of Labor Research, 9(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02685237
  • Oaxaca, R. L., & Ransom, M. R. (1994). On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials. Journal of Econometrics, 61(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)90074-4
  • Ogunleye, T. S. (2017). Financial inclusion and the role of women in Nigeria. African Development Review, 29(2), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12254
  • Omar, A., & Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(37). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4
  • Ozili, P. K. (2020). Theories of Financial inclusion ( pp. 89–115). https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-095-220201008
  • Park, C., & Mercado, R. J. (2017). Financial inclusion, poverty, and income inequality. The Singapore Economic Review, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590818410059
  • Powers, D. A., Yoshioka, H., & Yun, M.-S.-S. (2011). Mvdcmp: Multivariate decomposition for nonlinear response models. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 11(4), 556–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1201100404
  • Schwiebert, J. (2015). A detailed decomposition for nonlinear econometric models. Journal of Economic Inequality, 13(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-014-9291-x
  • Sha’ban, M., Girardone, C., & Sarkisyan, A. (2019). Financial inclusion: Trends and determinants. In E. Gualandri, V. Venturelli, & A. Sclip (Eds.), Frontier topics in banking (pp. 119–136). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sharif, S. P., Naghavi, N., Waheed, H., & Ehigiamusoe, K. U. (2022). The role of education in filling the gender gap in financial inclusion in low-income economies. International Journal of Emerging Markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2021-0991
  • Sharma, A., Sumita Kukreja, M., & Professor, A. (2013). An analytical study: Relevance of financial inclusion for developing nations. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering and Science Issn, 2(6), 2278–4721. Www.Researchinventy.com
  • Shihadeh, F. H. (2018). How individual’s characteristics influence financial inclusion: Evidence from MENAP. International Journal of Islamic & Middle Eastern Finance & Management, 11(4), 553–574. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2017-0153
  • Singh, N. (2019, April). Financial inclusion: Concepts, issues and policies for India. SSRN Electronic Journal, I-35406-INC–1. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3307903
  • Sinning, M., Hahn, M., & Bauer, T. K. (2008). The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for nonlinear regression models. Stata Journal, 8(4), 480–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0800800402
  • Soumaré, I., Tchana, F. T., & Kengne, T. M. (2016). Analysis of the determinants of financial inclusion in central and West Africa. Transnational Corporations Review, 8(4), 231–249. ISSN:, 6444. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2016.1265763
  • Sujlana, P., & Kiran, C. (2018). A study on status of financial inclusion in India. International Journal of Management Studies, 5(2(3)), 96. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i2(3)/12
  • Triki, T., & Faye, I. (2012). Financial Inclusion in Africa - Financial_Inclusion_in_Africa.Pdf. Policy Research Working Paper (No. 978-9938-882-19–3; Issue June). http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Financial_Inclusion_in_Africa.pdf
  • World Bank. (2017). Employment and jobs study in Ethiopia. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32093
  • World Bank, & ONE. (2013). LevelLing the field: Improving opportunities for women farmers in Africa. 53(9). https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiCuZ_ClK6AAxXaRvEDHRBzALkQFnoECB4QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F579161468007198488%2Fpdf%2F860390WP0WB0ON0osure0date0March0180.pdf&usg=AOvVaw17NNucKfjkTNyAs-yOFeQm&opi=89978449
  • World Economic Forum. (2019). Global gender gap report 2020: Insight report. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf
  • World Economic Forum. (2021). Global gender gap report 2021: Insight report. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiBm5r59MvxAhWFmFwKHUQECrM4ChAWMAR6BAgJEAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GGGR_2021.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2ieXL1lL8q3kKL_h16xe9i
  • Yun, M. S. (2004). Decomposing differences in the first moment. Economics Letters, 82(2), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2003.09.008
  • Yun, M. S. (2005a). Hypothesis tests when decomposing differences in the first moment. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 30(4), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.3233/jem-2005-0257
  • Yun, M. S. (2005b). A simple solution to the identification problem in detailed wage decompositions. Economic Inquiry, 43(4), 766–772. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbi053
  • Yun, M. S. (2008). Identification problem and detailed Oaxaca decomposition: A general solution and inference. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 33(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.3233/jem-2008-0296
  • Zins, A., & Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2016.05.001