References
- Abramowski, L. (2011). Der Bischof von Seleukia-Ktesiphon als Katholikos und Patriarch der Kirche des Ostens . In D. Bumazhnov & H. Seeliger (Eds.), Tübinger Tagung zum Christlichen Orient (pp. 1–15). Mohr Siebeck. 15.-16. Juni 2007. Syrien im 1.-7. Jahrhundert nach Christus. Akten der 1.
- Adrych, P. (2020). ‘The Seven Grades of Mithraism’, or how to build a religion. In N. Belayche & F. Massa (Eds.), Mystery Cults in Visual Representation in Graeco-Roman Antiquity (pp. 103–122). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004440142_008.
- Aelian (1959). On animals, Volume II: Books 6-11. Translated by A. F. Scholfield.Harvard University Press.
- Andrade, N. (2009). The Syriac life of John of Tella and the frontier politeia. Hugoye, 12(2), 199–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31826/hug-2011-120110
- Asmussen, J. P. (1983). Christians in Iran. In E. Yarshater (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Part 2 (Vol. 3, pp. 924–948). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521246934.010.
- Barnes, T. (1969). Tertullian’s “Scorpiace”. The Journal of Theological Studies, 20(1), 105–132. www.jstor.org/stable/23960582. new series. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/XX.1.105
- Barnes, T. (1985). Constantine and the Christians of Persia. The Journal of Roman Studies, 75, 126–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/300656
- Beck, R. (2006). The religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire. Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun. Oxford University Press.
- Birley, A. (1992). Persecutors and martyrs in Tertullian’s Africa. In D. Clark, M. Roxan, & J. Wilkes (Eds.), The Later Roman Empire Today (pp. 37–68). Routledge.
- Bivar, A. (1969). Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum. Stamp Seals II: The Sassanian Dynasty. British Museum.
- Bivar, A. (1998). The personalities of Mithra in archaeology and literature. Bibliotheca Persica Press.
- Bivar, A. (2005). Mithraism. A religion for the ancient medes. Iranica Antiqua, 40, 341–358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.40.0.583215
- Boyce, M., & Grenet, F. (1991). Zoroastrian contributions to eastern Mediterranean religion and thought in Greco-Roman times. In M. Boyce & F. Grenet (Eds.), A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule (Vol. 3, pp. 361–490). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004293915_012.
- Brock, S. (1982). Christians in the Sasanian empire: A case of divided loyalties. Studies in Church History, 18, 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0424208400016004
- Cantera, A. (2017). Miϑra and the sun: The role of miϑra in the arrangement of the Avestan liturgical calendar. Estudios Iranios Y Turanios, 3, 25–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-23866
- Ch., J., & Jullien, F. (2004). Aux origines de l’église de Perse: Les Actes de Mar Mari. Peeters Publishers.
- Chalupa, A. (2008). Seven mithraic grades: An initiatory or priestly hierarchy?. Religio, 16(2), 177–201.
- Chalupa, A. (2010). Mithraism in ancient Syria: the Persian cult on the Borders of the Roman Empire. Anondos, 10, 57–66.
- Chalupa, A. (2016). The origins of the roman cult of Mithras in the light of new evidence and interpretations: the current state of affairs. Religio, 24(1), 65–96. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Seven-Mithraic-Grades%3A-An-Initiatory-or-Priestly-Chalupa/b831ae72442cf0e3eb32b4564176e74cceeadd71
- Driven, L. (2016). A new interpretation of the Mounted Hunters in the Mithraeum of Dura Europos. In M. Heyn & A. Steinsapir (Eds.), Icon, Cult, and Context: Sacred Spaces and Objects in the Classical World (pp. 17–33). Institute of Archaeology Press at UCLA. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdjrqv1.11.
- Foltz, R. (2013). Mithra and Mazda: A re-assessment of their relative status in ancient Iran. Analytica Iranica, 4, 161–187.
- Foltz, R., & Saadi-nejad, M. (2008). Is Zoroastrianism an ecological religion?. Journal for the Study of Religion Nature and Culture, 1(4), 413–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v1i4.413
- Frendo, D. (2001). Constantine’s letter to Shapur II, its authenticity, occasion, and attendant circumstances. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 15, 57–69. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049038. new series.
- Gero, S. (1981). Barsauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century. Peeters Publishers.
- Gignoux, P. (1976). Cachets sassanides du British museum. Acta Iranica, 12, 125–148.
- Gignoux, P. (1980). Sceaux chrétiens à l’époque sasanide. Iranica Antiqua, 15, 299–314.
- Grenet, F. (2006). Mithra II. Iconography in Iran and Central Asia. Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2016. available at (accessed on 19 May 2016). http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mithra-2-iconography-in-iran-and-central-asia.
- Gyselen, R. (1993). Catalogue des sceaux, camées et bulles sassanides de la Bibliothèque Nationale et du Musée du Louvre, I: Collection générale. Bibliothèque Nationale.
- Gyselen, R. (1997). L’art sigillaire sassanide dans les collections de Leyde: Catalogue des sceaux et bulles sassanides du Rijksmuseum Het Koninklijk Penningkabinet, du Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, et du Rijksmuseum van Oudheden. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
- Gyselen, R. (2006). Les témoignages sigillographiques sur la présence chrétienne dans l’Empire Sassanide. In R. Gyselen (Ed.), Chrétiens en terre d’Iran: Implantation et Acculturation (pp. 17–78). Association pour l’avancement des études iraniennes.
- Herman, G. (2010). “Bury my Coffin Deep!”: Zoroastrian Exhumation in Jewish and Christian Sources. In J. Roth, M. Schmeltzer, & Y. Francus (Eds.), TiferetleYisrael: Jubilee Volume in Honor of Israel Francus (pp. 31–59). The Jewish Theological Seminary.
- Insler, S. (1978). A new interpretation of the bull-slaying motif. In M. de Boer & T. Edridge (Eds.), Hommages à Maarten J. Vermaseren (Vol. 2, pp. 519–538). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004295438_003.
- Jackson Bonner, M. R. (2016). The rebellion of anōš āzād. Historia I Swiat, 5, 159–165. https://czasopisma.uph.edu.pl/index.php/historiaswiat/article/view/836
- Julian (1913). Orations 1-5. Translated by W. C. Wright.Harvard University Press.
- Jullien, C. (2006). La minorité chrétienne ‘grecque’ en terre d’Iran à l’époque sassanide. In R. Gyselen Ed., Chrétiens en terre d’Iran: Implantation et acculturation (pp. 105–142). Association pour l’avancement des études iraniennes. 2006.
- Kaim, B. (2009). Investiture or Mithra. towards a new interpretation of so called investiture scenes in Parthian and Sasanian art. Iranica Antiqua, 44, 403–415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034384
- Karamian, G., Maksymiuk, K., Skupniewicz, P., Astaraki, F., & Farrokh, K. (2020). Preliminary report of māhūr tomb, a mithraism relic at Dezfūl, Southern Iran. Historia I Swiat, 9, 23–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2020.09.02
- Maksymiuk, K. (2018a). Mass deportations in Syria and Northern Mesopotamia under the rule of Xusrō I Anōšīrvān (540-542). In F. Puell de la Villa & D. García Hernán (Eds.), War and Population Displacement. Lessons of History (pp. 46–53). Sussex Academic Press.
- Maksymiuk, K. (2018b). The two eyes of the earth: The problem of respect in Sassanid-roman relations. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 58(4), 591–606. https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/16134
- Maksymiuk, K. (2019). Marriage and divorce law in Pre-Islamic Persia. Legal status of the Sassanid’ woman (224–651 AD). Cogent Arts & Humanities, 6(1), 1703430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2019.1703430
- McDonough, S. (2006). A question of faith? Persecution and political centralization in the Sasanian empire of Yazdgard II (438–457 CE). In H. Drake (Ed.), Violence in Late Antiquity. Perceptions and Practices (pp. 69–82). Ashgate.
- McDonough, S. (2008). A second Constantine?: The Sasanian king Yazdgard in Christian history and historiography. Journal of Late Antiquity, 1(1), 127–140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.0.0000
- Mosig-Walburg, K. (2010). Deportationen römischer Christen in das Sasanidenreich durch Shapur I. und ihre Folgen – Eine Neubewertung. Klio, 92(1), 117–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1524/klio.2010.0008
- Pizzimenti, S. (2019). Fertility from the Sky: The role of the scorpion in the ploughing scenes on Akkadian Glyptic. In M. D’Andrea, M. Micale, D. Nadali, S. Pizzimenti, & A. Vacca (Eds.), Pearls of the Past. Studies on Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honour of Frances Pinnock (pp. 761–774). Zaphon.
- Pourshariati, P. (2013). The ethics and praxis of mehr and mithras and the social institution of the ʿayyārs in the epic romance of samak-e ʿayyār. Journal of Persianate Studies, 6(1–2), 15–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341261
- Ritter, N. (2010). Die altorientalischen Traditionen der sasanidischen Glyptik. Form – Gebrauch – Ikonographie. LIT Verlag.
- Romero Pose, E. (2002). De bono martyrio: A propósito de los Scorpiace de Tertuliano. Revista Espanola de Teología, 62, 517–528. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2028222
- Shaked, S. (1977). Jewish and Christian Seals of the Sasanian Period. In M. Rosen-Ayalon (Ed.), Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet (pp. 17–31). Hebrew University.
- Sick, D. (2004). Mit(h)ra(s) and the myths of the sun. Numen, 51(4), 432–467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/1568527042500140
- Simpson, S. J. (2013). Rams, Stags and Crosses from Sasanian Iraq: Elements of a Shared Visual Vocabulary from Late Antiquity. In A. Peruzzetto, F. Metzger, & L. Driven (Eds.), Papers on archaeology and history in honour of Roberta Venco Riccardi (pp. 103–118). Archaeopress. Animals, Gods and Men from East to West.
- Soudavar, A. (2017). Mithraic societies: From brotherhood ideal to religion’s adversary. Lulu Com.
- Tertulian, S. (2018). Antidote for the Scorpion’s Sting. Lighthouse Publishing.
- Walker, J. (2006). The legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian heroism in late antique Iraq. University of California Press.
- Wessel, S. (2006). Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian controversy: The making of a saint and of a heretic. Oxford University Press.
- Wiessner, G. (1967). Untersuchungen zur Syrischen Literaturgeschichte/I, Zur Märtyrerüberlieferung aus der Christenverfolgung Schapurs II. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
- Wigram, W. (2004). An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church: Or the Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100-640 A.D. Gorgias Press.