Narcolepsy, cataplexy, hypocretin and co-existing other health complaints: A review

References

• Abde-Khalek, A. M. (2001). Epidemiologic study of sleep disorders in Kuwaiti adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93, 901–910.10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The international classification of sleep disorders (3rd ed.). Westchester: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Alstadhaug, K. B. (2009). Migraine and the hypothalamus. Cephalalgia, 29, 809–817. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01814.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andlauer, O., Moore, H., Hong, S., Dauvilliers, Y., Kanbayashi, T., Nishino, N., … Mignot, E. (2012). Predictors of hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep, 35, 1247–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anttila, V., Stefansson, H., Kallela, M., Todt, U., Terwindt, G. M, … Palotie, A. (2010). Genome-wide association study of migraine implicates a common susceptibility variant on 8q22.1. Nature Genetics, 42, 869–873.10.1038/ng.652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt, D. H., Ronan, P. J., Oliver, K. D., Callahan, L. B., Summers, T. R., & Summers, C. H. (2013). Depressive behavior and activation of the orexin/hypocretin system. Behavioral Neuroscience, 127, 86–94. doi:10.1037/a0031442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, C. R., Acciarri, N., Bertalanffy, H., Devinsky, O., Elger, C. E., Lo Russo, G., … Siegel, A. M. (2007). Seizure outcome after resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations: A study of 168 patients. Epilepsia, 48, 559–563.10.1111/epi.2007.48.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, C. R., Mignot, E., Lammers, G. J., Overeem, S., Arnulf, I., Rye, D., … Scammell, T. E. (2014). Challenges in diagnosing narcolepsy without cataplexy: A consensus statement. Sleep, 37, 1035–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardis, L. L., & Bellinger, L. L. (1996). The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: Ingestive behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 20, 189–287.10.1016/0149-7634(95)00015-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, C. W., Espana, R. A., & Vittoz, N. M. (2010). Hypocretin/orexin in arousal and stress. Brain Research, 1314C, 91–102. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigal, M. E., & Hargreaves, R. J. (2013). Why does sleep stop migraine? Current Pain and Headache Reports, 17, 257. doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0369-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billiard, M., Pasquie-Magnetto, V., Heckman, M., Caelander, B., Besser, A., Zachariev, Z., … Malafosse, A. (1994). Family studies in narcolepsy. Sleep, 17, 54–59.10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.S54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, M. D., Fox, A. D., Merlo, D., Johnson, L. J., Giuffrida, L., Calvert, S. E., … Field, J. (2016). Common and low frequency variants in MERTK are independently associated with multiple sclerosis susceptibility with discordant association dependent upon HLA-DRB1*15:01 status. PLOS Genetics, 12, e1005853.10.1371/journal.pgen.1005853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham, S., Davey, P. T., Babbs, A. J., Irving, E. A., Sammons, M. J., Wyles, M., … Parsons, A. A. (2001). Orexin-A an hypothalamic peptide with analgesic properties. Pain, 92, 81–90. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00470-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blouin, A. M., Thannickal, T. C., Worley, P. F., Baraban, J. M., Reti, I. M., & Siegel, J. M. (2005). Narp immunostaining of human hypocretin (orexin) neurons: Loss in narcolepsy. Neurology, 65, 1189–1192.10.1212/01.wnl.0000175219.01544.c8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgland, S. L., & Labouèbe, G. (2010). Orexin/hypocretin in psychiatric disorders: Present state of knowledge and future potential. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 353–354. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broughton, W. A., & Broughton, R. J. (1994). Psychosocial impact of narcolepsy. American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep Research Society, 17, S45–S49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruck, D. (2001). The impact of narcolepsy on psychological health and role behaviours: Negative effects and comparisons with other illness groups. Sleep Medicine, 2, 437–446.10.1016/S1389-9457(01)00067-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruck, D., & Broughton, R. J. (2004). Diagnostic ambiguities in a case of post- traumatic narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain Injury, 18, 321–326.10.1080/02699050310001617433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, C. R., Oishi, Y., Mochizuki, T., Peever, J. H., & Scammell, T. E. (2013). Amygdala lesions reduce cataplexy in orexin KO mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 9734–9742. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5632-12.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, C. R., & Scammell, T. E. (2012). Narcolepsy: Neural mechanisms of sleepiness and cataplexy. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 12305–12311. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo, P. R., Mignot, E., Woodruff, B. K., & Boeve, B. F. (2004). Undetectable CSF hypocretin-1 in Hashimoto’s encephalopathy associated with coma. Neurology, 62, 1909–1909.10.1212/01.WNL.0000125284.19326.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cave, H. A. (1931). Narcolepsy. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 26, 50–101.10.1001/archneurpsyc.1931.02230070056004
   Google Scholar
• Chellappa, S. L., & Araújo, J. F. (2006). Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with depressive disorder. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28, 126–129.10.1590/S1516-44462006000200010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhangani, B. S., Roehrs, T. A., Harris, E. J., Hyde, M., Drake, C., Hudgel, D. W., & Roth, T. (2009). Pain sensitivity in sleepy pain-free normals. Sleep, 32, 1011–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy, E. (2012). Understanding the dynamics: Pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 51, v3–v11. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortelli, P., & Pierangeli, G. (2007). Hypothalamus and headaches. Neurological Sciences, 28, S198–S202.10.1007/s10072-007-0776-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, A., Espana, R. A., Papadopoulou, M., Saper, C. B., Faraco, J., Sakurai, T., … Scammell, T. E. (2005). Concomitant loss of dynorphin, NARP, and orexin in narcolepsy. Neurology, 65, 1184–1188.10.1212/01.WNL.0000168173.71940.ab
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahmen, N., Kasten, M., Wieczorek, S., Gencik, M., Epplen, J. T., & Ullrich, B. (2003). Increased frequency of migraine in narcoleptic patients: A confirmatory study. Cephalalgia, 23, 14–19.10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00343.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailly, E., Chenu, F., Renard, C. E., & Bourin, M. (2004). Dopamine, depression and antidepressants. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 18, 601–607. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00287.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, E., King, M. A., Smith, I. E., & Shneerson, J. M. (2008). Health-related quality of life in narcolepsy. Journal of Sleep Research, 10, 75–81. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00234.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, L. E. (1934). Narcolepsy. Medicine, 13, 1–122.10.1097/00005792-193413010-00001
   Google Scholar
• Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Narcolepsy with cataplexy. The Lancet, 369, 499–511. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)620237-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauvilliers, Y., Baumann, C. R., Carlander, B., Bischof, M., Blatter, T., Lecendreux, M., … Bassetti, C. L. (2003). CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other hypersomnias and neurological conditions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 74, 1667–1673.10.1136/jnnp.74.12.1667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauvilliers, Y., Bayard, S., Shneerson, J. M., Plazzi, G., Myers, A. J., & Garcia-Borreguero, D. (2011). High pain frequency in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep Medicine, 12, 572–577. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. F., Choi, D. L., & Benoit, S. C. (2011). Orexigenic hypothalamic peptides behaviour and feeding. In Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (pp. 355–369). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• de Lecea, L., Kilduff, T. S., Peyron, C., Gao, X., Foye, P. E., Danielson, P. E., … Sutcliffe, J. G. (1998). The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, 322–327.10.1073/pnas.95.1.322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement, W. C., Mitler, M. M., Roth, T., Westbrook, P. R., & Keenan, S. (1986). Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): A standard measure of sleepiness. Sleep, 9, 519–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrova, A., Fronczek, R., Van der Ploeg, J., Scammell, T., Gautam, S., Pascual-Leone, A., & Lammers, G. J. (2011). Reward-seeking behavior in human narcolepsy. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 7, 293–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The DMKG Study Group. (2003). Migraine and idiopathic narcolepsy—A case control study. Cephalalgia, 23, 786–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, H., & Leschziner, G. (2016). A study of migraine in Kleine-Levin syndrome. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 8, AB010. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.AB010
   Google Scholar
• Ebrahim, I. O., Semra, Y. K., De Lacy, S. D., Howard, R. S., Kopelman, M. D., & Williams, A. (2003). CSF hypocretin (Orexin) in neurological and psychiatric conditions. Journal of Sleep Research, 12, 83–84. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00333.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egel, R. T., Lee, A., Bump, T., & Javois, A. (2012). Isolated cataplexy in the differential diagnosis of drop attacks: A case of successful clinical diagnosis and treatment. Case Reports in Neurological Medicine, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/757586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehde, D. M., Osborne, T., Hanley, M. A., & Kraft, G. H. (2006). The scope and nature of pain in persons with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 12, 629–638. doi:10.1191/1352458506ms1292oa
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervik, S., Abdelnoor, M., Heier, M. S., Ramberg, M., & Strand, G. (2006). Health related quality of life in narcolepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 114, 198–204.10.1111/ane.2006.114.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmakidis, C., Inan, S., Milstein, M., & Herskovitz, S. (2015). Headache and pain in guillain-barre syndrome. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 19, 123.10.1007/s11916-015-0508-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortuyn, H. A., Lappenschaar, M. A., Furer, J. W., Hodiamont, P. P., Rijnders, C. A., Renier, W. O., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010). Anxiety and mood disorders in narcolepsy: A case control study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 49–56.10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fronczek, R., Overeem, S., Lee, S. Y. Y., Hegeman, I. M., Pelt, J., Duinen, S. G., … Swaab, D. F. (2008). Hypocretin (orexin) loss and sleep disturbances in parkinson’s disease. Brain, 131(1), e88. doi:10.1093/brain/awm222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Gallup Organization. (1997). Sleepiness in America. Princeton NJ: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, H. J. (1975). Defensive distance and immobility in young precocial birds (Gallus gallus). Developmental Psychobiology, 8, 281–285.10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami, M. (2012). Quality of life in narcolepsy. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 7, 341–351. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2012.03.006
   Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E., & Sigelman, J. (2001). State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 797–803. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heier, M. S., Evsiukova, T., Vilming, S., Gjerstad, M. D., Schrader, H., & Gautvik, K. (2007). CSF hypocretin-1 levels and clinical profiles in narcolepsy and idiopathic CNS hypersomnia in Norway. Sleep, 30, 969–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huete, A. J., Sanchez-del-Rio, M., & Franch, O. (2007). Hashimoto’s encephalopathy mimicking migraine with aura. The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 47, 130–131. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00660.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob, L., Leib, R., Ollila, H. M., Bonvalet, M., Adams, C. M., & Mignot, E. (2015). Comparison of Pandemrix and Arepanrix, two pH1N1 AS03-adjuvanted vaccines differentially associated with narcolepsy development. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 47, 44–57.10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jara, C. O., Popp, R., Zulley, J., Hajak, G., & Geisler, P. (2011). Determinants of depressive symtpoms in narcoleptic patients with and without cataplexy. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 329–334. doi:10.1097/NMD.0B013e3182174fd3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajiyama, S., Kawamoto, M., Shiraishi, S., Gaus, S., Matsunaga, A., Suyama, H., & Yuge, O. (2005). Spinal orexin-1 receptors mediate anti-hyperalgesic effects of intrathecally-administered orexins in diabetic neuropathic pain model rats. Brain Research, 1044, 76–86.10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanbayashi, T., Ishiguro, H., Aizawa, R., Saito, Y., Ogawa, Y., Abe, M., … Shimizu, T. (2002). Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid are low in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 56, 273–274. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00974.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelman, L., & Rains, J. C. (2005). Headache and sleep: Examination of sleep patterns and complaints in a large clinical sample of migraineurs. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 45, 904–910.10.1111/hed.2005.45.issue-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, L. J., Coelho, F. M., Hirotsu, C., Araujo, P., Bittencourt, L., Tufik, S., & Andersen, M. L. (2015). Frequencies and associations of narcolepsy-related symptoms: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11, 1377–1384.10.5664/jcsm.5268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn, L. E., Lymp, J. F., Moore, W. R., & Slocumb, N., & Silber, N. S. H. (2005). Characterizing the emotions that trigger cataplexy. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 17, 45–50.10.1176/jnp.17.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn, L. E., Pankratz, V. S., Oliver, L., Boeve, B. F., & Silber, M. H. (2002). Hypocretin (orexin) levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy: Relationship to cataplexy and HLA DQB1*0602 status. Sleep, 25, 733–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy, V. B., Nallamothu, V., & Singareddy, R. (2014). An interesting case of late age at onset of narcolepsy with cataplexy. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10, 203–205. doi:10.5664/jcsm.3454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., Wang, J., Dong, X., Li, J., Zhang, X., & Han, F. (2013). CSF hypocretin level in patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome. Sleep Medicine, 14, e47.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsley, G., & Crawford, B. (1996). Depression in narcolepsy: Concomitant or constituent? Sleep Research, 25, 279.
   Google Scholar
• Longstreth, W. T., Koepsell, T. D., Ton, T. G., Hendrickson, A. F., & van Belle, G. (2007). The Epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep, 30, 13–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainieri, G., Cevoli, S., Giannini, G., Zummo, L., Leta, C., Broli, M., … Bisulli, F. (2015). Headache in epilepsy: Prevalence and clinical features. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 16. doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0556-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martikainen, K., Hasan, J., Urponen, H., Vuori, I., & Partinen, M. (1992). Daytime sleepiness: A risk factor in community life. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 86, 337–341.10.1111/ane.1992.86.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew, J. (1994). Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 10–15.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, C. J., & Shaw, P. J. (2008). Diagnosis and management of motor neurone disease. BMJ, 336, 658–662. doi:10.1136%2Fbmj.39493.511759.BE
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mignot, E. (1998). Genetic and familial aspects of narcolepsy. Neurology, 50, S16–S22.10.1212/WNL.50.2_Suppl_1.S16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mignot, E., Lammers, G. J., Ripley, B., Okun, M., Nevsimalova, S., Overeem, S., … Nishino, S. (2002). The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Archives of Neurology, 59, 1553–1562.10.1001/archneur.59.10.1553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto, M., Suzuki, K., Miyamoto, T., & Hirata, K. (2014). Headache and sleep disorders. Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 54, 991–993. doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.54.991
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mochizuki, T., Crocker, A., McCoemack, S., Yanagisawa, M., & Sakurai, T. E. (2004). Behavioural state instability in orexin knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6291–6300.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0586-04.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulton, E. A., Becerra, L., Johnson, A., Burstein, R., & Borsook, D. (2014). PLoS ONE, 9, e95508. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myung, K., & Jin-Sang, K. (2004). The literature review of fibromyalgia syndrome. The Journal of Korean Physical Theraphy, 16, 23–37.
   Google Scholar
• Nampiaparampil, D. E. (2008). Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. JAMA, 300, 711–719. doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishino, S. (2003). The hypocretin/orexin system in health and disease. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 87–95.10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00349-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishino, S., Ripley, B., Overeem, S., Lammers, G. J., & Mignot, E. (2000). Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. The Lancet, 355, 39–40.10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05582-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohynek, H., Jokinen, J., Partinen, M., Vaarala, O., Kirjavainen, T., Sundman, J., … Kilpi, T. (2012). AS03 adjuvanted AH1N1 vaccine associated with an abrupt increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy in Finland. PLOS One, 7, e335336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi, Y., Williams, R. H., Agostinelli, L., Arrigoni, E., Fuller, P. M., Mochizuki, T., … Scammell, T. E. (2013). Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cataplexy. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 9743–9751. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0499-13-2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomura, Y. (1980). Input-output organisation in the hypothalamus relating to food intake behaviour. In P. Morgane & J. Pankseep (Eds.), Handbook of the hypothalamus (pp. 557–620). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Orrell, R. W. (2010). Motor neuron disease: Systematic reviews of treatment for ALS and SMA. British Medical Bulletin, 93, 145–159. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldp049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overeem, S., Lammers, G. J., & van Dijk, J. G. (2002). Cataplexy: ‘Tonic immobility’ rather than ‘REM-sleep atonia’? Sleep Medicine, 3, 471–477.10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00037-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Overeem, S., Reijntjes, R., Huyser, W., Jan Lammers, G. J., & Gert van Dijk, J. G. (2004). Corticospinal excitability during laughter: Implications for cataplexy and the comparison with REM sleep atonia. Journal of Sleep Research, 13, 257–264.10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00411.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir, L., Akkurt, I., Sumer, H., Cetinkaya, S., Gonlugur, U., Ozsahin, S. L., … Dogan, O. (2005). The prevalence of sleep related disorders in Sivas. Turkey Tuberk Toraks, 53, 20–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Partinen, M., & Hublin, C. (2005). Epidemiology of sleep disorders. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (pp. 626–647). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.10.1016/B0-72-160797-7/50059-8
   Google Scholar
• Partinen, M., Kornum, B. R., Plazzi, G., Jennum, P., Julkunen, I., & Vaarala, O. (2014). Does autoreactivity have a role in narcolepsy? The Lancet Neurology, 13, 1072–1073.10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70168-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partinen, M., Saarenpaa-Heikkiia, O., Ilveskoski, I., Hublin, C., Linna, M., … Kirjavainen, T. (2012). Increased incidence and clinical picture of childhood narcolepsy following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination campaign in Findland. PLOS One, 7, e337223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peres, M. F. P., Vieira, D. S., Masruha, M. R., Goncalves, A. L., Mercante, J. P. P., & Naffah-Mazzacoratti, M. G. (2011). Orexin-A CSF levels correlate with anxiety but not excessive daytime sleepiness in chronic migraine. Headache Medicine, 2, 41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, D. A., Frank, D. N., Pace, N. R., & Gordon, J. (2008). Metagenomic approaches for defining the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host & Microbe, 3, 417–427.10.1016/j.chom.2008.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyron, C., Faraco, J., Rogers, W., Ripley, B., Overeem, S., Charnay, Y., … Mignot, E. (2000). A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalised absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcolepsy brains. Nature Medicine, 6, 991–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preti, A. (2002). Orexins (hypocretins): Their role in appetite and arousal. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 3, 1199–1206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rainero, I., Gallone, S., Valfre, W., Ferrero, M., Angilella, G., Rivoiro, C., … Pinessi, L. (2004). A polymorphism of the hypocretin receptor 2 gene is associated with cluster headache. Neurology, 63, 1286–1288.10.1212/01.WNL.0000142424.65251.DB
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainero, I., Rubino, E., Gallone, S., Fenoglio, P., Picci, L. R., Giobbe, L., … Pinessi, L. (2011). Evidence for an association between migraine and the hypocretin receptor 1 gene. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 12, 193–199. doi:10.1007/s10194-011-0314-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejdak, K., Papuć, E., Grieb, P., & Stelmasiak, Z. (2009). Decreased cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 (orexin A) in patients after repetitive generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsia, 50, 1641–1644. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01990.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley, B., Overeem, S., Fujiki, N., Nevsimalova, S., Uchino, M., Yesavage, J., … Nishino, S. (2001). CSF hypocretin/orexin levels in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions. Neurology, 57, 2253–2258.10.1212/WNL.57.12.2253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovere, H., Rossini, S., & Reimão, R. (2008). Quality of life in patients with narcolepsy: A WHOQOL-bref study. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 66, 163–167.10.1590/S0004-282X2008000200004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saariaho, A. H., Vuorela, A., Freitag, T. L., Pizza, F., Plazzi, G., Partinen, M., … Meru, S. (2015). Autoantibodies against ganglioside GM3 are associated with narcolepsy-cataplexy developing after pandemrix vaccination against 2009 pandemic H1N1 type influenza virus. Journal of Autoimmunity, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakurai, T. (2006). Roles of orexins and orexin receptors in central regulation of feeding behaviour and energy homeostasis. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 5, 313–325.10.2174/187152706777452218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakurai, T., Amemiya, A., Ishii, M., Matsuzaki, I., Chemelli, R. M., Tanaka, H., … Yanagisawa, M. (1998). Orexins and orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behaviour. Cell, 92, 573–585.10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80949-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk, R. (1995). Long term beneficial effects of weak electromagnetic fields in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Neuroscience, 83, 45–57.10.3109/00207459508986324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savvidou, A., Knudsen, S., Olsson-Engman, M., Gammeltoft, S., Jennum, P., & Palm, L. (2013). Hypocretin deficiency develops during onset of human narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep, 36, 147–148. doi:10.5665/sleep.2320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schestatsky, P. (2007). Definition, diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain [Definicao, diagnostico e tratamento da dor neuropatica]. Publicação Científica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Scientific Publication of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre and Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul], 28, 177–187.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, B., Gugger, M., Augustiny, K., Bassetti, C., & Radanov, B. P. (2000). Prevalence of sleep disorders in an employed Swiss population: Results of a questionnaire survey. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 130, 772–778.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt, H., Williamson, D., & Ashley-Koch, A. (2007). HLA-DR15 haplotype and multiple sclerosis: A huge review. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 1097–1109.10.1093/aje/kwk118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S., Ponz, A., Poryazova, R., Werth, E., Boesiger, P., Khatami, R., & Bassetti, C. L. (2008). Abnormal activity in hypothalamus and amygdala during humour processing in human narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain, 131, 514–522.10.1093/brain/awm292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwegler, K., Klaghofer, R., Nirkko, A. C., Mathis, J., Hersberger, K. E., & Bloch, K. E. (2006). Sleep and wakefulness disturbances in Swiss pharmacy customers. Swiss Medical Weekly, 136, 149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, Y. K., Yoon, I. Y., Han, E. K., No, Y. M., Hong, M. C., Yun, Y. D., … Hong, S. C. (2008). Prevalence of narcolepsy-cataplexy in Korean adolescents. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 117, 273–278.10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00930.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silber, M. H., Krahn, L. E., Olson, E. J., & Pankratz, V. S. (2002). The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: A population-based study. Sleep, 25, 197–202. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02095.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silber, M. H., Krahn, L. E., & Slocumb, N. L. (2005). Distribution of age of onset of narcolepsy (abstract). Sleep, 28, A222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, M. T. T. (2013). Viral encephalitis. Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr, 71(9B). doi:10.1590/0004-282X20130155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. T., Edwards, R. R., McCann, U. D., & Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2007). The effects of sleep deprivation on pain inhibition and spontaneous pain in women. Sleep, 30, 494–505.10.1093/sleep/30.4.494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, S., Lipton, R. B., & Newman, L. C. (1992). Clinical feature of chronic daily headache. Headache, The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 32, 325–329. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3207325.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohmaier, P., Mueller-Eckhardt, G., & Meier-Ewert, K. (1988). Cellular approach for detecting narcolepsy-specific alterations in DR2 haplocytes. Human Immunology, 22, 221–225.10.1016/0198-8859(88)90001-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuginski-Barbosa, J., Dach, F., Bigal, M., & Speciali, J. G. (2012). Chronic pain and depression in the quality of life of women with migraine—A controlled study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 52, 400–408.10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02095.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturzenegger, C., & Bassetti, C. (2004). The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy with cataplexy: A reappraisal. Journal of Sleep Research, 13, 395–406.10.1111/jsr.2004.13.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syvertsen, M., Helde, G., Stovner, L. J., & Brodtkorb, E. (2007). Headaches add to the burden of epilepsy. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 8, 224–230.10.1007/s10194-007-0398-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szklo-Coxe, M., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2003). Narcolepsy-related symptoms in a population-based sample (abstract). Sleep, 26, A285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiwo, O. B., Russell, I. J., Mignot, E., Lin, L., Michalek, J. E., Haynes, W., … Larson, A. A. (2007). Normal cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Sleep Medicine, 8, 260–265.10.1016/j.sleep.2006.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thannickal, T. C., Moore, R. Y., Nienhuis, R., Ramanathan, L., Gulyani, S., Aldrich, M., … Siegel, J. M. (2000). Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron, 27, 469–474.10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00058-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thannickal, T. C., Nienhuis, R., & Siegel, J. M. (2009). Localized loss of hypocretin (orexin) cells in narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep, 32, 993–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeler, B. J., & Erickson, J. C. (2009). Mild head trauma and chronic headaches in returning US soldiers. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 49, 529–534. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01345.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujino, N., & Sakurai, T. (2013). Role of orexin in modulating arousal, feeding, and motivation. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valko, P. O., Gavrilov, Y. V., Yamamoto, M., Reddy, H., Haybaeck, J., Mignot, E., … Scammell, T. E. (2013). Increase of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons in narcolepsy. Annals of Neurology, 74, 794–804.10.1002/ana.24019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weder-Cisneros, N. D., Téllez-Zenteno, J. F., Cardiel, M. H., Guibert-Toledano, M., Cabiedes, J., Velásquez-Paz, A. L., … Cantú, C. (2004). Prevalence and factors associated with headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cephalalgia, 24, 1031–1044. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00822.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winokur, A., & Demartinis, N. (2012). The effects of antidepressants on sleep. Retrieved from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/mdd/content/article/10168/2082720
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, F., Ross, K., Anderson, J., Russell, I. J., & Hebert, L. (1995). The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 38, 19–28.10.1002/art.v38:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, X., Wisor, J. P., Hara, J., Crowder, T. L., LeWinter, R., Khroyan, T. V., … Kilduff, T. S. (2008). Hypocretin/orexin and nociception/orphanin FQ coordinately regulate analgesia in a mouse model of stress-induced analgesia. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 18, 2471–2481. doi:10.1172/JC135115
   Google Scholar
• Ylikoski, A., Martikainen, K., Sarkanen, T., & Partinen, M. (2015). Parkinson’s disease and narcolepsy-like symtpoms. Sleep Medicine, 16, 540–544. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, T., Palta, M., Dempsey, J., Skatrud, J., Weber, S., & Badr, S. (1993). The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 1230–1235.10.1056/NEJM199304293281704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar