1,818
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

Effect of internal and external remittances on expenditure inequality in Pakistan

ORCID Icon & , Dr.
Article: 2178121 | Received 19 Jun 2022, Accepted 05 Feb 2023, Published online: 05 Mar 2023

References

  • Ackah, C., & Medvedev, D. (2012). Internal migration in Ghana: Determinants and welfare impacts. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(10), 764–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068291211253386
  • Adams, R. H., Jr. (2004). Remittances and poverty in Guatemala. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3418. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3418
  • Adams, R. H., Cuecuecha, A., & Page, J. (2008). The impact of remittances on poverty and inequality in Ghana. Policy Research Working Paper No. 4732. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4732
  • Adams, R. H., & Mahmood, Z. (1992). The effects of migration and remittances on inequality in rural Pakistan [with comments]. The Pakistan Development Review, 31(4), 1189–1206. https://doi.org/10.30541/v31i4IIpp.1189-1206
  • Ahmed, F., Dzator, J. A., & Zhang, J. X. (2021). Remittances, income inequality and investment in Bangladesh. The Journal of Developing Areas, 55(1). https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2021.0011
  • Akita, T., & Miyata, S. (2008). Urbanization, educational expansion, and expenditure inequality in Indonesia in 1996, 1999, and 2002. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 13(2), 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860801923558
  • Anyanwu, J. C. (2011), International Remittances and Income Inequality in Africa, Working Paper Series No. 135, African Development Bank.
  • Aparicio, F. J., & Meseguer, C. (2009). Collective remittances and the state: The 3×1 program in Mexican municipalities. Mexico: CIDE. Mimeo.
  • Arslan, A., & Taylor, J. E. (2010). Village level inequality, migration and remittances in ruralMexico: How do they change over time? Kiel Working Paper No. 1622. Kiel WorkingPaper.
  • Awuse, N., Offi, P. T., & Acakpovi, A. (2020). Internal migration and poverty reduction in Ghana. International Journal of Technology and Management Research, 5(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v5i1.83
  • Balisacan, A. M., & Fuwa, N. (2004) Changes in spatial income inequality in the Philippines, WIDER, research paper no. 2004 34
  • Bang, J. T., Mitra, A., & Wunnava, P. V. (2016). Do remittances improve income inequality? An instrumental variable quantile analysis of the Kenyan case. Economic Modelling, 58, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.04.004
  • Bang, J. T., Mitra, A., & Wunnava, P. V. (2018). Hollowing Out the Middle? Remittances and Income Inequality in Nigeria, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 11438, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.
  • Bayraktar, Y., & Özyılmaz, A. (2017). The role of internal migration on regional inequality: Turkey example. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Special, 9–30.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Irrational behaviour and economic theory. Journal of Political Economy, 70(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1086/258584
  • Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human Resources, 8(4), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.2307/144855
  • Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic theory and international migration. International Migration Review, 23(3), 457–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300304
  • Bouoiyour, J., & Miftah, A. (2014). The effects of remittances on poverty and inequality: Evidence from rural southern Morocco. Working Papers hal-01880333, HAL.
  • Cuecuecha, A., & Adams, R. J. (2016). Remittances, household investment and poverty in Indonesia. Journal of Finance and Economics, 4(3), 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12735/jfe.v4n3p12
  • De, P. K., & Ratha, D. (2012). Impact of remittances on household income, asset and human capital: Evidence from Sri Lanka. Migration and Development, 1(1), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2012.719348
  • Deshingkar, P., & Farrington, J. (2006). Rural labour markets and migration in South Asia: Evidence from India and Bangladesh. World development report 2008. World Bank.
  • Devkota, J. (2014, March). Impact of migrants’ remittances on poverty and inequality inNepal. Forum of International Development Studies, 44, 36–53. https://www.gsid.nagoya-u.ac.jp/bpub/research/public/forum/44/03.pdf
  • Dey, S. (2015). Impact of remittances on poverty at origin: A study on rural households in India using covariate balancing propensity score matching. Migration and Development, 4(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2014.979022
  • Duval, L., & Wolff, F.-C. 2013, The consumption-enhancing effect of remittances: Evidence from Kosovo, WIIW Balkan Observatory Working Papers, No. 107, Vienna: The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies.
  • Economic Outlook. (2018). International monetary fund.
  • Harris, J., & Todaro, M. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60(1), 126–142.
  • Hobbs, A. W., & Jameson, K. P. (2012). Measuring the effect of bi-directional migrationremittances on poverty and inequality in Nicaragua. Applied Economics, 44(19), 2451–2460. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.564153
  • Housen, T., Hopkins, S., & Earnest, J. (2013). A systematic review on the impact of internal remittances on poverty and consumption in developing countries: Implications for policy. Population, Space and Place, 19(5), 610–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1743
  • Howell, A. (2017). Impacts of migration and remittances on ethnic income inequality in Rural China. World Development, 94, 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.005
  • Jones, R. C. (2013). Migration stage and household income inequality: Evidence from the Valle Alto of Bolivia. The Social Science Journal, 50(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2012.08.001
  • Kalim, R., & Shahbaz, M. (2009). Remittances and poverty Nexus: Evidence from Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 29, 46–59. http://escholar.umt.edu.pk:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/285/1/Full%20View.pdf
  • Kang, W. (2011). A microeconometric analysis of the welfare of households in Vietnam and China: Poverty, vulnerability and inequality. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom).
  • Koch, M. Y., & Valdés, E. (2008), “Una mirada a la segregacion residencial en ciudadeslatinoamericanas: El caso de Porto Alegre (Brasil) y Cordoba (Argentina)”, Paper X Seminario Internacional Red Iberoamericano Globalizacion y Territorio, RII, Querétaro.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
  • Koenker, R., & Hallock, K. F. (2001). Quantile regression. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.143
  • Kousar, R., Rais, S. I., Mansoor, A., Zaman, K., Shah, S. T. H., & Ejaz, S. (2019). The impact of foreign remittances and financial development on poverty and income inequality in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL - Bounds testing approach. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no1.71
  • Lee, E. (1966). A theory of migration. demography. Population Association of America, 3(1),47–57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2060063
  • Lenski, G. E. (1966). Power and Privilege. A Theory of Social Stratification, Volume 96. McGraw-Hill New York.
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor. The Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x
  • Mankiw, N. G. (2019). Macroeconomics. New York.
  • Martins, P. S., & Pereira, P. T. (2004). Does education reduce wage inequality? Quantile regression evidence from 16 countries. Labour Economics, 11(3), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2003.05.003
  • Melly, B. (2006), ‘Estimation of counterfactual distributions using quantile regression’, a chapter of the PhD thesis submitted to the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland. http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/publications/22644
  • Molini, V., Pavelesku, D., & Ranzani, M. (2016). Should I stay or should I go? Internal migration and household welfare in Ghana. Internal Migration and Household Welfare in Ghana (July 20, 2016). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7752).
  • Murodova, S. (2018). Impact of remittances and international migration on poverty in CentralAsia: The cases of the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Journal of AppliedEconomics & Business Research, 8, 1.
  • Neumark, D. (1988). Employers’ discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. Journal of Human Resources, 23(3), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.2307/145830
  • Nilsson, B., & Ramadan, R. (2020). Migration and Inequalities around the Mediterranean Sea. ERF working paper no. 1390, Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series.
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review, 14(3), 693–709. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525981
  • Randazzo, T., & Piracha, M. (2019). Remittances and household expenditure behaviour: Evidence from Senegal. Economic Modelling, 79, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.10.007
  • Salifu, M., Al-Hassan, S., & Saani, M. R. (2016). External migrant remittances and household expenditure patterns in Ghana. Africa Development and Resources Research Institute Journal, 25(4), 1–23. Ghana: Vol., No. (3).
  • Shams, K., & Kadow, A. (2020). Income inequality, remittances and economic wellbeing in rural Pakistan: Linkages and empirical evidence. Asia-Pacific Journal of RegionalScience, 4(2), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-020-00151-x
  • Siddiqui, R., & Kemal, A. R. (2006). Remittances, trade liberalisation, and poverty in Pakistan: The role of excluded variables in poverty change analysis. The PakistanDevelopment Review, 45(3), 383–415. https://doi.org/10.30541/v45i3pp.383-415
  • Sjaastad, L. (1962). The costs and returns of human migration. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1086/258726
  • Stark, O. (1984). Rural-to-urban migration in LDCs: A relative deprivation approach. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32(3), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1086/451401
  • Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. American Economic Review, 75(2), 173–178. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1805591
  • Stark, O., & Levhari, D. (1982). On migration and risk in LDCs, Economic Development and Cultural Change. 31, 191–196. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20007250
  • Stark, O., & Taylor, J. E. (1991). Migration incentives, migration types. the Role of Relative Deprivation, the Economic Journal, 101, 1163–1178. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2234433
  • Stark, O., & Yitzhaki, S. (1988). Labor migration as a response to relative deprivation. Journal of Population Economics, 1(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00171510
  • Tsaurai, K. (2018). The impact of remittances on poverty alleviation in selected emerging markets. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, 21(2), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0011
  • UNDP’s Pakistan. (2020). National human development report.
  • World Bank. (2020). World development indicators.