REFERENCES
- Abor, J., & Quartey, P. 2010. Issues in SME development in Ghana and South Africa. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 39: 218–28.
- Acquaah, M. 2003. Corporate management, industry competition and the sustainability of firm abnormal profitability. Journal of Management and Governance, 7: 57–81.
- Acquaah, M. 2011. Business strategy and competitive advantage in family businesses in Ghana: The role of social networking relationships. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 16(1): 103–126.
- Acquaah, M., Adjei, M. C., & Mensa-Bonsu, I. F. 2008. Competitive strategy, environmental characteristics and performance in African emerging economies: Lessons from firms in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 9(1): 93–120.
- Acquaah M., Amoako-Gyampah, K., & Jayaram, J. 2011. Resilience in family and nonfamily firms: An examination of the relationships between manufacturing strategy, competitive strategy and firm performance. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18): 5527–5544.
- Acquaah, M., & Chi T. 2007. A longitudinal analysis of the impact of firm resources and industry characteristics on firm-specific profitability. Journal of Management and Governance, 11: 179 –213.
- Acquaah, M., & Yasai-Ardekani, M. 2008. Does the implementation of a combination competitive strategy yield incremental performance benefit? A new perspective from transition economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Research, 61: 346–354.
- Adner, R., & Helfat, C. E. 2003. Corporate effects and dynamic managerial capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24: 1011–1025.
- Agyapong, A., & Boamah, R. 2013. Business strategies and competitive advantage of family hotel businesses in Ghana: The role of strategic leadership. Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(2): 531–544.
- Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Akoten, J. E., Sawada, Y., & Otsuka, K. 92006. The determinants of credit access and impacts on micro and small enterprises: The case of garment producers in Kenya. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(4): 927–944.
- Amit, R., & Schoemaker, P. J. 1993. Strategic assets and organisational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14(1): 33–46.
- Anand, G., & Ward, P. T. 2004. Fit, flexibility and performance in manufacturing: Coping with dynamic environments. Production and Operations Management, 13: 369–385.
- Ayyagari, M., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. 2011. Small vs. young firms across the world: Contribution to employment, job creation, and growth. Policy Research Working Paper 5631. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99–120.
- Barney, J. B., & Hesterley, W. S. 2006. Strategic management and competitive advantage: Concepts. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Barney, J. B., Wright, M., & Ketchen, D. J. 2001. The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, 27(6), 625–641.
- Beaver, G., & Jennings, P. 2005. Competitive Advantage and entrepreneurial power: The dark side of entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(1), 9–15.
- Bowman, C., & Ambrosini, V. 1997. Perceptions of strategic priorities, consensus, and firm performance. Journal of Management Studies, 34: 241–258.
- Camison, C., & Villar-Lopez, A. 2010. Effects of SMEs’ international experience on foreign intensity and economic performance: The mediating role of internationally exploitable assets and competitive strategy. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(2): 116–151.
- Campbell-Hunt, C. 2000. What have we learned about generic competitive strategy? A meta-analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 127–154.
- Chang, W., Park, J. E., & Chaiy, S. 2010. How does CRM technology transform into organizational performance? A mediating role of marketing capability. Journal of Business Research, 63: 849–855.
- Dadzie, C. A., Winston, E. M., & Dadzie, K. Q. 2012. Organizational culture, competitive strategy, and performance in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 13(3): 172–182.
- Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. 1993. Alternative methodologies for identifying family versus nonfamily managed business. Journal of Small Business Management, 31(2): 79–90.
- Day, G. S. 1992. Marketing’s contribution to the strategy dialogue. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20(4): 323–329.
- Day, G. S. 1993. The capabilities of market-driven organisations. Report No. 93–123. Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute.
- Day, G. S. 1994. The capabilities of market driven organisations. Journal of Marketing, 58: 37–52.
- De Sarbo, W., Di Benedetto, C., & Song, M. 2007. A heterogeneous resource based view for exploring relationships between firm performance and capabilities. Journal of Modeling in Management, 2(2): 103–130.
- Dess, G. G., & Davis P. S. 1984. Porter’s (1980) generic strategies as determinants of strategic group memberships and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 467–488.
- Fatoki, O., & Garwe, D. 2010. Obstacles to the growth of new SMEs in South Africa: A principal component analysis approach. African Journal of Business Management, 4(5): 729–738.
- Fernandez, Z., & Nieto, M. J. 2005. Internationalization strategy of small and medium-sized family business: Some influential factors. Family Business Review, 18(1): 77–89.
- Frambach, R., Prabhu, J., & Verhallen, T. 2003. The influence of business strategy on new product activity: The role of market orientation. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 20: 377–397.
- Gonzalez-Benito, O., Gonzalez-Benito, J., & Munoz-Gallego, P. 2009. Role of entrepreneurship and marketing orientation in firms’ success. European Journal of Marketing, 43(3): 500–522.
- Grant, R. M. 2013. Contemporary strategy analysis. 8th ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
- Graves, C., & Thomas, J. 2006. Internationalization of Australian family businesses: A managerial capabilities perspective. Family Business Review, 19(3): 207–224.
- Habbershon, G. T., & Williams, M. L. 1999. A resource-based framework for assessing strategic advantage of family firms. Family Business Review, 12: 27–39.
- Hooley, G., Fahy, J., Cox, T., Beracs, J., Fonfara, K., & Snoj, B. 1999. Marketing capabilities and firm performance. Journal of Market Focused Management, 4(3): 259–278.
- Hoskission, R. E., Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. 2011. Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization. 9th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
- Johnson, G., Melin, L., & Whittington, R. 2003. Micro-strategy and strategising. Journal of Management Studies, 409(1): 3–22.
- Kanyabi, Y., & Devi, S. 2011. Use of professional accountants’ advisory services and its impact on SME performance in an emerging economy: A resource-based view. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 1(1): 43–55.
- Kelliher, F., & Reinl, L. 2009. A resource-based view of micro-firm management practice. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(3): 521–532.
- Kim, E., Nam, D., & Stimpert, J. L. 2004. Testing the applicability of Porter’s generic strategies in the digital age: A study of Korean cyber malls. Journal of Business Strategies, 21: 19–45.
- Lado, A. A., Boyd, N. G., & Wright, P. 1992. A competency-based model of sustainable competitive advantage: Toward a conceptual integration. Journal of Management, 18: 77–91.
- Li, J. J., Zhou, Z. K., & Shao, A. T. 2009. Competitive position, managerial ties and profitability of foreign firms in China: An interactive perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(2): 339–352.
- Liberman-Yaconi, L., Hooper, T., & Hutchings, K. 2010. Toward a model of understanding strategic decision-making in micro-firms: Exploring the Australian information technology sector. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(1): 70–95.
- Lippman, S., & Rumelt, R. P. 1982. Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition. Bell Journal of Economics, 13: 418–438.
- Littunen, H. 2003. Management capabilities and environmental characteristics in the critical operational phase of entrepreneurship: A comparison of Finnish family and non-family firms. Family Business Review, 16(3): 183–190.
- Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. 2001. The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 565–586.
- Madrid-Guijarro, A., Garcia-Perez-de-Lema, D., & Van Auken, H. 2013. An investigation of Spanish SME innovation strategy during different economic conditions. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4): 578–601.
- Masakure, O., Henson, S., & Cranfield J., (2009. Performance of microenterprises in Ghana: A resource-based view. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(3): 466–484.
- Mensah, J. V., Tribe, M., & Wess, J. 2007. The small-scale manufacturing sector in Ghana: A source of dynamism or of subsistence. Journal of International Development, 19: 253–273.
- Miller, A., & Dess, G. G. 1993. Assessing Porter’s (1980) model in terms of its generalizability, accuracy and simplicity. Journal of Management Studies, 30: 553–585.
- Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. 1994. The commitment–trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3): 20–38.
- Morgan, N. A., Slotegraff, R. J., & Vorhies, D. W. 2009. Linking marketing capabilities with profit growth. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4): 284–293.
- Newbert, S. L. 2007. Empirical research on the resource-based view of the firm: An assessment and suggestions for future research. Strategic Management Journal, 28: 121–146.
- Neter, J., Kutner, M. A., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Wasserman, W. 1996. Applied linear statistical models. 4th ed. Chicago, IL: Irwin.
- Obeng, B. A., & Blundel, R. K. 2015. Evaluating enterprise policy interventions in Africa: A critical review of Ghanaian small business support services. Journal of Small Business Management. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12072.
- Orr, L. M., Bush, V. D., & Vorhies, D. W. 2011. Leveraging firm-level marketing capabilities with marketing employee development. Journal of Business Research, 64: 1074–1081.
- Ortega, M. J. R. 2010. Competitive strategies and firm performance: Technological capabilities’ moderating roles. Journal of Business Research, 643: 1273–1281.
- Osei, B., Baah-Nuakoh, A., Tutu, K. A., & Sowa, N. K. 1993. Impact of structural adjustment on small-scale enterprises in Ghana. In A. Helmsing, & T. H. Kolstee (Eds.), Structural adjustment, financial policy and assistance programmes in Africa. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
- Peteraf, M. A. 1993. The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3): 179–191.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology Bulletin, 88(5): 879–903.
- Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press.
- Porter, M. E. 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performances. New York: Free Pres.
- Robson, P. J. A., Haugh, H. H., & Obeng, B. A. 2009. Entrepreneurship and innovation in Ghana: enterprising in Africa. Small Business Economics, 32(3): 331–350.
- Shepherd, D. A., & Wiklund, J. 2005. Entrepreneurial small businesses: A resource-based perspective. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
- Slotegraff, R. J., & Dickson, P. R. 2004. The paradox of a marketing planning capability. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(4): 371–385.
- Spanos, Y., & Lioukas, S. 2001. An examination into the causal logic of rent generation: Contrasting Porter’s competitive strategy framework and the resource-based perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 22(10): 907–934.
- Spanos, Y. E., Zaralis, G., & Lioukas, S. 2004. Strategy and industry effects on profitability: Evidence from Greece. Strategic Management Journal, 25; 139–165.
- Steel, W. F., & Webster, L. 1990. Ghana’s small enterprise sector: World Bank, industry and energy. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Storey, J. 1994. Understanding the small business sector. London: Thomson.
- Vorhies, D. W., & Harker, M. 2000. The capabilities and performance advantages of market driven firms. Australian Journal of Management, 25(2): 145–171.
- Vorhies, D. W., & Morgan, N. A. 2005. Benchmarking marketing capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Marketing, 69(1): 80–94.
- Vorhies, D. W., Harker, M., & Rao, C. P. 1999. The capabilities and performance advantages of market-driven firms. European Journal of Marketing, 33(11/12): 1171–1202.
- Wall, T.D., Michie, J., Patterson, M., Wood, S. J., Sheehan, M., Clegg, C. W., & West, M. 2004. On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology, 57: 95–118.
- Weerawardena, J. 2003. Exploring the role of market learning capability in competitive strategy. European Journal of Marketing, 37(3/4): 407–429.
- Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 171–180.
- World Bank. 1992. Malawi: Financial sector study. Washington, DC: World Bank.