References
- Adetunji, B., Mathews, M., Williams, A., Budur, K., Mathews, M., Mahmud, J., & Osinowo, T., et al. (2005). Use of antipsychotics in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 2(4), 43–47.
- Alex, K. D., & Pehek, E. A. (2007). Pharmacologic mechanisms of serotonergic regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 113(2), 296–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.08.004
- Alexander, W. (2012). Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 37(1), 32–38.
- Baldwin, S. B., Fehrenbacher, A. E., & Eisenman, D. P., et al. (2015). Psychological coercion in human trafficking: an application of biderman’s framework. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1171–1181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732314557087
- Barrows, J., & Finger, R. (2008). Human trafficking and the healthcare professional. Southern Medical Journal, 101(5), 521–524. https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31816c017d
- Cai, H. L., Jiang, P., Tan, Q. Y., Dang, R. L., Tang, M. M., Xue, Y., Deng, Y., Zhang, B. K., Fang, P. F., Xu, P., Xiang, D. X., Li, H. D., & Yao, J. K., et al. (2017). Therapeutic efficacy of atypical antipsychotic drugs by targeting multiple stress-related metabolic pathways. Translational Psychiatry, 7(5), e1130–e1130. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.94
- Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). (2014). Understanding the Impact of Trauma. In Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/.
- Chambers, R., Cox, J., & Gibbs, H., et al. (2019). Human trafficking medical safe haven program and shared learnings manual. https://www.dignityhealth.org/sacramento/for-physicians/dignity-health-methodist-hospital-of-sacramento-family-medicine-residency-program/human-trafficking-safe-haven-clinic/medical-safe-haven-resources
- Chambers, R. (2019). Caring for human trafficking victims: A description and rationale for the medical safe haven model in family medicine residency clinics. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 54(4–5), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091217419860358
- Chisolm-Straker, M., & Richardson, L. (2007). Assessment of emergency department (ED) provider knowledge about human trafficking victims in the ED. Academic Emergency Medicine, 14(5 Suppl. 1), S134. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.1078
- Choi, K. R. (2015). Risk factors for domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States: A literature review. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 11(2), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/JFN.0000000000000072
- Cook, M. C., Barnert, E., Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R., Ports, K., & Bath, E., et al. (2018). Exploring mental health and substance use treatment needs of commercially sexually exploited youth participating in a specialty juvenile court. Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2018.1432552
- Counter-Trafficking Data Collaborative. (n.d.). Global data hub on human trafficking. https://www.ctdatacollaborative.org/story/age-victims-children-and-adults
- Donahue, S., Schwien, M., & LaVallee, D., et al. (2019). Educating emergency department staff on the identification and treatment of human trafficking victims. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 45(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2018.03.021
- Doychak, K., & Raghavan, C. (2020). “No voice or vote:” trauma-coerced attachment in victims of sex trafficking. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(3), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2018.1518625
- Elman, I., Lowen, S., Frederick, B. B., Chi, W., Becerra, L., & Pitman, R. K., et al. (2009). Functional neuroimaging of reward circuitry responsivity to monetary gains and losses in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66(12), 1083–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.006
- Elman, I., Upadhyay, J., Langleben, D. D., Albanese, M., Becerra, L., & Borsook, D., et al. (2018). Reward and aversion processing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: functional neuroimaging with visual and thermal stimuli. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0292-6
- Feltenstein, M. W., & See, R. E. (2008). The neurocircuitry of addiction: an overview. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(2), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.51
- Fenster, R. J., Lebois, L. A. M., Ressler, K. J., & Suh, J., et al. (2018). Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 19(9), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0039-7
- Fonzo, G. A. (2018). Diminished positive affect and traumatic stress: A biobehavioral review and commentary on trauma affective neuroscience. Neurobiology of Stress, 9 (3) , 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.10.002
- Fowler, J., Volkow, N., Kassed, C., & Chang, L., et al. (2007). Imaging the addicted human brain. Science & Practice Perspectives, 3(2), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1151/spp07324
- Frewen, P. A., Dozois, D. J. A., Neufeld, R. W. J., Lane, R. D., Densmore, M., Stevens, T. K., & Lanius, R. A., et al. (2012). Emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(4), 431–436. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06477
- Giourou, E., Skokou, M., Andrew, S. P., Alexopoulou, K., Gourzis, P., & Jelastopulu, E., et al. (2018). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: the need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to reevaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma? World Journal of Psychiatry, 8(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v8.i1.12
- Goldberg, A. P., Moore, J. L., Houck, C., Kaplan, D. M., & Barron, C. E., et al. (2017). Domestic minor sex trafficking patients: A retrospective analysis of medical presentation. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 30(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.010
- Hickle, K., & Hallett, S. (2016). Mitigating harm: considering harm reduction principles in work with sexually exploited young people. Children & Society, 30(4), 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12145
- Hoffman, V., Middleton, J., Feltner, C., Gaynes, B. N., Weber, R., Bann, C., Viswanathan, M., Lohr, K. N., Baker, C., & Green, J., et al. (2018). Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). https://doi.org/10.23970/AHRQEPCCER207.
- Hudson, S. M., Whiteside, T. E., Lorenz, R. A., & Wargo, K. A., et al. (2012). Prazosin for the treatment of nightmares related to posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 14(2): 46–51. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.11r01222
- International Organization for Migration. (2017). Family members linked to nearly half of child trafficking: new IOM, polaris data. https://www.iom.int/news/family-members-linked-nearly-half-child-trafficking-new-iom-polaris-data
- Lederer, L. J., & Wetzel, C. A. (2014). The health consequences of sex trafficking and their implications for identifying victims in healthcare facilities. Annals of Health Law, 23(1), 61–87.
- Lo, V., & Chambers, R. (2016). Human trafficking and the role of physicians. Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health, 3(3), 1084.
- Lumpkin, C., & Taboada, A. (2017). Identification and referral for human trafficking survivors in health care settings: survey report. Retrieved from Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking website. https://www.castla.org/wp-content/themes/castla/assets/files/Identification_and_Referral_in_Health_Care_Settings_survey_report_2017.pdf
- O’Callaghan, M. (2012). The health care professional as a modern abolitionist. The Permanente Journal, 16 (6) , 67–69. Retrieved from: http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2012/spring/4546-the-health-care-professional-as-a-modern-abolitionist.htmlhttps://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/11-151. http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2012/spring/4546-the-health-care-professional-as-a-modern-abolitionist.htmlhttps://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/11-151
- Olijslagers, J., Werkman, T., McCreary, A., Kruse, C., & Wadman, W., et al. (2006). Modulation of midbrain dopamine neurotransmission by serotonin, a versatile interaction between neurotransmitters and significance for antipsychotic drug action. Current Neuropharmacology, 4(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015906775203020
- Polaris Project. (2019a). 2018 U.S. national human trafficking hotline statistics. https://polarisproject.org/2018-us-national-human-trafficking-hotline-statistics/
- Reisman, M. (2016). PTSD treatment for veterans: what’s working, what’s new, and what’s next. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 41(10), 623–634.
- Rosenberg, J. (2019). Trauma bonding. https://psychologicalhealingcenter.com/trauma-bonding/
- The Global Slavery Index. (2018). Retrieved from:https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/country-studies/united-states/
- Torrisi, S. A., Leggio, G. M., Drago, F., & Salomone, S., et al. (2019). Therapeutic challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder: focus on the dopaminergic system. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 3(10), 404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00404
- Trifilieff, P., & Martinez, D. (2014). Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity. Neuropharmacology, 76 (4) , 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.031
- Viergever, R. F., West, H., Borland, R., & Zimmerman, C., et al. (2015). Health care providers and human trafficking: what do they know, what do they need to know? findings from the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Central America. Frontiers in Public Health, (3). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00006
- Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., Telang, F., & Baler, R., et al. (2010). Addiction: decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain’s control circuit. BioEssays, 32(9), 748–755. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201000042
- Wang, P. (2018). What are dissociative disorders? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
- Williamson, E., Dutch, N., & Clawson, H., et al. (2010). Evidence-based mental health treatment for victims of human trafficking. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/evidence-based-mental-health-treatment-victims-human-trafficking.
- Withers, M. (2016). Psychological tactics used by human traffickers. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/modern-day-slavery/201610/psychological-tactics-used-human-traffickers
- Yedlinsky, N. T., Neff, L. A., & Jordan, K. M., et al. (2019). Care of the military veteran: selected health issues. American Family Physician, 100(9), 544–551.
- Zimmerman, C., Yun, K., Shvab, I., Watts, C., Trappolin, I., & Mea, T., et al. (2003). The health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and adolescents: findings from a European study. https://cwhn.ca/en/node/25575
- Zoellner, L. A., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Mavissakalian, M., & Feeny, N. C., et al. (2019). Doubly randomized preference trial of prolonged exposure versus sertraline for treatment of PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17090995