125
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Legal Response to Sex Trafficking

, &

References

  • Anchan, C. (2016). Protecting the imperfect victim: Expanding “safe harbors” to adult victims of sex trafficking. William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice, 23(1), 117–139.
  • Anderson, V. R., England, K., & Davidson, W. S. (2017). Juvenile court practitioners’ construction of and response to sex trafficking of justice system involved girls. Victims & Offenders, 12(5), 663–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2016.1185753
  • Baird, D. (2019). Changing the narrative: Sex trafficking and its victims. BYU Journal of Public Law, 33(2), 321–353.
  • Barnert, E. S., Abrams, S., Azzi, V. F., Ryan, G., Brook, R., & Chung, P. J. (2016). Identifying best practices for “safe harbor” legislation to protect child sex trafficking victims: Decriminalization alone is not sufficient. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.002
  • Barney, D. (2018). Trafficking technology: A look at different approaches to ending technology-facilitated human trafficking. Pepperdine Law Review, 45(4), 747–784.
  • Beale, S. S. (2018). The trafficking victim protection act: The best hope for international human rights litigation in the U.S. courts? Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 50(1&2), 17–48. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cwrint50&id=1&collection=journals&index=
  • Casassa, K., England, G., & Karandikar, S. (2023). “I needed people to tell me no:” exploring how participation in a human trafficking specialty docket affects survivors’ of sex trafficking experiences of trauma bonding. Victims & Offenders, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2202200
  • Casassa, K., Knight, L., & Mengo, C. (2021). Trauma bonding perspectives from service providers and survivors of sex trafficking: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(3), 969–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020985542
  • Cole, J., & Sprang, G. (2020). Post-implementation of a safe harbor law in the U.S.: Review of state administrative data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104320
  • Cole, J., Sprang, G., & Leistner, C. (2020). Juvenile and family court judges’ knowledge and attitudes about sex trafficking of minors: Associations with gender, race, and US region. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 71(3), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.12174
  • Cook, B. (2017). Complicit bias: Sex-offender registration as penalty for obstructing sex-trafficking prosecutions. Nebraska Law Review, 96(1), 138–197.
  • Cook, M. C., Talbert, R. D., & Thomas, B. (2021). A longitudinal study of justice characteristics among girls participating in a sex trafficking court program. Health & Justice, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-020-00127-1
  • Crocker, S. (2017). Stripping agency from top to bottom: The need for sentencing guideline safety valve for bottoms prosecuted under the federal sex trafficking statutes. Northwestern University Law Review, 111(3), 753–792.
  • Davy, D. (2016). Anti–human trafficking interventions: How do we know if they are working? American Journal of Evaluation, 37(4), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214016630615
  • Doychak, K., & Raghavan, C. (2020). “No voice or vote:” trauma-coerced attachment in victims of sex trafficking. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(3), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2018.1518625
  • Edwards, E. E., Middleton, J. S., & Cole, J. (2022). Family-controlled trafficking in the United States: Victim characteristics, system response, and case outcomes. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2022.2039866
  • Farrell, A., Bouche, V., & Wolfe, D. (2019). Assessing the impact of state human trafficking legislation on criminal justice system outcomes. Law & Policy, 41(2), 174–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12124
  • Franchino-Olsen, H. (2021). Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018821956
  • Goździak, E. M., & Vogel, K. M. (2020). Palermo at 20: A retrospective and prospective. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690117
  • Hardy, V. L., Compton, K. D., & McPhatter, V. S. (2013). Domestic minor sex trafficking: Practice implications for mental health professionals. Affilia, 28(1), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109912475172
  • Hopper, E. K. (2017). Polyvictimization and developmental trauma adaptations in sex trafficked youth. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 10(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-016-0114-z
  • Horning, A., & Stalans, L. J. (2022). Oblivious ‘sex traffickers’: Challenging stereotypes and the fairness of US trafficking laws. Anti-Trafficking Review, 18(18), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201222185
  • HoSang, D. M., & Yamin, P. (2016). Constructing the sex trafficker: Spectral figures and sexual violence in California’s proposition 35. New Political Science, 38(3), 390–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2016.1190172
  • Kaufmann, G., Drevland, G. C., Wessel, E., Overskeid, G., & Magnussen, S. (2003). The importance of being earnest: Displayed emotions and witness credibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 17(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.842
  • Kendis, B. (2019). Human trafficking and prostitution courts: Problem solving or problematic? Case Western Reserve Law Review, 69(3), 805–841.
  • Khodarkovsky, J., Russo, A. N., & Britsch, L. E. (2021). Prosecuting sex trafficking cases in the wake of the backpage takedown and the world of cryptocurrency. Department of Justice Journal of Federal Law and Practice, 69(3), 101–126.
  • Kotrla, K. (2010). Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States. Social Work, 55(2), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/55.2.181
  • Kulig, T. C., & Butler, L. C. (2019). From “whores” to “victims”: The rise and status of sex trafficking courts. Victims & Offenders, 14(3), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1595242
  • Love, D. A., Fukushima, A. I., Rogers, T. N., Petersen, E., Brooks, E., & Rogers, C. R. (2021). Challenges to reintegration: A qualitative intrinsic case-study of convicted female sex traffickers. Feminist Criminology, 18(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/15570851211045042
  • Musto, J. (2013). Domestic minor sex trafficking and the detention-to-protection pipeline. Dialectical Anthropology, 37(2), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9295-0
  • Myatt, M. (2019). The “victim-perpetrator” dilemma: The role of state safe harbor laws in creating a presumption of coercion for human trafficking victims. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 25(3), 555–605.
  • Newton, B. E. (2022). Incentivizing ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims raised on direct appeal: Why appellate courts should remand “colorable” claims for evidentiary hearings. Journal of Appellate Practice & Process, 22(1), 107–130.
  • Nichols, A. J., & Heil, E. C. (2015). Challenges to identifying and prosecuting sex trafficking cases in the midwest United States. Feminist Criminology, 10(1), 7–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085113519490
  • Orme, J., & Ross-Sheriff, F. (2015). Sex trafficking: Policies, programs, and services. Social Work, 60(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swv031
  • Pazuniak, A. (2010). A better way to stop online predators: Encouraging a more appealing approach to Sec. 2422 (b). Seton Hall Law Review, 40(2), 691–721.
  • Petrosino, A., Turpin-Petrosino, C., & Guckenburg, S. (2010). Formal system processing of juveniles: Effects on delinquency. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 1–88. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2010.1
  • Preble, K. M., Nichols, A., & Cox, A. (2022). Working with survivors of human trafficking: Results from a needs assessment in a midwestern state, 2019. Public Health Reports, 137(1_suppl), S111S–S118S. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549221089254
  • Raines, J. (2022). Trafficking without borders: Why it is time for the law to properly address cybersex trafficking in the livestreaming context. Catholic University Law Review, 71(1), 197–226.
  • Reid, J. A. (2013). Rapid assessment exploring impediments to successful prosecutions of sex traffickers of US minors. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 28(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-012-9106-6
  • Richmond, J. C. (2017). Federal human trafficking review: An analysis & recommendations from the 2016 legal developments. Wake Forest Law Review, 52(2), 293–358.
  • Riegler, A. (2007). Missing the mark: Why the trafficking victims protection act fails to protect sex trafficking victims in the United States. Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, 30(1), 231–256.
  • Rodriguez, N. (2021). The plight of Cyntoia Brown: Can safe harbor laws prevent the prosecution of child sex trafficking victims? University of Florida Journal of Law & Public Policy, 31(3), 4.
  • Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2019). A six-year analysis of sex traffickers of minors: Exploring characteristics and sex trafficking patterns. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(5), 608–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1575315
  • Rothberg, R. (2019). Risky business: Holding hotels accountable for sex trafficking. Yale Law & Policy Review, 38(1), 265–321.
  • Schreiber, J. (2016). For the trafficking victim, winning is collecting. Intercultural Human Rights Law Review, 11, 221–248.
  • Shavers, A. W. (2012). Human trafficking, the rule of law, and corporate social responsibility. South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business, 9(1), 39–88.
  • Skilbrei, M. (2010). Taking trafficking to court. Women & Criminal Justice, 20(1–2), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974451003641438
  • Text of Proposition 35. (2012). The California ban on human trafficking initiative. https://post.ca.gov/Data/Sites/1/post_docs/HumanTraffickingProp35Text.pdf
  • Tripp, T. M., & McMahon-Howard, J. (2016). Perception vs. reality: The relationship between organized crime and human trafficking in metropolitan Atlanta. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(4), 732–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-015-9315-5
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (n.d.). Human Trafficking: Key Legislation. Retrieved July 15, 2023, from https://www.justice.gov/humantrafficking/key-legislation
  • U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Trafficking in persons report. Retrieved July 15, 2023, from https://www.state.gov/trafficking-in-persons-report/
  • Van der Watt, M. (2023). Discouraging the demand that fosters sex trafficking: Collaboration through augmented intelligence. Societies, 13(4), 94–115. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13040094
  • van Doorn, J., & Koster, N. N. (2019). Emotional victims and the impact on credibility: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 47, 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.03.007
  • Wagstaff, B. (2022). Securing restitution for victims of human trafficking. Department of Justice Journal of Federal Law and Practice, 70(2), 339–357.
  • Ward, T., & Fouladvand, S. (2018). Human trafficking, victims’ rights and fair trials. The Journal of Criminal Law, 82(2), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022018318761680
  • Weiss, M. S. (2015). Human trafficking and forced labor: A primer. ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law, 31(1), 1–52.
  • Wijkman, M., & Kleemans, E. (2019). Female offenders of human trafficking and sexual exploitation. Crime, Law and Social Change, 72(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09840-x
  • Cases
  • In re Aarica S., 168 Cal. Rptr. 3d 136 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014).
  • In re Alisha A., 2014 WL 470343 (Cal. Ct. App. February 6. 2014).
  • In re D.C., 275 Cal. Rptr. 3d 191 (Cal. Ct. App. 2021).
  • In re M.D., 181 Cal. Rptr. 3d 761 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014).
  • In re M.V., 171 Cal. Rptr. 3d 519 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014).
  • In re N.C., 209 Cal. Rptr. 3d 357 (Cal. Ct. App. 2016).
  • People v. Brooks, 2017 WL 4111968 (Cal. Ct. App.2017).
  • People v. Brown, 14 Cal. App. 5th 320 (Cal. Ct. App. 2017).
  • People v. Calhoun, 250 Cal. Rptr. 3d 623 (Cal. Ct. App. 2019).
  • People v. Goodwin, 2020 WL 6883168 (Cal. Ct. App. 2020).
  • People v. Green, 2019 WL 2136248 (Cal. Ct. App. 2019).
  • People v. Hicks, 225 Cal. Rptr. 3d 682 (Cal. Ct. App. 2017).
  • State v. Martin, 116 N.E.3d 127 (Ohio. 2018).
  • S.V. v. Superior Court, 221 Cal. Rptr. 3d 298 (Cal. Ct. App. 2017).
  • Statutes
  • California Evidence Code § 1161
  • California Penal Code § 236.1
  • California Penal Code § 236.23
  • California Penal Code § 236.4
  • California Penal Code § 290.015V
  • Trafficking Victims Protection Act. 22 U.S.C. §§ 7101 et seq.
  • 18 U.S.C. § 2
  • 18 U.S.C. § 371
  • 18 U.S.C. § 1581
  • 18 U.S.C. § 1591
  • 18 U.S.C. § 1592
  • 18 U.S.C. § 1593
  • 18 U.S.C. § 1595
  • 18 U.S.C. § 1597
  • 18 U.S.C. § 2251
  • 18 U.S.C. § 2422
  • 18 U.S.C. § 3613

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.