Defining the determinants of endurance running performance in the heat

References

• Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):70-84; PMID:10647532. doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle EF. Physiological determinants of endurance exercise performance. J Sci Med Sport. 1999;2(3):181-189; PMID:10668757. doi:10.1016/S1440-2440(99)80172-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hopper MK, Walters TJ. Determinants of endurance in well-trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64(6):2622-2630; PMID:3403447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denadai B, Ortiz M, Mello M. Physiological indexes associated with aerobic performance in endurance runners: effects of race duration. Rev Bras Med do Esporte. 2004;10:405-407.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs RA, Rasmussen P, Siebenmann C, Díaz V, Gassmann M, Pesta D, Gnaiger E, Nordsborg NB, Robach P, Lundby C. Determinants of time trial performance and maximal incremental exercise in highly trained endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(5):1422-1430; PMID:21885805. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM, Doust JH. The validity of the lactate minimum test for determination of the maximal lactate steady state. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(8):1304-1313; PMID:9710874. doi:10.1097/00005768-199808000-00020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyner MJ, Coyle EF. Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):35-44; PMID:17901124. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin JE, Howley ET, Bassett DR, Thompson DL, Fitzhugh EC. Test of the classic model for predicting endurance running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):991-997; PMID:19997010. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c0669d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton E, O'Brien B, Harvey J, Blitvich J, McNicol AJ, Janissen D, Paton C, Knez W. Treadmill velocity best predicts 5000-m run performance. Int J Sports Med. 2008;30(1):40-45; PMID:19202577. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM, Carter H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sport Med. 2000;29(6):373-386; PMID:8066471. doi:10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyner MJ. Modeling: optimal marathon performance on the basis of physiological factors. J Appl Physiol. 1991;70(2):683-687; PMID:2022559. doi:0161-7567/91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nybo L, Rasmussen P, Sawka MN. Performance in the heat-physiological factors of importance for hyperthermia-induced fatigue. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(2):657-689; PMID:24715563. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo S, Minson CT, Babb TG, Halliwill JR. Lactate threshold predicting time-trial performance: impact of heat and acclimation. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(1):221-227; PMID:21527667. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periard JD, Racinais S. Performance and pacing during cycle exercise in hyperthermic and hypoxic conditions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(5):845-853; PMID:26656777. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlader ZJ, Simmons SE, Stannard SR, Mundel T. The independent roles of temperature and thermal perception in the control of human thermoregulatory behavior. Physiol Behav. 2011;103(2):217-224; PMID:21315099. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flouris AD, Schlader ZJ. Human behavioral thermoregulation during exercise in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25 Suppl 1:52-64; PMID:25943656. doi:10.1111/sms.12349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlader ZJ, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Evidence for thermoregulatory behavior during self-paced exercise in the heat. J Therm Biol. 2011;36(7):390-396. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlader ZJ, Perry BG, Jusoh MRC, Hodges LD, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Human temperature regulation when given the opportunity to behave. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(5):1291-1301; PMID:23179204. doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2544-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Montain SJ, Sawka MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(6):1989-1995; PMID:20689090. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00367.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Périard JD, Cramer MN, Chapman PG, Caillaud C, Thompson MW. Cardiovascular strain impairs prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat. Exp Physiol. 2011;96(2):134-144; PMID:20851861. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.054213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James CA, Richardson AJ, Watt PW, Willmott AGB, Gibson OR, Maxwell NS. Short term heat acclimation improves the determinants of endurance performance and 5,000 m running performance in the heat. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;42(3):285-294; PMID:28177747; doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377-390; PMID:17277604. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siri WE. The gross composition of the body. Adv Biol Med Phys. 1956;4:239-280; PMID:13354513. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4832-3110-5.50011-X.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnett A, Maughan RJ. Response of unacclimatized males to repeated weekly bouts of exercise in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 1993;27(1):39-44; PMID:8457812. doi:10.1136/bjsm.27.1.39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Circadian aspects of body temperature regulation in exercise. J Therm Biol. 2009;34(4):161-170. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2009.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM. Middle and Long distance running. In: Sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines: volume i – sport testing: the british association of sport and exercise sciences guide, vol. 2006. London: Routledge; 2006. p. 384.
   Google Scholar
• Jones AM, Doust JH. A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running. J Sports Sci. 1996;14(4):321-327; PMID:8887211. doi:10.1080/02640419608727717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stannard AB, Brandenburg JP, Pitney WA, Lukaszuk JM. Effects of wearing a cooling vest during the warm-up on 10-km run performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(2):2018-2024; PMID:21448075. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e07585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan NL. A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body. J Appl Physiol. 1964;19(3):531-533; PMID:14173555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg G. Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Gagge A, Stolwijk J, Saltin B. Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses during exercise at various ambient temperatures. Environ Res. 1969;229:209-229; PMID:5788908. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(69)90037-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders PU, Green DJ. Runners and Walkers. In: Tanner RK, Gore CJ, editors. Physiological tests for elite athletes, vol 2nd ed. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics; 2013. p. 397-409.
   Google Scholar
• Midgley AW, Carroll S. Emergence of the verification phase procedure for confirming “true” VO2max. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2009;19(3):313-322; PMID:19422662. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00898.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James CA, Willmott AGB, Richardson AJ, Watt PW, Maxwell NS. Ischaemic preconditioning does not alter the determinants of endurance running performance in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:1-11; PMID:27406142. doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3430-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863; PMID:24324449 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan DW, Baldini FD, Martin PE, Kohrt WM. Ten kilometer performance and predicted velocity at VO2max among well-trained male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21(1):78-83; PMID:2927305. doi:10.1249/00005768-198902000-00014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noakes T, Myburgh K, Schall R. Peak treadmill running velocity during the VO2 max test predicts running performance. J Sports Sci. 1990;8(1):35-45; PMID:2359150. doi:10.1080/02640419008732129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londeree B. The use of laboratory test results with long distance runners. Sport Med. 1986;3:201-213; PMID:3520749. doi:10.2165/00007256-198603030-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer MN, Jay O. Explained variance in the thermoregulatory responses to exercise: the independent roles of biophysical and fitness/fatness-related factors. J Appl Physiol. 2015;119(9):982-989; PMID:26316511. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00281.2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay O, Bain AR, Deren TM, Sacheli M, Cramer MN. Large differences in peak oxygen uptake do not independently alter changes in core temperature and sweating during exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;301(3):R832-41; PMID:21697517. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00257.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon L. Physiological factors associated with middle distance running performance. Sport Med. 1995;19(4):268-277; PMID:7604199. doi:10.2165/00007256-199519040-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant S, Craig I, Wilson J, Aitchison T. The relationship between 3 km running performance and selected physiological variables. J Sports Sci. 1997;15(4):403-410; PMID:9293417. doi:10.1080/026404197367191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan KOW, Wong SHS, Chen YJ. Effects of a hot environment on simulated cycling and running performance in triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008;48(2):149-157; PMID:18427408. doi:10.1097/00005768-200305001-00186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costill DL, Thomason H, Roberts E. Fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1973;5(4):248-252; PMID:4774203. doi:10.1249/00005768-197300540-00007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell PA, Wilmore JH, Coyle EF, Billing JE, Costill DL. Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1979;11(4):338-344; PMID:8231751. doi:10.1249/00005768-197901140-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett DR, Howley ET. Maximal oxygen uptake: “classical” versus “contemporary” viewpoints. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(5):591-603; PMID:9140894. doi:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billat VL, Demarle A, Slawinski J, Paiva M, Koralsztein JP. Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2089-2097; PMID:11740304. doi:10.1097/00005768-200112000-00018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Udo M, Iwai K, Yamaguchi T. Physiological characteristics related to endurance running performance in female distance runners. J Sports Sci. 1993;11(1):57-62; PMID:8450587. doi:10.1080/02640419308729964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowell LB, Marx HJ, Bruce R a, Conn RD, Kusumi F. Reductions in cardiac output, central blood volume, and stroke volume with thermal stress in normal men during exercise. J Clin Invest. 1966;45(11):1801-1816; PMID:5926447. doi:10.1172/JCI105484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ruiter CJ, De Haan A. Temperature effect on the force/velocity relationship of the fresh and fatigued human adductor pollicis muscle. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol. 2000;440(1):163-170; PMID:10922017. doi:10.1007/s004240000284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron EA, Seow KC, Johnson BD, Dempsey JA. Oxygen cost of exercise hyperpnea: implications for performance. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72(5):1818-1825; PMID:1601791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houmard JA, Craib MW, O'Brien KF, Smith LL, Israel RG, Wheeler WS. Peak running velocity, submaximal energy expenditure, VO2max, and 8 km distance running performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1991;31(3):345-350; PMID:1798303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ely BR, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Aerobic performance is degraded, despite modest hyperthermia, in hot environments. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(1):135-141; PMID:20010120. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181adb9fb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmit C, Duffield R, Hausswirth C, Coutts AJ, Le Meur Y. Pacing adjustments associated with familiarisation: Heat vs. Temperate environments. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;11(7):855-860; PMID:26694885. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF, Looverie R, Meeusen RR. Acute dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances human exercise performance in warm, but not temperate conditions. J Physiol. 2005;565(Pt 3):873-883; PMID:15831540. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.079202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino FE. Anticipatory regulation and avoidance of catastrophe during exercise-induced hyperthermia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;139(4):561-569; PMID:15581788. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potteiger JA, Weber SF. Rating of perceived exertion and heart rate as indicators of exercise intensity in different environmental temperatures. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26(6):791-796; PMID:8052119. doi:10.1249/00005768-199406000-00020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertus Y, Tucker R, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV, Hampson DB, Noakes TD. Effect of distance feedback on pacing strategy and perceived exertion during cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(14):461-468; PMID:15741846. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000155700.72702.76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph T, Johnson B, Battista RA, Wright G, Dodge C, Porcari JP, de Koning JJ, Foster C. Perception of fatigue during simulated competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(2):381-386; PMID:18202562. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a83f6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison SA, Cheung SS, Cotter JD. Importance of airflow for physiologic and ergogenic effects of precooling. J Athl Train. 2014;49(5):632-639; PMID:25144598. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens CJ, Dascombe BJ. The reliability and validity of protocols for the assessment of endurance sports performance: an updated review. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2015;19(4):177-185. doi:10.1080/1091367X.2015.1062381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV, Rauch LH, Tucker R, Baden DA, Foster C, Noakes TD. The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort. Sport Med. 2006;36(8):705-722; PMID:16869711. doi:10.2165/00007256-200636080-00006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson OR, Mee JA, Tuttle JA, Taylor L, Watt PW, Maxwell NS. Isothermic and fixed intensity heat acclimation methods induce similar heat adaptation following short and long-term timescales. J Therm Biol. 2015;49-50:55-65; PMID:25774027. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mee JA, Gibson OR, Doust JH, Maxwell NS. A comparison of males and females' temporal patterning to short- and long-term heat acclimation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25 Suppl 1:250-258; PMID:25943676. doi:10.1111/sms.12417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddock AD, Thompson SW, Hudson SA, James CA, Gibson OR, Mee JA. Combined active and passive heat exposure induced heat acclimation in a soccer referee before 2014 FIFA World Cup. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):617; PMID:27330883. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2298-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens CJ, Thoseby B, Sculley D V, Callister R, Taylor L, Dascombe BJ. Running performance and thermal sensation in the heat are improved with menthol mouth rinse but not ice slurry ingestion. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;26(10):1209-16; PMID:26408395. doi:10.1111/sms.12555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mee JA, Peters S, Doust J, Maxwell NS. Restricted sweat evaporation preceding short term heat acclimation accelerates adaption in females. Extrem Physiol Med. 2015;4(Suppl 1):A112; PMID:PMC4580878. doi:10.1186/2046-7648-4-S1-A112.
   Google Scholar
• Fukazawa T, Havenith G. Differences in comfort perception in relation to local and whole body skin wettedness. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(1):15-24; PMID:19159949. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-0983-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DW, Martin PE, Kohrt WM. Relationship between distance running performance valocity at VO2max in well trained runners. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1986;18(2):S37. doi:10.1249/00005768-198604001-00184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar