7,697
Views
53
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Priority Review

Cardiovascular diseases, cold exposure and exercise

ORCID Icon
Pages 123-146 | Received 05 Sep 2017, Accepted 29 Nov 2017, Published online: 01 Feb 2018

References

  • Song X, Wang S, Hu Y, et al. Impact of ambient temperature on morbidity and mortality: an overview of reviews. Sci Total Environ. 2017;586:241–254. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.212.
  • Liu C, Yavar Z, Sun Q. Cardiovascular response to thermoregulatory challenges. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;309(11):1793. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00199.2015.
  • Bunker A, Wildenhain J, Vandenbergh A, et al. Effects of air temperature on climate-sensitive mortality and morbidity outcomes in the elderly; a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. EBioMedicine. 2016;6:258–268. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.034.
  • Fares A. Winter cardiovascular diseases phenomenon. N Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(4):266–279. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.110430.
  • Ryti NRI, Guo Y, Jaakkola JJK. Global association of cold spells and adverse health effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(1):12–22.
  • Ryti NRI, Mäkikyrö EMS, Antikainen H, et al. Risk of sudden cardiac death in relation to season-specific cold spells: a case-crossover study in Finland. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):017398. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017398.
  • Ikäheimo TM, Lehtinen T, Antikainen R, et al. Cold-related cardiorespiratory symptoms among subjects with and without hypertension: the National FINRISK Study 2002. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(2):237–243. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt078.
  • Nagarajan V, Fonarow GC, Ju C, et al. Seasonal and circadian variations of acute myocardial infarction: findings from the get with the guidelines-coronary artery disease (GWTG-CAD) program. Am Heart J. 2017;189:85–93. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2017.04.002.
  • Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):369–375. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0.
  • Yang J, Yin P, Zhou M, et al. Cardiovascular mortality risk attributable to ambient temperature in China. Heart. 2015;101(24):1966–1972. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308062.
  • Berko J, Ingram DD, Saha S, et al. Deaths attributed to heat, cold, and other weather events in the United States, 2006–2010. Natl Health Stat Report. 2014;30(76):1–15.
  • Castellani JW, Tipton MJ. Cold stress effects on exposure tolerance and exercise performance. Compr Physiol. 2015;6(1):443–469. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140081.
  • Manou-Stathopoulou V, Goodwin CD, Patterson T, et al. The effects of cold and exercise on the cardiovascular system. Heart. 2015;101(10):808–820. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306276.
  • Emmett JD. A review of heart rate and blood pressure responses in the cold in healthy subjects and coronary artery disease patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1995;15(1):19–24. doi:10.1097/00008483-199501000-00003.
  • Janardhanan R, Henry Z, Hur DJ, et al. The snow-shoveler's ST elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(4):596–600. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.075.
  • Franklin BA, Bonzheim K, Gordon S, et al. Snow shoveling: a trigger for acute myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(10):855–858. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89181-3.
  • Franklin BA, Hogan P, Bonzheim K, et al. Cardiac demands of heavy snow shoveling. JAMA. 1995;273(11):880–882. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520350062030.
  • Sheldahl LM, Wilke NA, Dougherty SM, et al. Effect of age and coronary artery disease on response to snow shoveling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20(5):1111–1117. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(92)90366-U.
  • Klug G, Schenk S, Dörler J, et al. Occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in winter tourists: data from a retrospective questionnaire. Clin Res Cardiol. 2011;100(8):669–674. doi:10.1007/s00392-011-0294-3.
  • Castellani JW, Young AJ. Human physiological responses to cold exposure: Acute responses and acclimatization to prolonged exposure. Auton Neurosci. 2016;196:63–74. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.009.
  • Johnson JM, Minson CT, Kellogg DL. Cutaneous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor mechanisms in temperature regulation. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(1):33–89. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130015.
  • Charkoudian N. Mechanisms and modifiers of reflex induced cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(4):1221–1228. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2010.
  • Greaney JL, Kenney WL, Alexander LM. Sympathetic regulation during thermal stress in human aging and disease. Auton Neurosci. 2016;196:81–90. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.11.002.
  • Wilson TE, Sauder CL, Kearney ML, et al. Skin-surface cooling elicits peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(4):1257–1262. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00401.2007.
  • Kingma BRM, Frijns AJH, Saris WHM, et al. Increased systolic blood pressure after mild cold and rewarming: relation to cold-induced thermogenesis and age. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2011;203(4):419–427. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02336.x.
  • Mäkinen TM, Mäntysaari M, Pääkkönen T, et al. Autonomic nervous function during whole-body cold exposure before and after cold acclimation. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79(9):875–882. doi:10.3357/ASEM.2235.2008.
  • Korhonen I. Blood pressure and heart rate responses in men exposed to arm and leg cold pressor tests and whole-body cold exposure. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2006;65(2):178–184. doi:10.3402/ijch.v65i2.18090.
  • Keatinge WR, Coleshaw SR, Cotter F, et al. Increases in platelet and red cell counts, blood viscosity, and arterial pressure during mild surface cooling: factors in mortality from coronary and cerebral thrombosis in winter. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;289(6456):1405–1408. doi:10.1136/bmj.289.6456.1405.
  • Khurana RK, Wu R. The cold face test: a non-baroreflex mediated test of cardiac vagal function. Clin Auton Res. 2006;16(3):202–207. doi:10.1007/s10286-006-0332-9.
  • Reyners AK, Tio RA, Vlutters FG, et al. Re-evaluation of the cold face test in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(5–6):487–492. doi:10.1007/s004210000217.
  • Stemper B, Hilz MJ, Rauhut U, et al. Evaluation of cold face test bradycardia by means of spectral analysis. Clin Auton Res. 2002;12(2):78–83. doi:10.1007/s102860200024.
  • Hess KL, Wilson TE, Sauder CL, et al. Aging affects the cardiovascular responses to cold stress in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(4):1076–1082. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00605.2009.
  • Greaney JL, Stanhewicz AE, Kenney WL, et al. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during cold stress and isometric exercise in healthy older adults. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117(6):648–657. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00516.2014.
  • Muller MD, Gao Z, Drew RC, et al. Effect of cold air inhalation and isometric exercise on coronary blood flow and myocardial function in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(6):1694–1702. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00909.2011.
  • Edwards DG, Roy MS, Prasad RY. Wave reflection augments central systolic and pulse pressures during facial cooling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294(6):2535. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01369.2007.
  • Prodel E, Barbosa TC, Mansur DE, et al. Effects of face cooling on pulse waveform and sympathetic activity in hypertensive subjects. Clin Auton Res. 2017;27(1):45–49. doi:10.1007/s10286-016-0391-5.
  • Edwards DG, Gauthier AL, Hayman MA, et al. Acute effects of cold exposure on central aortic wave reflection. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(4):1210–1214. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01154.2005.
  • Hintsala H, Kandelberg A, Herzig K, et al. Central aortic blood pressure of hypertensive men during short-term cold exposure. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(5):656–664. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpt136.
  • Wilson TE, Crandall CG. Effect of thermal stress on cardiac function. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011;39(1):12–17. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e318201eed6.
  • Jarvis SS, Okada Y, Levine BD, et al. Central integration and neural control of blood pressure during the cold pressor test: a comparison between hydrochlorothiazide and aliskiren. Physiol Rep. 2015;3(9). doi:10.14814/phy2.12502.
  • Siegrist PT, Gaemperli O, Koepfli P, et al. Repeatability of cold pressor test-induced flow increase assessed with H(2)(15)O and PET. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(9):1420–1426.
  • Hintsala HE, Kiviniemi AM, Tulppo MP, et al. Hypertension does not alter the increase in cardiac baroreflex sensitivity caused by Moderate Cold Exposure. Front Physiol. 2016;7:204. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00204.
  • Hintsala H, Kenttä TV, Tulppo M, et al. Cardiac repolarization and autonomic regulation during short-term cold exposure in hypertensive men: an experimental study. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e99973. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099973.
  • Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Figueroa A. Cold exposure attenuates post exercise cardiovagal reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal. Auton Neurosci. 2013;176(1–2):95–97. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2013.02.002.
  • Cui J, Durand S, Levine BD, et al. Effect of skin surface cooling on central venous pressure during orthostatic challenge. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289(6):2429. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00383.2005.
  • Wilson TE, Gao Z, Hess KL, et al. Effect of aging on cardiac function during cold stress in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;298(6):1627. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2010.
  • Yamazaki F, Sone R. Modulation of arterial baroreflex control of heart rate by skin cooling and heating in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(2):393–400.
  • Heindl S, Struck J, Wellhöner P, et al. Effect of facial cooling and cold air inhalation on sympathetic nerve activity in men. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2004;142(1):69–80. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2004.05.004.
  • Hilz MJ, Stemper B, Sauer P, et al. Cold face test demonstrates parasympathetic cardiac dysfunction in familial dysautonomia. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(6 Pt 2):1833.
  • Muller MD, Gao Z, Mast JL, et al. Aging attenuates the coronary blood flow response to cold air breathing and isometric handgrip in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;302(8):1737. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01195.2011.
  • Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlaeger H, et al. Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans: importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(5):1181–1190. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(89)90414-2.
  • Fairbairn TA, Motwani M, Mather AN, et al. Cardiac MR imaging to measure myocardial blood flow response to the cold pressor test in healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Radiology. 2014;270(1):82–90. doi:10.1148/radiol.13122345.
  • Ritter CO, Kowalski M, Weng AM, et al. Quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging with a MR cold pressor test. Magn Reson Med. 2012;67(1):246–250. doi:10.1002/mrm.22941.
  • Nabel EG, Ganz P, Gordon JB, et al. Dilation of normal and constriction of atherosclerotic coronary arteries caused by the cold pressor test. Circulation. 1988;77(1):43–52. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.77.1.43.
  • Mudge GH, Grossman W, Mills RM, et al. Reflex increase in coronary vascular resistance in patients with ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1976;295(24):1333–1337. doi:10.1056/NEJM197612092952401.
  • Muller MD, Gao Z, McQuillan PM, et al. Coronary responses to cold air inhalation following afferent and efferent blockade. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307(2):228. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00174.2014.
  • Matthews EL, Greaney JL, Wenner MM. Rapid onset pressor response to exercise in young women with a family history of hypertension. Exp Physiol. 2017;102(9):1092–1099. doi:10.1113/EP086466.
  • Sevre K, Rostrup M. Blood pressure and heart rate responses to cold pressor test in patients admitted to hospital due to chest pain. Blood Press. 1999;8(2):110–113. doi:10.1080/080370599438284.
  • Lafleche AB, Pannier BM, Laloux B, et al. Arterial response during cold pressor test in borderline hypertension. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(2 Pt 2):409.
  • Benetos A, Safar ME. Response to the cold pressor test in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 1991;4(7 Pt 1):627–629. doi:10.1093/ajh/4.7.627.
  • Greaney JL, Kenney WL, Alexander LM. Neurovascular mechanisms underlying augmented cold-induced reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in human hypertension. J Physiol (Lond). 2017;595(5):1687–1698. doi:10.1113/JP273487.
  • Seifert J, McNair M, Declercq P, et al. A heat and moisture mask attenuates cardiovascular stress during cold air exposure. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;7(3):123–129. doi:10.1177/1753944713481512.
  • Komulainen S, Rintamäki H, Virokannas H, et al. Blood pressure responses to whole-body cold exposure: effect of metoprolol. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18(12):905–906. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001758.
  • Komulainen S, Oja T, Rintamäki H, et al. Blood pressure and thermal responses to whole body cold exposure in mildly hypertensive subjects. J Therm Biol. 2004;29(7):851–856. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.065.
  • Komulainen S, Tähtinen T, Rintamäki H, et al. Blood pressure responses to whole-body cold exposure: effect of carvedilol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56(9–10):637–642. doi:10.1007/s002280000208.
  • Smith CJ, Santhanam L, Alexander LM. Rho-Kinase activity and cutaneous vasoconstriction is upregulated in essential hypertensive humans. Microvasc Res. 2013;87:58–64. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2013.02.005.
  • Radtke T, Poerschke D, Wilhelm M, et al. Acute effects of Finnish sauna and cold-water immersion on haemodynamic variables and autonomic nervous system activity in patients with heart failure. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(6):593–601. doi:10.1177/2047487315594506.
  • Missmann M, Himsl M, Mur E, et al. Impact of Whole Body Cryotherapy at −110 °C on Subjects with Arterial Hypertension. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2016;64(1):75–82. doi:10.1007/s00005-015-0363-9.
  • Zalewski P, Buszko K, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, et al. Cardiovascular and autonomic responses to whole-body cryostimulation in essential hypertension. Cryobiology. 2014;69(2):249–255. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.07.014.
  • Kudaiberdieva G, Timuralp B, Ata N, et al. Cold exposure and left ventricular diastolic performance in coronary artery disease. Angiology. 2003;54(2):187–193. doi:10.1177/000331970305400208.
  • Greaney JL, Matthews EL, Wenner MM. Sympathetic reactivity in young women with a family history of hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;308(8):816. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00867.2014.
  • Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants. Lancet. 2017;389(10064):37–55.
  • Kaplan NM, Vitor RG. Kaplan's clinical hypertension. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015.
  • Sun Z. Cardiovascular responses to cold exposure. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2010;2:495–503. doi:10.2741/e108.
  • Safar ME. Arterial stiffness as a risk factor for clinical hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.155.
  • Greaney JL, Kenney WL, Alexander LM. Sympathetic function during whole-body cooling is altered in hypertensive adults. J Appl Physiol. 2017. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00613.2017.
  • Li Y, Alshaer H, Fernie G. Blood pressure and thermal responses to repeated whole body cold exposure: effect of winter clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(6):673–685. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1176-5.
  • Girerd X, Chanudet X, Larroque P, et al. Early arterial modifications in young patients with borderline hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl. 1989;7(1):45. doi:10.1097/00004872-198902001-00014.
  • Willerson J, Maseri A, Armstrong P. Coronary heart disease syndromes: pathophysiology and clinical recognition. In: Cardiovascular medicine. 3rd ed. London: Springer London; 2007. p. 667–698.
  • Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the task force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(38):2949–3003. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296.
  • Areskog NH, Lassvik C. Angina pectoris in the cold. Arctic Med Res. 1988;47 Suppl 1:269–271.
  • Bhaskaran K, Hajat S, Haines A, et al. Effects of ambient temperature on the incidence of myocardial infarction. Heart. 2009;95(21):1760–1769. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.175000.
  • Ryti NRI, Mäkikyrö EMS, Antikainen H, et al. Cold spells and ischaemic sudden cardiac death: effect modification by prior diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease and cardioprotective medication. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41060. doi:10.1038/srep41060.
  • Neill WA, Duncan DA, Kloster F, et al. Response of coronary circulation to cutaneous cold. Am J Med. 1974;56(4):471–476. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90478-1.
  • Rodger JC, Railton R, Parekh P, et al. Effect of cold stimulation on myocardial perfusion. An investigation using thallium-201 scintigraphy. Br Heart J. 1984;52(1):57–62. doi:10.1136/hrt.52.1.57.
  • Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschläger H, et al. Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with coronary blood flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1991;84(5):1984–1992. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.84.5.1984.
  • Feldman RL, Whittle JL, Marx JD, et al. Regional coronary hemodynamic responses to cold stimulation in patients without variant angina. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49(4):665–673. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(82)91944-0.
  • Park SM, Shim WJ, Ahn JC, et al. Changes of coronary blood flow in vasospastic angina under cold stimulation by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(2):204–208. doi:10.3346/jkms.2005.20.2.204.
  • Hattenhaur M, Neill WA. The effect of cold air inhalation on again pectoris and myocardial oxygen supply. Circulation. 1975;51(6):1053–1058. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.51.6.1053.
  • Shea MJ, Deanfield JE, deLandsheere CM, et al. Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia following cold provocation. Am Heart J. 1987;114(3):469–476. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90740-X.
  • Pearse SG, Cowie MR. Heart failure: classification and pathophysiology. Medicine. 2014;42(10):556–561. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.07.012.
  • McMurray JJV, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(14):1787–1847. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104.
  • Zelis R, Mason DT, Braunwald E. A comparison of the effects of vasodilator stimuli on peripheral resistance vessels in normal subjects and in patients with congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest. 1968;47(4):960–970. doi:10.1172/JCI105788.
  • Meyer P, Guiraud T, Curnier D, et al. Exposure to extreme cold lowers the ischemic threshold in coronary artery disease patients. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26(2):50. doi:10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70007-6.
  • Dodds PA, Bellamy CM, Muirhead RA, et al. Vasoconstrictor peptides and cold intolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris. Br Heart J. 1995;73(1):25–31. doi:10.1136/hrt.73.1.25.
  • Marchant B, Donaldson G, Mridha K, et al. Mechanisms of cold intolerance in patients with angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23(3):630–636. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)90747-1.
  • Pétersen CL, Hansen A, Frandsen E, et al. Endothelin release and enhanced regional myocardial ischemia induced by cold-air inhalation in patients with stable angina. Am Heart J. 1994;128(3):511–516. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(94)90624-6.
  • Peart I, Bullock RE, Albers C, et al. Cold intolerance in patients with angina pectoris: effect of nifedipine and propranolol. Br Heart J. 1989;61(6):521–528. doi:10.1136/hrt.61.6.521.
  • Juneau M, Johnstone M, Dempsey E, et al. Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in a cold environment. Effect of antianginal medications. Circulation. 1989;79(5):1015–1020. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.79.5.1015.
  • Nesto RW, Lamas GA, Barry J. Paradoxical elevation of threshold to angina pectoris by cold pressor test in men with significant coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63(11):656–659. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)90246-4.
  • de Servi S, Mussini A, Angoli L, et al. Effects of cold stimulation on coronary haemodynamics during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1985;6(3):239–246. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061847.
  • de Servi S, Mussini A, Specchia G, et al. Effects of nifedipine on coronary blood flow and coronary resistance during cold pressor test and isometric exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1980;1(Suppl B):43–47. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/1.suppl_2.43.
  • Lassvik C, Areskog NH. Angina pectoris during inhalation of cold air. Reactions to exercise. Br Heart J. 1980;43(6):661–667. doi:10.1136/hrt.43.6.661.
  • Backman C, Holm S, Linderholm H. Reaction to cold of patients with coronary insufficiency. Ups J Med Sci. 1979;84(2):181–187. doi:10.3109/03009737909179154.
  • Lassvik C, Areskog NH. Effects of various environmental temperatures on effort angina. Ups J Med Sci. 1979;84(2):173–180. doi:10.3109/03009737909179153.
  • Lassvik CT, Areskog NH. Angina in cold environment. Reactions to exercise. Br Heart J. 1979;42(4):396–401. doi:10.1136/hrt.42.4.396.
  • Epstein SE, Stampfer M, Beiser GD, et al. Effects of a reduction in environmental temperature on the circulatory response to exercise in man. Implications concerning angina pectoris. N Engl J Med. 1969;280(1):7–11. doi:10.1056/NEJM196901022800102.
  • Schmid J, Morger C, Noveanu M, et al. Haemodynamic and arrhythmic effects of moderately cold (22 degrees C) water immersion and swimming in patients with stable coronary artery disease and heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(9):903–909. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp114.
  • Blanchet M, Ducharme A, Racine N, et al. Effects of cold exposure on submaximal exercise performance and adrenergic activation in patients with congestive heart failure and the effects of beta-adrenergic blockade (carvedilol or metoprolol). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(5):548–553. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00723-9.
  • Juneau M, Larivée L, White M. Cold temperature impairs maximal exercise performance in patients with heart failure: attenuation by acute ACE inhibitor therapy. Can J Cardiol. 2002;18(9):981–986.
  • Rosengren A, Wennerblom B, Bjurö T, et al. Effects of cold on ST amplitudes and blood pressure during exercise in angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 1988;9(10):1074–1080. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062402.
  • Brown CF, Oldridge NB. Exercise-induced angina in the cold. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985;17(5):607–612. doi:10.1249/00005768-198510000-00015.
  • Bruce RA, Blackmon JR, Jones JW, et al. Exercising testing in adult normal subjects and cardiac patients. Pediatrics. 1963;32:756.
  • Steenman M, Lande G. Cardiac aging and heart disease in humans. Biophys Rev. 2017;9(2):131–137. doi:10.1007/s12551-017-0255-9.
  • Monahan KD, Feehan RP, Sinoway LI, et al. Contribution of sympathetic activation to coronary vasodilatation during the cold pressor test in healthy men: effect of ageing. J Physiol (Lond). 2013;591(11):2937–2947. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.251298.
  • Naito R, Miyauchi K. Coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Heart J. 2017;58(4):475–480. doi:10.1536/ihj.17-191.
  • Ferrannini E, Cushman WC. Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions. Lancet. 2012;380(9841):601–610. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60987-8.
  • Kenny GP, Sigal RJ, McGinn R. Body temperature regulation in diabetes. Temperature (Austin). 2016;3(1):119–145. doi:10.1080/23328940.2015.1131506.
  • Barnett AG, Sans S, Salomaa V, et al. The effect of temperature on systolic blood pressure. Blood Press Monit. 2007;12(3):195–203. doi:10.1097/MBP.0b013e3280b083f4.
  • Vitale J, Manfredini R, Gallerani M, et al. Chronobiology of acute aortic rupture or dissection: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature. Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(3):385–394. doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.983604.
  • Payne RA, Wilkinson IB, Webb DJ. Arterial stiffness and hypertension: emerging concepts. Hypertension. 2010;55(1):9–14. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.090464.
  • Shattock MJ, Tipton MJ. ‘Autonomic conflict’: a different way to die during cold water immersion? J Physiol. 2012;590(14):3219–3230. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.229864.
  • Raizner AE, Chahine RA, Ishimori T, et al. Provocation of coronary artery spasm by the cold pressor test. Hemodynamic, arteriographic and quantitative angiographic observations. Circulation. 1980;62(5):925–932. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.62.5.925.
  • Neild PJ, Syndercombe-Court D, Keatinge WR, et al. Cold-induced increases in erythrocyte count, plasma cholesterol and plasma fibrinogen of elderly people without a comparable rise in protein C or factor X. Clin Sci (London, England: 1979). 1994;86(1):43–48. doi:10.1042/cs0860043.
  • Nagelkirk PR, Hogan KB, Hoare JM. Ambient temperature affects thrombotic potential at rest and following exercise. Thromb Res. 2012;130(2):248–252. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.10.015.
  • Anderson BG, Bell ML. Weather-related mortality: how heat, cold, and heat waves affect mortality in the United States. Epidemiology. 2009;20(2):205–213. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318190ee08.
  • Wang Q, Li C, Guo Y, et al. Environmental ambient temperature and blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2017;575:276–286. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.019.
  • Ghebre MA, Wannamethee SG, Rumley A, et al. Prospective study of seasonal patterns in hemostatic factors in older men and their relation to excess winter coronary heart disease deaths. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(3):352–358. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04617.x.
  • Stout RW, Crawford V. Seasonal variations in fibrinogen concentrations among elderly people. Lancet. 1991;338(8758):9–13. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90004-9.
  • Marti-Soler H, Gubelmann C, Aeschbacher S, et al. Seasonality of cardiovascular risk factors: an analysis including over 230 000 participants in 15 countries. Heart. 2014;100(19):1517–1523. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305623.
  • Corrà U, Piepoli MF, Carré F, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: physical activity counselling and exercise training: key components of the position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(16):1967–1974. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq236.
  • Bansilal S, Castellano JM, Fuster V. Global burden of CVD: focus on secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2015;201(Suppl 1):1. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(15)31026-3.
  • Schneider A, Rückerl R, Breitner S, et al. Thermal control, weather, and aging. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017;4(1):21–29. doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0129-0.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.