References
- Belval LN, Casa DJ, Adams WM, et al. Consensus statement- prehospital care of exertional heat stroke. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2018;22(3):392–397.
- Casa DJ, DeMartini JK, Bergeron MF, et al. National athletic trainers‘ association position statement: exertional heat illnesses. J Athl Train. 2015;50(9):986–1000.
- Grundstein A, Knox JA, Vanos J, et al. American football and fatal exertional heat stroke: A case study of Korey Stringer. Int J Biometeorol. 2017;61(8):1471–1480.
- Epstein Y, Yanovich R. Heatstroke. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(25):2449–2459.
- Adams WM, Belval LN, Berg AP, et al. Exertional heat stroke of Max Gilpin: A preventable death. Quest. 2020;71(1):102–115.
- DeMartini JK, Casa DJ, Stearns RL, et al. Effectiveness of CWI in the treatment of EHS at the falmouth road race. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(2):240–245.
- Casa DJ, Becker SM, Ganio MS, et al. Validity of devices that assess body temperature during outdoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train. 2007;42:333–342.
- Ganio MS, Brown CM, Casa DJ, et al. Validity and reliability of devices that assess body temperature during indoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train. 2009;44(2):124–135.
- Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Millard-Stafford ML, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand: exertional heat illness during training and competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(3):556–572.
- Cleary MA, Nottingham S, Kasamatsu T, et al. Using a continuing education workshop to facilitate implementation of evidence-based practices for recognition and treatment of exertional heat stroke in secondary school Athletic Trainers. Athl Train Sports Health Care. 2016;8(3):100–111.
- Miller KC, Casa DJ, Adams W, et al. Round table on preseasonheat safety in secondary school athletics: prehospital care of exertional heatstroke patients. J Athl Train. In press;2020.
- Mazerolle SM, Ruiz RC, Casa DJ, et al. Evidence-based medicine and the recognition and treatment of exertional heat stroke, part I: A perspective from the athletic training educator. J Athl Train. 2011;46(5):523–532.
- Mazerolle SM, Scruggs IC, Casa DJ, et al. Current knowledge, attitudes, and practices of certified Athletic Trainers regarding recognition and treatment of exertional heat stroke. J Athl Train. 2010;2(2):170–180.
- Ronneberg K, Roberts WO, McBean AD, et al. Temporal artery temperature measurements do not detect hyperthermic marathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(8):1373–1375.
- Zehner WJ, Terndrup TE. The impact of moderate ambient temperature variance on the relationship between oral, rectal, and tympanic membrane temperatures. Clin Pediatr. 1991;30(4_suppl):61–72.
- Morrissey MC, Scarneo-Miller SE, Giersch GEW, et al. Aural thermometry does not accurately measure internal temperature in exertional heat stroke patients. J Athl Train. 2020.
- Grundstein AJ, Ramseyer C, Zhao F, et al. A retrospective analysis of American football hyperthermia deaths in the United States. Int J Biometeorol. 2012;56(1):11–20.
- Kerr Z, Casa D, Marshall S, et al. Epidemiology of exertional heat illness among U.S. high school athletes. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44(1):8–14.
- McCullough E, Kenney W. Thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of football uniforms. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(5):832–837.
- Armstrong LE, Johnson EC, Casa DJ, et al. The American football uniform: uncompensable heat stress and hyperthermic exhaustion. J Athl Train. 2010;45(2):117–127.
- Kulka T, Kenney W. Heat balance limits in football uniforms: how different uniform ensembles alter the equation. Phys Sportsmed. 2002;30(7):29–39.
- McMurray RG, Smith BW, Ross JL. Physiologic responses during exercise in athletes wearing an American football uniform. Biol Sport. 2002;19:109–119.
- Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB, et al. Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(10):768–777.
- Thompson WR, Gordon NF, Pescatello LS. Preparticipation health screening and risk stratification. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8 ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. p. 18–39.
- Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. ACSM position stand: exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377–390.
- Pollock ML, Schmidt DH, Jackson AS. Measurement of cardio-respiratory fitness and body composition in the clinical setting. Compr Ther. 1980;6:12–27.
- Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr. 1978;40(3):497–504.
- Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. In: Brozek J, Henschel A, editors. Techniques for measuring body composition. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1961. p. 223–244.
- Miller KC, Hughes LE, Long BC, et al. Validity of core temperature measurements at three rectal depths during rest, exercise, cold-water immersion, and recovery. J Athl Train. 2017;52:332–338.
- DuBois D, DuBois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med. 1916;17(6_2):863–871.
- Miller KC, Long BC, Edwards JE. Necessity of removing American football uniforms from hyperthermic humans before cold-water immersion. J Athl Train. 2015;50(12):1240–1246.
- Miller KC, Swartz EE, Long BC. Cold-water immersion for hyperthermic humans wearing football uniforms. J Athl Train. 2015;50(8):792–799.
- Kucera KL, Klossner D, Colgate B, et al. Annual survey of football injury research: 1931-2018. National Center for Catastrophic Injury Research; 2019. p. 1–36.
- Gant N, Atkinson G, Williams C. The validity and reliability of intestinal temperature during intermittent running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(11):1926–1931.
- Mairiaux P, Sagot JC, Candas V. Oral temperature as an index of core temperature during heat transients. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1983;50(3):331–341.
- Lee SM, Williams WJ, Fortney SM. Core temperature measurement during supine exercise: esophageal, rectal, and intestinal temperatures. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000;71:939–945.
- Chaturvedi D, Vilhekar KY, Chaturvedi P, et al. Comparison of axillary temperature with rectal or oral temperature and determination of optimum placement time in children. Indian Pediatr. 2004;41:600–603.
- Jensen BN, Jensen FS, Madsen SN, et al. Accuracy of digital tympanic, oral, axillary, and rectal thermometers compared with standard rectal mercury thermometers. Eur J Surg. 2000;2000(11):848–851.
- Hansen RD, Daley WH, Leelarthaepin B. The effect of facial airflow on the estimation of exercise core temperature by infrared tympanic thermometry. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1993;25:S26–S31.
- Kongpanichkul A, Bunjongpak S. A comparative study on accuracy of liquid crystal forehead, digital electronic axillary, infrared tympanic with glass-mercury rectal thermometer in infants and young children. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 2000;83:1068–1076.
- Allen GC, Horrow JC, Rosenberg H. Does forehead liquid crystal temperature accurately reflect “core” temperature? Can J Anaesth. 1990;37(6):659–662.
- Patel N, Smith CE, Pinchak AC, et al. Comparison of esophageal, tympanic, and forehead skin temperatures in adult patients. J Clin Anesth. 1996;8(6):462–468.
- Eichner ER. Fatal exertional heat stroke in football: the coaches are the culprits. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2019;18(7):251–252.