Women have a greater cardiac vagal withdrawal to heat stress compared to men

References

• Bouchama A, Knochel JP. Heat stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(25):1978–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, et al. Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science. 2000;289(5487):2068–2074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montano N, Ruscone TG, Porta, A, Lombardi, F, Pagani, M, Malliani, A. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability to assess the changes in Sympathovagal balance during graded orthostatic tilt. Circulation. 1994;90:1826–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141(2):122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobaldini ED, Rodrigues G, Mantoan G, et al. Sympatho-vagal dysfunction in patients with end-stage lung disease awaiting lung transplantation. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobaldini E, Rodrigues GD, Mantoan G, et al. Effects of bilateral lung transplantation on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory coupling: a prospective study. Respir Res. 2021;22(1):156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carandina A, Bellocchi C, Dias Rodrigues G, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic control, sleep and health related quality of life in systemic sclerosis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):2276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues GD, Tobaldini E, Bellocchi C, et al. Cardiac autonomic modulation at rest and during orthostatic stress among different systemic sclerosis subsets. Eur J Intern Med. 2019;66:75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng YC, Huang YC, Huang WL. Heart rate variability in patients with dementia or neurocognitive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2022;56(1):16–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vianna LC, Teixeira AL, Santos TS, et al. Symbolic dynamics of heart rate variability in Parkinson’s disease patients with orthostatic hypotension. Int J Cardiol. 2016;225:144–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casa DJ, Curtis RM, Stearns RL. Heart rate variability offers additional applications in heat-stressed individuals. Exp Physiol. 2019;104(7):991–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanovsky AA. The thermoregulation system and how it works. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;156:3–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crandall CG, Wilson TE. Human cardiovascular responses to passive heat stress. Compr Physiol. 2015;5(1):17–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira FC, Vaz Padilha MCS, Tobadini E, et al. The interplay between heated environment and active standing test on cardiovascular autonomic control in healthy individuals. Physiol Meas. 2021;42(8):085002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson MD, Altamirano-Diaz LA, Petersen SR, et al. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function during tilt-table positioning and passive heat stress in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301(2):H599–H608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes JN, Hart EC, Curry TB, et al. Aging enhances autonomic support of blood pressure in women. Hypertension. 2014;63(2):303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart EC, Charkoudian N, Wallin BG, et al. Sex and ageing differences in resting arterial pressure regulation: the role of the β-adrenergic receptors. J Physiol. 2011;589(Pt 21):5285–5297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart EC, Joyner MJ, Wallin BG, et al. Sex, ageing and resting blood pressure: gaining insights from the integrated balance of neural and haemodynamic factors. J Physiol. 2012;590(9):2069–2079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig J, Thayer JF. Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;64:288–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Warth M, et al. Body mass index is related to autonomic nervous system activity as measured by heart rate variability – a replication using short term measurements. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(3):300–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie KL, Hemingway H, Kumari M, et al. Effects of moderate and vigorous physical activity on heart rate variability in a British study of civil servants. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(2):135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charkoudian N, Stachenfeld N. Sex hormone effects on autonomic mechanisms of thermoregulation in humans. Auton Neurosci. 2016;196:75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue Y, Tanaka Y, Omori K, et al. Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;94(3):323–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbett J, Wright J, Tipton MJ. Sex differences in response to exercise heat stress in the context of the military environment [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 23]. BMJ Mil Health. 2020:jramc-2019–001253. DOI:10.1136/jramc-2019-001253.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein Y, Yanovich R, Moran DS, et al. Physiological employment standards IV: integration of women in combat units physiological and medical considerations. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(11):2673–2690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweiker M, Huebner GM, Kingma BRM, et al. Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – a review for holistic comfort models. Temperature (Austin). 2018;5(4):308–342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cramer MN, Jay O. Biophysical aspects of human thermoregulation during heat stress. Auton Neurosci. 2016;196:3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon D, Kenny GP. Does sex have an independent effect on thermoeffector responses during exercise in the heat? J Physiol. 2012;590(23):5963–5973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro Y, Pandolf KB, Avellini BA, et al. Physiological responses of men and women to humid and dry heat. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1980;49(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachenfeld NS, Splenser AE, Calzone WL, et al. Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91(4):1893–1901. 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. Wasington DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews CE, Heil DP, Freedson PS, et al. Classification of cardiorespiratory fitness without exercise testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(3):486–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. J Athl Train. 2000;35(2):212–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilha MCSV, Ferreira FC, Oliveira TLS, et al. Sex differences in blood pressure regulation during the isometric exercise under heated environment. Blood Press Monit. 2022;27(1):55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parati G, Bilo G, Vettorello M, et al. Assessment of overall blood pressure variability and its different components. Blood Press Monit. 2003;8(4):155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosteller RD. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(17):1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GB, Bell ML, Peng RD. Methods to calculate the heat index as an exposure metric in environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(10):1111–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charkoudian N, Halliwill JR, Morgan BJ, et al. Influences of hydration on post-exercise cardiovascular control in humans. J Physiol. 2003;552(Pt 2):635–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzetti S, Borroni E, Garbelli PE, et al. Symbolic dynamics of heart rate variability: a probe to investigate cardiac autonomic modulation [published correction appears in Circulation. Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(4):465–470. 9): e122. Mallani, Alberto [corrected to Malliani, Alberto]]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta A, Tobaldini E, Guzzetti S, et al. Assessment of cardiac autonomic modulation during graded head-up tilt by symbolic analysis of heart rate variability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(1):H702–H708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbic F, Minonzio M, Cairo B, et al. Effects of different classroom temperatures on cardiac autonomic control and cognitive performances in undergraduate students. Physiol Meas. 2019;40(5):054005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, et al. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins W, Marshall S, Batterham A, et al. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:3–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airaksinen KE, Ikäheimo MJ, Linnaluoto M, et al. Gender difference in autonomic and hemodynamic reactions to abrupt coronary occlusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(2):301–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du XJ, Riemersma RA, Dart AM. Cardiovascular protection by oestrogen is partly mediated through modulation of autonomic nervous function. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;30(2):161–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du XJ, Fang L, Kiriazis H. Sex dimorphism in cardiac pathophysiology: experimental findings, hormonal mechanisms, and molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006;111(2):434–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higa KT, Mori E, Viana FF, et al. Baroreflex control of heart rate by oxytocin in the solitary-vagal complex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;282(2):R537–R545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers RC, Hermann GE. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation-induced gastric acid secretion and bradycardia suppressed by oxytocin antagonist. Peptides. 1986;7(4):695–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Ahs F, Fredrikson M, et al. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36(2):747–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent AC, Bain EE, Thayer JF, et al. Sex differences in the neural correlates of autonomic arousal: a pilot PET study. Int J Psychophysiol. 2011;80(3):182–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brar TK, Singh KD, Kumar A. Effect of different phases of menstrual cycle on heart rate variability (HRV). J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(10):CC01–CC4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker FC, Siboza F, Fuller A. Temperature regulation in women: effects of the menstrual cycle. Temperature (Austin). 2020;7(3):226–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia AM, Lacerda MG, Fonseca IA, et al. Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle increases sweating rate during exercise. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006;39(9):1255–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meendering JR, Torgrimson BN, Houghton BL, et al. Menstrual cycle and sex affect hemodynamic responses to combined orthostatic and heat stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289(2):H631–H642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Q, Okazaki K, Shibata S, et al. Menstrual cycle effects on sympathetic neural responses to upright tilt. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 9):2019–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tank J, Diedrich A, Szczech E, et al. Baroreflex regulation of heart rate and sympathetic vasomotor tone in women and men. Hypertension. 2005;45(6):1159–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klassen SA, Chirico D, Dempster KS, et al. Role of aortic arch vascular mechanics in cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;311(1):R24–R32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinose-Kuwahara T, Inoue Y, Iseki Y, et al. Sex differences in the effects of physical training on sweat gland responses during a graded exercise. Exp Physiol. 2010;95(10):1026–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flouris AD, Friesen BJ, Herry CL, et al. Heart rate variability dynamics during treatment for exertional heat strain when immediate response is not possible. Exp Physiol. 2019;104(6):845–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar