4,107
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A pacifist critique of the red poppy: reflections on British war commemorations’ increasingly hegemonic militarism

Pages 324-345 | Received 25 Jan 2021, Accepted 30 Nov 2021, Published online: 08 Dec 2021

References

  • @giantpoppywatch. 2019. “Poppy® Watch.” Twitter. Accessed April 13. https://twitter.com/giantpoppywatch?s=09
  • Andrews, M. 2015. “Poppies, Tommies and Remembrance.” Soundings 58: 98–109. doi:10.3898/136266215814379727.
  • Andrews, M. 2017. “British Practices of Remembrance: Politics and Poppies.” British Politics Review 12 (2): 5–6.
  • Andrews, M. 2018. “Commemorating the First World War in Britain: A Cultural Legacy of Media Remembrance.” Journal of War & Culture Studies: 1–19. doi:10.1080/17526272.2018.1544766.
  • Angrosino, M. 2002. “Civil Religion Redux.” Anthropological Quarterly 75 (2): 239–267. doi:10.1353/anq.2002.0025.
  • Atack, I. 2018. “Pacifism and Perpetual Peace.” Critical Studies on Security 6 (2): 207–220. doi:10.1080/21624887.2017.1377999.
  • Basham, V. M. 2016. “Gender, Race, Militarism and Remembrance: The Everyday Geopolitics of the Poppy.” Gender, Place & Culture 23 (6): 883–896. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2015.1090406.
  • Beaumont, J. 2015. “The Politics of Memory: Commemorating the Centenary of the First World War.” Australian Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 529–535. doi:10.1080/10361146.2015.1079938.
  • Billig, M. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.
  • Binenti, S. 2018. “The Poppy Brand: Fitting National Remembrance in a Shopping Cart.” Veterans for Peace UK. Accessed July 9 2019. http://vfpuk.org/articles/never-again-1918-2018/never-again-the-poppy-brand/
  • Boulton, J. 2013. “White Poppy.” Veterans for Peace UK. Accessed July 9 2019. http://vfpuk.org/articles/white-poppy-john-boulton/
  • Bourke, J. 2004. “Introduction: ‘Remembering’ War.” Journal of Contemporary History 39 (4): 473–485. doi:10.1177/0022009404046750.
  • Briggs, T. 2014. The Chavasse Report: The Evidence. British Orthopaedic Association. Accessed June 4 2020. http://thechavassereport.com/Downloads.html
  • Cady, D. 2010. From Warism to Pacifism: A Moral Continuum Paperback. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Chenoweth, E., and M. J. Stephan. 2011. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Christoyannopoulos, A. 2020. Tolstoy’s Political Thought: Christian Anarcho-Pacifist Iconoclasm Then and Now. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Cobain, I. 2012. Cruel Britannia: A Secret History of Torture. London: Portobello.
  • Coles, J. 2019. “White Poppy Wreath ‘Pinched’ from Bath War Memorial within a Day of Remembrance Sunday Celebrations.” Somerset Live.
  • Danilova, N. 2015. The Politics of War Commemoration in the UK and Russia. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dearden, L. 2014. “Britain First Accused of ‘Hijacking’ the Poppy Ahead of Remembrance Day.” The Independent.
  • Dixon, P. 2018. Warrior Nation: War, Militarisation and British Democracy. London: ForcesWatch.
  • Doyle, J. 2014. “The Poppy Hijab that Defies the Extremists: British Muslims Urged to Wear Headscarf as Symbol of Remembrance.” Daily Mail.
  • Emsley, C. 2013. Soldier, Sailor, Beggarman, Thief: Crime and the British Armed Services since 1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Enloe, C. 2000. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Ev. 2018. “Nazi Salute while Wearing a Poppy to Remember Those Soldiers Who Fought against the Nazis.” Twitter. Accessed July 6 2020. https://twitter.com/evanlfccfc/status/1058122751616208898/photo/1
  • Fox, J. E., and C. Miller-Idriss. 2008. “Everyday Nationhood.” Ethnicities 8 (4): 536–563. doi:10.1177/1468796808088925.
  • Fox, J. 2014. “Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present.” In Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, edited by S. Constantine, 21–30. Cambridge: Open Book.
  • Geraghty, L. 2019. “More than 3,500 Homeless Veterans Slipping through Net, Say Campaigners.” The Big Issue.
  • Glenton, J. 2013. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Evil Our Military Refuses to See.” Independent.
  • Gough, P. 2000. “From Heroes’ Groves to Parks of Peace: Landscapes of Remembrance, Protest and Peace.” Landscape Research 25 (2): 213–228. doi:10.1080/713684669.
  • Gray, H. 2015. “The Trauma Risk Management Approach to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the British Military: Masculinity, Biopolitics and Depoliticisation.” Feminist Review 111 (1): 109–123. doi:10.1057/fr.2015.23.
  • Gregory, A. 1994. The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day 1919-1946. Oxford: Berg.
  • Haberski, R. J. 2012. God and War: American Civil Religion since 1945. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
  • Harris, M. 2018. “I Wear a White Poppy. It Deserves as Much Respect as a Red One.” The Guardian.
  • Harrison, T. 2012. Remembrance Today: Poppies, Grief and Heroism. London: Reaktion.
  • Herborn, P. J., and F. P. Hutchinson. 2014. “‘Landscapes of Remembrance’ and Sites of Conscience: Exploring Ways of Learning beyond Militarising ‘Maps’ of the Future.” Journal of Peace Education 11 (2): 131–149. doi:10.1080/17400201.2013.874333.
  • Howes, D. E. 2010. Toward a Credible Pacifism: Violence and the Possibilities of Politics. Albany, NY: Suny.
  • Hutchings, K. 2018. “Pacifism Is Dirty: Towards an Ethico-political Defence.” Critical Studies on Security 6 (2): 176–192. doi:10.1080/21624887.2017.1377998.
  • Iles, J. 2008. “In Remembrance: The Flanders Poppy.” Mortality 13 (3): 201–221. doi:10.1080/13576270802181640.
  • Jackson, R., G. Leonard, A. Gnoth, J. Llewellyn, and T. Karena. 2020. “Introduction: The Return of Pacifism to IR.” Global Society 34 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1080/13600826.2019.1679721.
  • Jackson, R., and H. Dexter. 2014. “The Social Construction of Organised Political Violence: An Analytical Framework.” Civil Wars 16 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/13698249.2014.904982.
  • Jackson, R. 2008. “The Ghosts of State Terror: Knowledge, Politics and Terrorism Studies.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 1 (3): 377–392. doi:10.1080/17539150802515046.
  • Jackson, R. 2018a. “Introduction: Rethinking the Relevance of Pacifism for Security Studies and IR.” Critical Studies on Security 6 (2): 155–159. doi:10.1080/21624887.2018.1472917.
  • Jackson, R. 2018b. “Pacifism: The Anatomy of a Subjugated Knowledge.” Critical Studies on Security 6 (2): 160–175. doi:10.1080/21624887.2017.1342750.
  • Jeffery, K. 2015. “Commemoration in the United Kingdom: A Multitude of Memories.” Australian Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 562–567. doi:10.1080/10361146.2015.1079943.
  • Jenkings, K. N., N. Megoran, R. Woodward, and D. Bos. 2012. “Wootton Bassett and the Political Spaces of Remembrance and Mourning.” Area 44 (3): 356–363. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01106.x.
  • Kalia, A. 2018. “Poppy Appeal Has Raised £1 Every Second since First World War.” Guardian.
  • Keating, A. 2014. “Remembrance Today: Poppies, Grief and Heroism.” Contemporary British History 28 (1): 117–119. doi:10.1080/13619462.2013.845380.
  • Kelly, J. 2013. “Popular Culture, Sport and the ‘Hero’-fication of British Militarism.” Sociology 47 (4): 722–738. doi:10.1177/0038038512453795.
  • Kennaugh, J. 2018. “White Poppy Cowards.” Country Squire Magazine.
  • Kleinfeld, P. 2015. “Poppy Wars: The Battle for the Meaning of Remembrance.” Vice.
  • McCartney, H. B. 2014. “The First World War Soldier and His Contemporary Image in Britain.” International Affairs 90 (2): 299–315. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12110.
  • McCartney, H. 2011. “Hero, Victimor Villain? The Public Image of the British Soldier and Its Implications for Defense Policy.” Defense & Security Analysis 27 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1080/14751798.2011.557213.
  • McKeogh, C. 2009. Tolstoy’s Pacifism. Amherst, New York: Cambria.
  • McNab, C. 2014. The Book of the Poppy. Stroud: History Press.
  • Melville-Smith, A. 2014. “Peace Campaigners Outraged after White Poppy Wreaths Torn down from Aberystwyth War Memorial.” Wales Online.
  • Millar, K. M. 2016. “‘They Need Our Help’: Non-governmental Organizations and the Subjectifying Dynamics of the Military as Social Cause.” Media, War & Conflict 9 (1): 9–26. doi:10.1177/1750635215606867.
  • Newall, V. 1976. “Armistice Day: Folk Tradition in an English Festival of Remembrance.” Folklore 87 (2): 226–229. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1976.9716041.
  • Parsons, G. 2017. Perspectives on Civil Religion: Religion Today: Tradition, Modernity, and Change. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Peace Pledge Union. 2020. “Alternative Remembrance Ceremony as White Poppy Wreaths Laid around UK.” Accessed May 21 2021. https://www.ppu.org.uk/news/alternative-remembrance-ceremony-white-poppy-wreaths-laid-around-uk
  • Ramsay, A. 2018. “Debates about Poppies are Nothing New, but the Tone Has Changed in Brexit Britain.” OpenDemocracy.
  • Reeves-O’Toole, O. 2020. “The Subjugation of Pacifism in UK Parliamentary Discourse: Analysing the 2015 Debate on Bombing Syria.” Global Society 34 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1080/13600826.2019.1668362.
  • Rossdale, C. 2019. Resisting Militarism: Direct Action and the Politics of Subversion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Royal Air Force. 2012. “An Image from Last Week with a Specially Decorated Tornado GR4.” Facebook. Accessed July 1 2019. https://www.facebook.com/royalairforce/photos/an-image-from-last-week-with-a-specially-decorated-tornado-gr4-dubbed-the-poppy-/10151254509514885/
  • Ryan, C. 2015. “Pacifism(s).” The Philosophical Forum 46 (1): 17–39. doi:10.1111/phil.12053.
  • Saunders, N. J. 2013. The Poppy: A History of Conflict, Loss, Remembrance and Redemption. London: OneWorld.
  • Snow, J. 2006. “Why I Don’t Wear a Poppy on Air.” Channel 4 News. Accessed May 1 2019. https://www.channel4.com/news/by/jon-snow/blogs/wear-poppy-air
  • Stavrianakis, A., and J. Selby. 2013. Militarism and International Relations: Political Economy, Security, Theory. London: Routledge.
  • Stavrianakis, A., and M. Stern. 2018. “Militarism and Security: Dialogue, Possibilities and Limits.” Security Dialogue 49 (1–2): 3–18. doi:10.1177/0967010617748528.
  • Tolstoy, L. 1967. Tolstoy’s Writings on Civil Disobedience and Non-Violence. Translated by V. Tchertkoff and A. C. Fifield. New York: Bergman.
  • Tolstoy, L. 2001. The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. New Delhi: Rupa.
  • Tweedy, R. 2015. My Name Is Legion: The British Legion and the Control of Remembrance. London: Veterans for Peace UK.
  • Ware, V. 2012. Military Migrants: Fighting for YOUR Country. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Weston, K. 2018. “Jacob Rees-Mogg BLASTS ‘Self-righteous’ People Who Wear White Poppy to ‘Show Off’.” Express.
  • Willaime, J.-P. 1993. “La religion civile à la française et ses métamorphoses.” Social Compass 40 (4): 571–580. doi:10.1177/003776893040004005.
  • Winter, J. 2014. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Winter, J. 2017. “Commemorating Catastrophe: 100 Years On.” War & Society 36 (4): 239–255. doi:10.1080/07292473.2017.1384137.
  • Withers, D. M. 2019. “Wounding Poppies: Hyper-commemoration and Aesthetic Interventions.” Critical Military Studies: 1–5. doi:10.1080/23337486.2019.1575123.