The Relationship Between Anger and Anxiety Symptoms in Youth With Anxiety Disorders

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Axelson, D. A., & Birmaher, B. (2001). Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 14(2), 67–78. doi:10.1002/da.1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner, A., Egger, H. L., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., Foley, D. L., & Angold, A. (2007). What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(12), 1174–1183. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01812.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, C. S., & Hamrin, V. (2007). Current approaches to the assessment and management of anger and aggression in youth: A review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 20(4), 209–221. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2007.00102.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brosschot, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (1998). Anger inhibition, cardiovascular recovery, and vagal function: A model of the link between hostility and cardiovascular disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20(4), 326–332. doi:10.1007/BF02886382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, M. P., Faulstich, M. E., Gresham, F. M., Ruggiero, L., & Enyart, P. (1987). Children’s Depression Inventory: Construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(5), 755–761. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.55.5.755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassiello‐Robbins, C., & Barlow, D. H. (2016). Anger: The unrecognized emotion in emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 23(1), 66–85. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavira, D. A., Garland, A., Yeh, M., McCabe, K., & Hough, R. L. (2009). Child anxiety disorders in public systems of care: Comorbidity and service utilization. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 36(4), 492–504. doi:10.1007/s11414-008-9139-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. B., Bailey, K., & Stein, M. T. (2004). Child anxiety in primary care: Prevalent but untreated. Depression and Anxiety, 20(4), 155–164. doi:10.1002/da.20039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Multiple regression and correlational analyses. In J. Cohen (Ed.), Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (pp. 407–465). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2004). A symptom-level examination of parent–child agreement in the diagnosis of anxious youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(7), 878–886. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000125092.35109.c5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, S. D., & Bernstein, G. A. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(2), 267–283. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000246070.23695.06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornacchio, D., Crum, K. I., Coxe, S., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2016). Irritability and severity of anxious symptomatology among youth with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(1), 54–61. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craighead, W. E., Smucker, M. R., Craighead, L. W., & Ilardi, S. (1998). Factor analysis of the Children’s Depression Inventory in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 156–165. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancer, L. S. (1994). Scale development: Theory and applications [Book review]. Journal of Educational Measurement, 31(1), 79–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard, K., & Wang, Z. (2012). Anger and irritability. In M. Zentner & R. L. Shiner (Eds.), Handbook of temperament (pp. 124–144). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131(4), 483–509. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschênes, S. S., Dugas, M. J., Fracalanza, K., & Koerner, N. (2012). The role of anger in generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(3), 261–271. doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.666564
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiGiuseppe, R., & Tafrate, R. C. (2006). Ubiquitous and intangible: The problem of defining anger. In R. DiGiuseppe & R. C. Tafrate (Eds.), Understanding anger disorders (pp. 18–31). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, J. T., Goldstein, C. R., Wright, L. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2009). Development of a unified protocol for the treatment of emotional disorders in youth. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 31(1), 20–37. doi:10.1080/07317100802701228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essau, C. A., & Gabbidon, J. (2013). Epidemiology, comorbidity, and mental health services utilization. In C. A. Essau & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the treatment of childhood and adolescent anxiety (pp. 3–42). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Folk, J. B., Zeman, J. L., Poon, J. A., & Dallaire, D. H. (2014). A longitudinal examination of emotion regulation: Pathways to anxiety and depressive symptoms in urban minority youth. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(4), 243–250. doi:10.1111/camh.2014.19.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fracalanza, K., Koerner, N., Deschênes, S. S., & Dugas, M. J. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates the relation between generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and anger. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(2), 122–132. doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.888754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber, J., & Weersing, V. R. (2010). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Implications for treatment and prevention. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(4), 293–306. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K., & Roemer, L. L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotional regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco, L., & Morris, T. L. (2005). Factors influencing the link between social anxiety and peer acceptance: Contributions of social skills and close friendships during middle childhood. Behavior Therapy, 36(2), 197–205. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80068-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannesdottir, D. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2007). The role of emotion regulation in the treatment of child anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(3), 275–293. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0024-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K. A., & Cougle, J. R. (2011). Anger problems across the anxiety disorders: Findings from a population-based study. Depression and Anxiety, 28(2), 145–152. doi:10.1002/da.20764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges, K. (1990). Depression and anxiety in children: A comparison of self-report questionnaires to clinical interview. Psychological Assessment, 2(4), 376–381. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.2.4.376
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnco, C., Salloum, A., De Nadai, A. S., McBride, N., Crawford, E. A., Lewin, A. B., & Storch, E. A. (2015). Incidence, clinical correlates, and treatment effect of rage in anxious children. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katon, W., Russo, J., Richardson, L., McCauley, E., & Lozano, P. (2008). Anxiety and depression screening for youth in a primary care population. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 8(3), 182–188. doi:10.1016/j.ambp.2008.01.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 100–110. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.1.100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, P. C., Safford, S., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Webb, A. (2004). Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance use and depression at 7.4-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 276–287. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, M. A., & Schneider, B. H. (2008). Anger expression in children and adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 559–577. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingery, J. N., Erdley, C. A., Marshall, K. C., Whitaker, K. G., & Reuter, T. R. (2010). Peer experiences of anxious and socially withdrawn youth: An integrative review of the developmental and clinical literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13(1), 91–128. doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0063-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M. (1992). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• March, J. S. (1979). Multidimensional anxiety scale for children. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 554–565. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, R. C., & Dahlen, E. R. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1249–1260. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masia Warner, C., Fisher, P. H., Shrout, P. E., Rathor, S., & Klein, R. G. (2007). Treating adolescents with social anxiety disorder in school: An attention control trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(7), 676–686. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2007.48.issue-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swendsen, J., Avenevoli, S., Case, B., … Olfson, M. (2011). Service utilization for lifetime mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results of the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(1), 32–45. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nail, J. E., Christofferson, J., Ginsburg, G. S., Drake, K., Kendall, P. C., McCracken, J. T., … Sakolsky, D. (2015). Academic impairment and impact of treatments among youth with anxiety disorders. Child and Youth Care Forum, 44(3), 327–342. doi:10.1007/s10566-014-9290-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okifuji, A., Turk, D. C., & Curran, S. L. (1999). Anger in chronic pain: Investigations of anger targets and intensity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(1), 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(99)00006-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollendick, T. H., & Yule, W. (1990). Depression in British and American children and its relation to anxiety and fear. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 126–129. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.58.1.126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345–365. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puskar, K., Ren, D., Bernardo, L. M., Haley, T., & Stark, K. H. (2008). Anger correlated with psychosocial variables in rural youth. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 31(2), 71–87. doi:10.1080/01460860802023513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapee, R. M., Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Evans, L. (1994). Reliability of the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorder using structured interview: Interrater and parent–child agreement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 984–992. doi:10.1097/00004583-199409000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, K. J. (1990). No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology, 1(1), 43–46. doi:10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schum, J. L., Jorgensen, R. S., Verhaeghen, P., Sauro, M., & Thibodeau, R. (2003). Trait anger, anger expression, and ambulatory blood pressure: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(5), 395–415. doi:10.1023/A:1025767900757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV—Child and Parent Versions. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., & Pina, A. A. (2001). Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnosis with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(8), 937–944. doi:10.1097/00004583-200108000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D. (1999). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory—Revised. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, R. G., Legerski, J. P., Nelson, T. D., & Phipps, S. (2009). The Anger Expression Scale for Children: Initial validation among healthy children and children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(1), 51–62. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoddard, J., Stringaris, A., Brotman, M. A., Montville, D., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Irritability in child and adolescent anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 31(7), 566–573. doi:10.1002/da.22151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suveg, C., Sood, E., Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2009). Changes in emotion regulation following cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(3), 390–401. doi:10.1080/15374410902851721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 750–759. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. doi:10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, S. P., & Atakan, S. (1993). Trait anger, anger expression, stress, and health status of American and Turkish midlife women. Health Care for Women International, 14(2), 129–143. doi:10.1080/07399339309516035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timbremont, B., Braet, C., & Dreessen, L. (2004). Assessing depression in youth: Relation between the Children’s Depression Inventory and a structured interview. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 149–157. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Amerigen, M., Mancini, C., & Farvolden, P. (2003). The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 561–571. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00228-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduin, T. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Peer perceptions and liking of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(4), 459–469. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9192-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villabø, M., Gere, M., Torgersen, S., March, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). Diagnostic efficiency of the child and parent versions of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(1), 75–85. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.632350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J. C., Bergman, R. L., McCracken, J., & Barrios, V. (2002). Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 335–342. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeman, J., Shipman, K., & Penza-Clyve, S. (2001). Development and initial validation of the Children’s Sadness Management Scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25(3), 187–205. doi:10.1023/A:1010623226626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeman, J., Shipman, K., & Suveg, C. (2002). Anger and sadness regulation: Predictions to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 393–398. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar