Objectivity and Moral Judgment in U.S. News Narratives: A Natural Language Processing Analysis of ‘Culture War’ Coverage

References

• AgilityPR. (2021). Top 10 U.S. newspapers by circulation. Retrieved from https://www.agilitypr.com/resources/top-media-outlets/top-10-daily-american-newspapers/
   Google Scholar
• Araque, O., Gatti, L., & Kalimeri, K. (2020). MoralStrength: Exploiting a moral lexicon and embedding similarity for moral foundations prediction. Knowledge-Based Systems, 191, 105184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2019.105184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2015). More a symptom than a cause: Polarization and partisan news media in America. In J. A. Thurber & A. Yoshinaka (Eds.), American Gridlock: The Sources, Character, and Impact of Political Polarization, (pp. 309–336). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bastien, F. (2018). Using parallel content analysis to measure mediatization of politics: The televised leaders’ debates in Canada, 1968–2008. Journalism, 21(11), 1743–1761. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917751962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayrak, F., & Alper, S. (2021). A tale of two hashtags: An examination of moral content of pro‐and anti‐government tweets in Turkey. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(3), 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolsen, T., & Shapiro, M. A. (2018). The US news media, polarization on climate change, and pathways to effective communication. Environmental Communication, 12(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1397039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudana, S. (2011). A definition of journalistic objectivity as a performance. Media, culture & society, 33(3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710394899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budak, C., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2016). Fair and balanced? Quantifying media bias through crowdsourced content analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 250–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmines, E. G., Gerrity, J. C., & Wagner, M. W. (2010). How abortion became a partisan issue: Media coverage of the interest group‐political party connection. Politics & Policy, 38(6), 1135–1158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00272.x
   Google Scholar
• Castilla, E. B., Rodríguez, L. T., & Quesada, M. (2014). Political polarization and climate change: The editorial strategies of the New York Times and El País newspapers. Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture, 5(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1386/iscc.5.1.71_1
   Google Scholar
• Chinn, S., Hart, P. S., & Soroka, S. (2020). Politicization and polarization in climate change news content, 1985-2017. Science communication, 42(1), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547019900290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford, S., & Jerit, J. (2013). How words do the work of politics: Moral foundations theory and the debate over stem cell research. The Journal of Politics, 75(3), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613000492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, R. (2011). The moral judgment of minority journalists: Evidence from Asian American, Black, and Hispanic professional journalists. Mass Communication and Society, 14(5), 578–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.529231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, D. A., Plaisance, P. L., Schauster, E., Thomas, R. J., Roberts, C., Place, K. R., Sun, Y., Chen, J., Yetter, C., & Thomas, R. L. (2021). Moving into the media world: The moral psychology of emerging adults in journalism and communication. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 76(3), 314–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695821992244
   Google Scholar
• Day, A. G., & Golan, G. (2005). Source and content diversity in Op-Ed Pages: Assessing editorial strategies in the New York Times and the Washington Post. Journalism Studies, 6(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670052000328212
   Google Scholar
• Dehghani, M., Johnson, K., Hoover, J., Sagi, E., Garten, J., Parmar, N. J., Vaisey, S., Iliev, R., & Graham, J. (2016). Purity homophily in social networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(3), 366. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuze, M. (2002). Journalists in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Aksant.
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905056815
   Google Scholar
• Downie, L., Jr., & Schudson, M. (2009). The reconstruction of American journalism (Vol. 20). Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, J. (1979). Western political theory in the face of the future. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, L., Hart, P. S., & Milosevic, T. (2017). Polarizing news? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading US newspapers’ coverage of climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 26(4), 481–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515595348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, D. (2020). Politics at the mall: The moral foundations of boycotts. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 39(4), 494–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620943178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friel, H., & Falk, R. (2004). The record of the paper: How the New York Times misreports US foreign policy. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, R., & Lester, J. (2013). The romance quest of education reform: A discourse analysis of the Los Angeles Times’ reports on value-added measurement teacher effectiveness. Teachers College Record, 115(12).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gans, H. J. (2004). Democracy and the news. Oxford University Press on Demand.
   Google Scholar
• Garten, J., Hoover, J., Johnson, K. M., Boghrati, R., Iskiwitch, C., & Dehghani, M. (2018). Dictionaries and distributions: Combining expert knowledge and large scale textual data content analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 344–361. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0875-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2006). Media bias and reputation. The Journal of Political Economy, 114(2), 280–316. https://doi.org/10.1086/499414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, J. (2015). Protest news framing cycle: How the new york times covered occupy Wall street. International Journal of Communication, 9, 231–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber, D. A., & Dunaway, J. (2017). Mass media and American politics. Cq Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 47, (pp. 55–130). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion (1 ed.). Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20(1), 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Ramaprasad, J., & De Beer, A. S. (2019). Worlds of journalism: Journalistic cultures around the globe. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harlow, S., & Johnson, T. J. (2011). The Arab spring| overthrowing the protest paradigm? How the New York Times, Global Voices and Twitter covered the Egyptian revolution. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1359–1374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harry, J. C. (2014). Journalistic quotation: Reported speech in newspapers from a semiotic-linguistic perspective. Journalism, 15(8), 1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913504258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science communication, 42(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020950735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmueller, L., Vos, T. P., & Poepsel, M. A. (2013). Shifting journalistic capital? Transparency and objectivity in the twenty-first century. Journalism Studies, 14(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.697686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, A. M., Jengelley, D. H., Duncan, N. T., Buehler, M., & Rees, M. L. (2010). How does the business of news influence terrorism coverage? Evidence from the Washington Post and USA Today. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(4), 559–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.493778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover, J., Johnson, K., Boghrati, R., Graham, J., & Dehghani, M. (2018). Moral framing and charitable donation: Integrating exploratory social media analyses and confirmatory experimentation. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.129
   Google Scholar
• Hoover, J., Portillo-Wightman, G., Yeh, L., Havaldar, S., Davani, A. M., Lin, Y., Kennedy, B., Atari, M., Kamel, Z., Mendlen, M., Moreno, G., Park, C., Chang, T.E., Chin, J., Leong, C., Leung, J.Y., Mirinjian, A., & Mendlen, M. (2020). Moral foundations twitter corpus: A collection of 35k tweets annotated for moral sentiment. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), 1057–1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619876629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopp, F. R., Fisher, J. T., Cornell, D., Huskey, R., & Weber, R. (2021). The extended moral foundations dictionary (eMFD): Development and applications of a crowd-sourced approach to extracting moral intuitions from text. Behavior Research Methods, 53(1), 232–246. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01433-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, J. D. (1992). Culture wars: The struggle to control the family, art, education. In Law, and politics in America. Avalon Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S. (1994). Is anyone responsible?: How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S. (2010). Emerging models of multimedia journalism: A content analysis of multimedia packages published on nytimes. com. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 18(2), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870903554882
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kaur, R., & Sasahara, K. (2016). Quantifying moral foundations from various topics on twitter conversations. Paper presented at the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Kleemans, M., Schaap, G., & Hermans, L. (2017). Citizen sources in the news: Above and beyond the vox pop? Journalism, 18(4), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915620206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Iyer, R., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially Purity) help explain culture war attitudes. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(2), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft, P. W. (2018). Measuring morality in political attitude expression. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 1028–1033. https://doi.org/10.1086/696862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. -T. (2005). The liberal media myth revisited: An examination of factors influencing perceptions of media bias. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maras, S. (2013). Objectivity in journalism. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuo, A., Sasahara, K., Taguchi, Y., & Karasawa, M. (2019). Development and validation of the Japanese moral foundations dictionary. Plos One, 14(3), e0213343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskey, M., & Kim, Y. M. (2012). Moderatism or polarization? Representation of advocacy groups’ ideology in newspapers. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89(4), 565–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699012455385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, I., & McMillan, A. (2009). The concise oxford dictionary of politics. OUP Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G. S., & Dean, J. (2013). Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Paper presented at the Advances in neural information processing systems.
   Google Scholar
• Niven, D. (2002). Tilt?: The search for media bias. Greenwood Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Novick, P. (1988). That noble dream: The’objectivity question’and the American historical profession (Vol. 13). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. E. (1996). Bad news, bad governance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546(1), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716296546001009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. E. (2011). Out of order: An incisive and boldly original critique of the news media’s domination of Ameri. Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Plaisance, P. L. (2014). Virtue in media: The moral psychology of US exemplars in news and public relations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(2), 308–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699014527460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaisance, P. L. (2016). Media ethics theorizing, reoriented: A shift in focus for individual-level analyses. The Journal of Communication, 66(3), 454–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaisance, P. L. (2021). Moral psychology in media. In Stephen J.A. Ward (Ed.), Handbook of global media ethics (pp. 277–300). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Plasser, F., & Lengauer, G. (2009). Wie “amerikanisch” sind europäische Fernsehwahlkämpfe? In Hanna Kaspar, Harald Schoen, Siegfried Schumann, Jürgen R. Winkler (Eds.), Politik–Wissenschaft–Medien (pp. 323–346). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Reese, S. D. (1990). The news paradigm and the ideology of objectivity: A socialist at the wall street journal. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 7(4), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295039009360187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoden, T. (2015). The liberal in liberal democracy. Democratization, 22(3), 560–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.851672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, M., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2013). Framing the poor: Media coverage and US poverty policy, 1960–2008. Policy Studies Journal, 41(1), 22–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, S., & Goldwasser, D. (2020). Weakly supervised learning of nuanced frames for analyzing polarization in news media. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.09609.
   Google Scholar
• Sagi, E., & Dehghani, M. (2014). Measuring moral rhetoric in text. Social Science Computer Review, 32(2), 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313506837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgado, S. (2007). As Presidenciais de 2006: reflexões sobre a interpretação da política nos jornais. Estudos em Comunicação (Communication Studies), 1, 232–249.
   Google Scholar
• Salgado, S. (2010). Os candidatos presidenciais: construção de imagens e discursos nos media (2006). MinervaCoimbra.
   Google Scholar
• Salgado, S., & Strömbäck, J. (2012). Interpretive journalism: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 144–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911427797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider-Strawczynski, S., & Valette, J. (2021). Media coverage of immigration and the polarization of attitudes.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. (1981). Discovering the news: A social history of American newspapers. Basic books.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. (1997). The society of news production. In D. A. Berkowitz (Ed.), Social meanings of news: A text-reader (pp. 7–22). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201
   Google Scholar
• Skovsgaard, M., Albæk, E., Bro, P., & De Vreese, C. (2013). A reality check: How journalists’ role perceptions impact their implementation of the objectivity norm. Journalism, 14(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912442286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soontjens, K. (2019). The rise of interpretive journalism: Belgian newspaper coverage, 1985–2014. Journalism Studies, 20(7), 952–971. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1467783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J. (2005). In search of a standard: Four models of democracy and their normative implications for journalism. Journalism Studies, 6(3), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500131950
   Google Scholar
• Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Hellmueller, L., & Vos, T. P. (2013). Mind the gap: Between journalistic role conception and role enactment. Journalism Practice, 7(5), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.726503
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, R. J. (2019). Objectivity. In T. P. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies. NJ Wiley-Blackwell, (p. 1–9).
   Google Scholar
• Van Mill, D. (1996). The possibility of rational outcomes from democratic discourse and procedures. The Journal of Politics, 58(3), 734–752. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S. -Y.N., & Inbar, Y. (2021). Moral-language use by US political elites. Psychological Science, 32(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620960397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R., & Liu, W. (2021). Different pathways to identify moral framing from media content: A response to Hopp and Weber. Communication monographs, 88(3), 380–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, S. J. (2010). Inventing objectivity: New philosophical foundations. In C. Meyers (Ed.), Journalism Ethics: A Philosophical Approach, (p. 137–152). Oxford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wien, C. (2005). Defining objectivity within journalism. Nordicom Review, 26(2), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0255
   Google Scholar
• Zakaria, F. (2007). The future of freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad (Revised Edition) ed.). WW Norton & company.
   Google Scholar