References
- Abraham, Amanda J., Christina M. Andrews, Marissa E. Yingling, and Jerry Shannon. 2018. “Geographic Disparities in Availability of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment for Medicaid Enrollees.” Health Services Research 53 (1):389–404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12686.
- Bachhuber, Marcus A., Pooja Mehta, Laura Faherty, and Brendan Saloner. 2017. “Medicaid Coverage of Methadone Maintenance and the Use of Opioid Agonist Therapy among Pregnant Women in Specialty Treatment.” Medical Care 55 (12):985–990. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000803.
- Baumgartner, Jesse, and David Radley. 2021. “The Drug Overdose Toll in 2020 and Near-Term Actions for Addressing It.” Accessed November 29, 2021. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2021/drug-overdose-toll-2020-and-near-term-actions-addressing-it.
- Bokhari, Farasat, Rick Mayes, and Richard M. Scheffler. 2005. “An Analysis of the Significant Variation in Psychostimulant Use across the US.” Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 14 (4):267–275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.980.
- Chen, Jie, and Arjun K. Gupta. “Testing and locating variance changepoints with application to stock prices.” Journal of the American Statistical association 92, no. 438 (1997): 739–747. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1997.10474026.
- Coppin, Pol, Inge Jonckheere, Kristiaan Nackaerts, Bart Muys, and Eric Lambin. “Review ArticleDigital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: a review.” International journal of remote sensing 25, no. 9 (2004): 1565–1596. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000101675.
- Department of Justice/Drug Enforcement Administration. 2020. “Drug Fact Sheet.” https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methadone-2020.pdf.
- Drug Enforcement Administration. 2021. “ARCOS Retail Drug Summary Reports.” Accessed November 29, 2021. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/arcos/retail_drug_summary/index.html.
- Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division. 2021. “Background: What Is ARCOS and What Does It Do?” Accessed November 29, 2021. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/arcos/index.html#background.
- Eidbo, Sarah A., Amalie K. Kropp Lopez, Joseph D. Hagedorn, Varkey Mathew, Daniel E. Kaufman, Stephanie D. Nichols, Kenneth L. McCall, and Brian J. Piper. 2021 Sep. “Declines and Regional Variation in Opioid Distribution by US Hospitals.” Pain. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280211028262.
- Forgy, Edward W. “Cluster analysis of multivariate data: efficiency versus interpretability of classifications.” biometrics 21 (1965): 768–769.
- Fraley, Chris, and Adrian E. Raftery. 2002. “Model-Based Clustering, Discriminant Analysis, and Density Estimation.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 97 (458):611–631. doi: https://doi.org/10.1198/016214502760047131.
- Furst, John A., Nicholas J. Mynarski, Kenneth L. McCall, and Brian J. Piper. 2021 Jun 29:. “Pronounced Regional Disparities in United States Methadone Distribution.” Annals of Pharmacotherapy. Epub ahead of print. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280211028262.
- Grubesic, Tony H., and Alan T. Murray. “Detecting hot spots using cluster analysis and GIS.” In Proceedings from the fifth annual international crime mapping research conference, vol. 26. 2001.
- Guild, Liane S., Warren B. Cohen, and J. Boone Kauffman. “Detection of deforestation and land conversion in Rondonia, Brazil using change detection techniques.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 25, no. 4 (2004): 731–750. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001598935.
- Huth, Radan, Christoph Beck, Andreas Philipp, Matthias Demuzere, Zbigniew Ustrnul, Monika Cahynová, Jan Kyselý, and Ole Einar Tveito. “Classifications of atmospheric circulation patterns: recent advances and applications.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1146, no. 1 (2008): 105–152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1446.019.
- Jalali, Mohammad S., Michael Botticelli, Rachael C. Hwang, Howard K. Koh, and R. Kathryn McHugh. 2020. “The Opioid Crisis: A Contextual, Social-Ecological Framework.” Health Research Policy and Systems 18 (1):1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00596-8.
- Joranson, David E., Karen M. Ryan, Aaron M. Gilson, and June L. Dahl. 2000. “Trends in Medical Use and Abuse of Opioid Analgesics.” JAMA 283 (13):1710–1714. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.13.1710.
- Kampman, Kyle, and Margaret Jarvis. 2015. “American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use.” Journal of Addiction Medicine 9 (5):358–367. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000166.
- McLatchlan, G., and D. Peel. 2000. Finite Mixture Models. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
- MacQueen, James. “Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations.” In Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability, vol. 1, no. 14, pp. 281–297. 1967.
- Melnykov, Volodymyr, and Xuwen Zhu. 2018. “On Model-Based Clustering of Skewed Matrix Data.” Journal of Multivariate Analysis 167:181–194. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2018.04.007.
- “Methadone Hydrochloride Information.” n.d. Accessed March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20061230190019/http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/methadone/default.htm.
- “Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets USP 40 Mg (Dispersible).” n.d. Accessed March 8, 2021. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/advisories/methadone_ advisory.htm.
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. 2018. “CDC Compilation of Benzodiazepines, Muscle Relaxants, Stimulants, Zolpidem, and Opioid Analgesics with Oral Morphine Milligram Equivalent Conversion Factors.” Accessed November 29, 2021. www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/resources/data.html.
- National Conference of State Legislatures. 2019. “Prescribing Policies: States Confront Opioid Overdose Epidemic.” Accessed November 29, 2021. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/prescribing-policies-states-confront-opioidoverdose-epidemic.aspx.
- Page, E. S. “On problems in which a change in a parameter occurs at an unknown point.” Biometrika 44, no. 1/2 (1957): 248–252. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2333258.
- Pashmineh Azar, Amir R., Alexandra Cruz-Mullane, Jaclyn C. Podd, Warren S. Lam, Suhail H. Kaleem, Laura B. Lockard, Mark R. Mandel, et al. 2020. “Rise and Regional Disparities in Buprenorphine Utilization in the United States.” Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 29 (6):708–715. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4984.
- Paulozzi, Leonard J., and George W. Ryan. 2006. “Opioid Analgesics and Rates of Fatal Drug Poisoning in the United States.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31 (6):506–511. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.08.017.
- Piper, Brian J., Dipam T. Shah, Olapeju M. Simoyan, Kenneth L. McCall, and Stephanie D. Nichols. 2018. “Trends in Medical Use of Opioids in the US 2006–2016.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54 (5):652–660. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.034.
- Sneath, Peter HA. “The application of computers to taxonomy.” Microbiology 17, no. 1 (1957): 201–226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-17-1-201.
- Sunaga, Daniele Yumi, Julio Cesar Nievola, and Milton Pires Ramos. “Statistical and biological validation methods in cluster analysis of gene expression.” In Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA 2007), pp. 494–499. IEEE, 2007.
- Whelan, Paul J., and Kimberly Remski. 2012. “Buprenorphine vs Methadone Treatment: A Review of Evidence in Both Developed and Developing Worlds.” Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 3 (1):45–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.91934.
- Wilson, Nana. 2020. “Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths—United States, 2017–2018.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, 290–297. doi: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a4.
- Zhao, L. C., P. R. Krishnaiah, and Z. D. Bai. “On detection of the number of signals in presence of white noise.” Journal of multivariate analysis 20, no. 1 (1986a): 1–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-259X(86)90017-5.
- Zhao, L. C., P. R. Krishnaiah, and Z. D. Bai. “On detection of the number of signals when the noise covariance matrix is arbitrary.” Journal of Multivariate Analysis 20, no. 1 (1986b): 26–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-259X(86)90018-7.
- Zhu, X., and Y. Melnykov. 2021. “On Finite Mixture Modeling of Change-Point Processes.” Journal of Classification, 1–20.