Old Habits, New Realities: Digital Newsrooms in Kenyan Commercial Media Houses

References

• Ainslie, R. 1966. The Press in Africa. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Atton, C., and H. Mabweazara. 2011. “New Media and Journalism Practice in Africa: An Agenda for Research.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 12 (6): 667–673. doi:10.1177/1464884911405467.
   Google Scholar
• Banda, F. 2010. Citizen Journalism and Democracy in Africa: An Exploratory Study. Grahamstown, South Africa: Highway Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Belair-Gagnon, V. 2015. Social Media at BBC News: The Re-making of Crisis Reporting. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, R. 1999. “Field Theory in Comparative Context: A New Paradigm for Media Studies.” Theory and Society 28: 463–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, R., & Neveu, E. 2005. “Introduction: Field Theory as a Work in Progress”. In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by R. Benson & E. Neveu, 1–28. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, R. 2006. “News Media as a ‘Journalistic Field’: What Bourdieu Adds to New Institutionalism, and Vice Versa.” Political Communication 23 (2): 187–202. doi:10.1080/10584600600629802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, R. 2013. Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, R. 2015. “Public Spheres, Fields, Networks.” In Internationalizing International Communication, edited by C. C. Lee. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press. http://www.academia.edu/download/34157772/Benson_2014_Public_Spheres__Fields__Networks_Western_Concepts_for_a_De-Westernizing_World.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, G. 2007. Media Legislation in Africa: A Comparative Legal Survey. Grahamstown, SA: Rhodes University.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, P., and T. Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
   Google Scholar
• Blöbaum, B. 2014. “Trust and Journalism in a Digital Environment.” Working paper presented at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, March.
   Google Scholar
• Bloggers Association of Kenya. 2017. State of the Internet in Kenya 2017. Nairobi, KE: BAKE.
   Google Scholar
• Bosch, T. 2014. “Social Media and Community Radio Journalism in South Africa.” Digital Journalism 2 (1): 29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1998. Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1999. On Television. New York: New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 2004. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 2005. “The Political Field, the Social Science Field, and the Journalistic Field.” In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by R. Benson, and E. Neveu, 30–47. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 2013. Outline of a Theory of Practice. 28th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourgault, L. 1995. Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd-Barrett, O. 1980. “The Politics of Socialisation: Recruitment and Training for Journalism.” In The Sociology of Journalism and the Press, edited by H. Christian, 307–340. Keele, UK: University of Keele.
   Google Scholar
• Breit, R. 2018. “Case-Based Education: A Strategy for Contextualising Journalism Curriculum in East Africa.” Journalism. doi:10.1177/1464884918761629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunce, M. 2015. “Africa in the Click Stream: Audience Metrics and Foreign Correspondents in Africa.” African Journalism Studies 36 (4): 12–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunce, M. 2017. “Management and Resistance in the Digital Newsroom.” Journalism. doi:10.1177/1464884916688963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows, O. 2016. “Kenya: President Kenyatta Appoints Dr Kirubi as Chairman of Brand Kenya Board.” Capital FM. March 18. http://www.capitalfm.co.ke.
   Google Scholar
• Chair, C. 2017. “Internet Use Barriers and User Strategies: Perspectives from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Rwanda.” Beyond Access Policy Paper No. 1. https://researchictafrica.net/publications/Other_publications/.
   Google Scholar
• Chepkwony, M. 2018. “Tackle Fake News to Win Back Trust, Media Challenged.” The Standard. December 9. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/.
   Google Scholar
• Compton, J. R., and P. Benedetti. 2010. “Labour, New Media and the Institutional Restructuring of Journalism.” Journalism Studies 11 (4): 487–499. doi:10.1080/14616701003638350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, T. E. 1998. Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson, R., J. Matthews, and K. Saltzis. 2013. “Studying Journalists in Changing Times: Understanding News Work as Socially Situated Practice.” International Communication Gazette 75 (1): 3–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Gody, A. 2014. “Online Journalism, Citizen Participation and Engagement in Egypt.” In Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices, and Emerging Cultures, edited by H. M. Mabweazara, F. O. Mudhai, and J. Whittaker, 141–155. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fligstein, N. 2001. “Social Skill and the Theory of Fields.” Sociological Theory 19 (2): 105–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fligstein, N., and D. McAdam. 2012. A Theory of Fields. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gadsden, F. 1980. “The African Press in Kenya, 1945–1952.” Journal of African History 21 (4): 515–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geopoll & Portland. 2017. “The Reality of Fake News in Kenya.” https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/325431/The-Reality-of-Fake-News-in-Kenya%20-%20FINAL.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 2000. “The Social Production of News.” In Media Studies a Reader, edited by C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke, and B. Roberts, 645–652. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, D. C. 2005. “Field Theory, Differentiation Theory and Comparative Media Research.” In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by R. Benson, and E. Neveu, 224–243. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hermans, L., M. Vergeer, and L. d’Haenens. 2009. “Internet in the Daily Life of Journalists: Explaining the Use of the Internet by Work-Related Characteristics and Professional Opinions.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 15: 138–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireri, K. 2012. “Kenyan Journalists: A Study of Demographics, Job Satisfaction, News Values and Perceived Autonomy.” Paper presented at the 2012 AEJMC conference, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Jimada, U. 1992. “Eurocentric Media Training in Nigeria: What Alternative?” Journal of Black Studies 22 (3): 366–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordaan, M. 2013. “Poke Me, I’m a Journalist: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter on Newsroom Routines and Cultures at Two South African Weeklies.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 34 (1): 21–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaigwa, M. 2017. “From Cyber Café to Smartphone: Kenya’s Social Media Lens Zooms In on the Country and Out to the World.” In Digital Kenya, edited by B. Ndemo, and T. Weiss, 187–222. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Kasoma, F. P. 1996. “The Foundations of African Ethics (Afriethics) and the Professional Practice of Journalism: The Case for Society-Centred Media Morality.” Africa Media Review 10: 93–116.
   Google Scholar
• Kupe, T. 2013. Globalization from my African corner. Media, Culture & Society, 35(1), 139–146.
   Google Scholar
• Mabweazara, H. M. 2010. “New Technologies and Print Journalism Practice in Zimbabwe: An Ethnographic Study.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• Mabweazara, H. M. 2014. “Digital Technologies and the Evolving African Newsroom: Towards an African Digital Journalism Epistemology.” Digital Journalism 2 (1): 2–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabweazara, H. M., F. O. Mudhai, and J. Whittaker. 2014. “Introduction: Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices and Emerging Cultures.” In Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices, and Emerging Cultures, edited by H. M. Mabweazara, F. O. Mudhai, and J. Whittaker, 1–13. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, J. 2009. Ain’t No Making It: Aspirations & Attainment in a Low-Income Neighbourhood (3rd ed.). Boulder Colorado: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mare, A. 2014. “New Media Technologies and Internal Newsroom Creativity in Mozambique: The Case of @verdade.” Digital Journalism 2 (1): 12–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. 2003. “What is Field Theory?” American Journal of Sociology 109 (1): 1–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbeke, P. O., W. Ugangu, and R. Okello-Orlale. 2010. The Media We Want: The Kenya Media Vulnerabilities Study. Nairobi, Kenya: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
   Google Scholar
• Mbembe, A. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Media Council of Kenya. n.d. “Colleges Offering Media and Journalism Studies in Kenya.” http://www.mediacouncil.or.ke/en/mck/index.php/mck-accreditation/universities-offering-communication-in-kenya/10-programs/110-programs-14.
   Google Scholar
• Mudhai, F. O. 2014. “Immediacy and Openness in Digital Africa: Networked-Convergent Journalisms in Kenya.” In Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices and Emerging Cultures, edited by H. M. Mabweazara, F. O. Mudhai, and J. Whittaker, 123–140. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mureithi, M. 2017. “The Internet Journey for Kenya: The Interplay of Disruptive Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Fueling Rapid Growth.” In Digital Kenya: An Entrepreneurial Revolution in the Making, edited by B. Ndemo, and T. Weiss, 27–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., D. Jiménez-Jiménez, and R. Sanz-Valle. 2011. “Innovation or Imitation? The Role of Organizational Culture.” Management Decision 49 (1): 55–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndemo, B. 2017. “The Paradigm Shift: Disruption, Creativity, and Innovation in Kenya.” In Digital Kenya: An Entrepreneurial Revolution in the Making, edited by B. Ndemo, and T. Weiss, 1–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ngigi, G. 2016. “Nation Media Group Keeps Full-Year Dividend Level but Profits Lag.” March 22. https://www.nation.co.ke/business/Nation-Media-Group-keeps-dividend-as-earnings-lag/996-3128658-5w5r32z/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ng’weno, H. 1969. “The Nature of the Threat to Press Freedom in East Africa.” Africa Today.
   Google Scholar
• Nothias, T. & Cheruiyot, D. 2019. “A 'Hotbed' of Digital Empowerment? Media Criticism in Kenya Between Playful Engagement and Co-Option”. International Journal of Communication 13, 136–159.
   Google Scholar
• Nyabuga, G., and N. Booker. 2013. Mapping Digital Media: Kenya. Nairobi: Open Society Foundations. http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/mapping-digital-media-Kenya-20130321.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamnjoh, F. 2005. Africa’s Media: Democracy and the Politics of Belonging. Johannesburg, SA: UNISA Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamnjoh, F. 2006. “Re-thinking Communication Research and Development in Africa.” In The Study of Africa: Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Encounters, Vol. 1, edited by P. T. Zeleza, 393–416. Dakar, Senegal: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamnjoh, F. 2015. “Journalism in Africa: Modernity, Africanity.” African Journalism Studies 36 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1080/23743670.2015.1008128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odhiambo, L. 1991. “Development Journalism in Africa: Capitulation of the Fourth Estate?” Africa Media Review 5 (2): 17–29.
   Google Scholar
• Ogan, Christine L., Manaf Bashir, Lindita Camaj, Yunjuan Luo, Brian Gaddie, Rosemary Pennington, Sonia Rana, and Mohammed Salih. 2009. “Development Communication: The State of Research in an Era of ICTs and Globalization.” International Communication Gazette 71 (8): 655–670.
   Google Scholar
• Okigbo, C., and C. B. Pratt. 1997. “Curricula for Media Education in Anglophone Africa.” Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 52 (3): 8–15.
   Google Scholar
• Olewe, D. 2017. “Fake News: How Can African Media Deal with the Problem?” British Broadcasting Corporation. February 16. http://www.bbc.com.
   Google Scholar
• Paterson, C. 2013. “Journalism and Social Media in the African Context.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 34 (1): 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posetti, J., and A. Matthews. 2018. A Short Guide to the History of ‘Fake News’ and Disinformation: A Learning Module for Journalists and Journalism Educators. Washington, DC: International Center for Journalists.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, S. 2011. “Convergence Crises: News Work and News Space in the Digitally Transforming Newsroom.” Journal of Communication 61 (6): 1122–1141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodny-Gumede, Y. 2013. “The Local in the Global: Challenges of Teaching Global Journalism.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 34 (2): 128–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, J. 1999. What are Journalists For? New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sallaz, J., and J. Zavisca. 2007. “Bourdieu in American Sociology, 1980–2004.” Annual Review of Sociology 33: 21–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambuli, N. 2015. “Social Media and Journalism. A Changing Media Landscape in Kenya. Exploring Kenya’s Media Policy 1963–2013.” Working Paper Series 1. Nairobi, Kenya: Media Policy Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Savelsberg, J. J., and H. Nyseth-Brehm. 2015. “Representing Human Rights Violations in Darfur: Global Justice, National Distinctions.” American Journal of Sociology 121 (2): 564–603. doi:10.1086/682403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. 1989. “The Sociology of News Production.” Media, Culture and Society 11: 263–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. 2011. The Sociology of News. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Norton & Company Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Sigal, L. V. 1973. Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking. Lexington: D.C. Heath.
   Google Scholar
• Sunday, F. 2016. “East Africa’s Biggest Broadcaster to Close Radio and TV Stations.” The Guardian. June 30. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/30/nation-media-group-kenya-close-radio-and-tv-station.
   Google Scholar
• Tameling, K., and M. Broersma. 2013. “De-converging the Newsroom: Strategies for Newsroom Change and Their Influence on Journalism Practice.” International Communication Gazette 75 (1): 19–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, N. 2011. “Professional Journalists, Hands Off!: Citizen Journalism as Civic Responsibility.” In Will the Last Reporter Please Turn Out the Lights, edited by R. McChesney, and V. Pickard, 264–276. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Usher, N. 2017. “Venture-Backed News Startups and the Field of Journalism: Challenges, Changes, and Consistencies.” Digital Journalism 5 (9): 1116–1133. doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1272064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voltmer, K., and H. Wasserman. 2014. “Journalistic Norms Between Universality and Domestication: Journalists’ Interpretations of Press Freedom in Six New Democracies.” Global Media and Communication 10 (2): 177–192.
   Google Scholar
• Wahutu, j. S. 2017a. “‘In the Case of Africa in General, There is a Tendency to Exaggerate’: Representing Mass Atrocity in Africa.” Media, Culture & Society 39 (6): 919–929. doi:10.1177/0163443717692737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahutu, j. S. 2017b. “The Representations of Africa in African Media: The Case of the Darfur Violence.” African Affairs 117 (466): 44–61. doi:10.1093/afraf/adx039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahutu, j. S. 2018a. “Social, Field and Regional Conditions of Knowledge: News on Darfur in Africa and the Global North.” Sociology PhD. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. http://hdl.handle.net/11299/200239.
   Google Scholar
• Wahutu, j. S. 2018b. “The Politics of Representation: Wire Agencies and Local News Organizations in the Coverage of Darfur.” Sociological Forum 33 (2): 465–481. doi:10.1111/socf.12417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahutu, j. S. 2018c. “What African Media? Rethinking Research on Africa’s Press.” Global Media and Communication 14 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1177/1742766517734252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wamunyu, W. 2017. “New Actors in Journalistic Practice: The Case of a Kenyan Radio Station.” Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa 8 (2): 26–35.
   Google Scholar
• Wanyonyi, T. 2016. “How Secret Meeting Set Stage for Kalonzo’s Appointment as Vice-President.” Daily Nation. December 18. http://www.nation.co.ke.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D., and L. Willnat. 2012. The Global Journalist in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, M. 1958. “Religious Rejections of the World and Their Directions.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by G. Hans Heinrich, and C. W. Mills, 323–361. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weimann, G. 2000. Communicating Unreality: Modern Media and the Reconstruction of Reality. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Willems, W. 2014. “Beyond Normative Dewesternization: Examining Media Culture from the Vantage Point of the Global South.” The Global South 8 (1): 7–23.
   Google Scholar
• Willems, W., and W. Mano. 2016. “Decolonizing and Provincializing Audience and Internet Studies: Contextual Approaches from African Vantage Points.” In Everyday Media Culture in Africa: Audiences and Users, edited by W. Willems, and W. Mano. https://www.routledge.com/Everyday-Media-Culture-in-Africa-Audiences-and-Users/Willems-Mano/p/book/9781138202849.
   Google Scholar
• World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers. 2011. Mobile Media Services at Sub-Saharan African Newspapers: A Guide to Implementing Mobile News and Mobile Business. World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers and African Media Initiative, Paris.
   Google Scholar