Partisanship, News Use, and Political Attitudes in Ghana: An Application of the Communication Mediation Model

References

• Agyemang, K. O. 2014. “The Concept of the Floating Voter.” The Ghanaweb, March 3, 2020. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/The-Concept-of-the-Floating-Voter-314980.
   Google Scholar
• Akinbobola, Y. 2015. “Theorising the African Digital Public Sphere: A West African Odyssey.” African Journalism Studies 36 (4): 47–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ampaw, A. 2004. Legislature on Media, Speech and Expansion in Ghana. A Source Book. Accra: Media Foundation for West Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Ayee, J. A. 2016. “Ghana Continues to be a Beacon for Democracy in Africa. London School of Economics”. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/12/12/ghana-continues-to-be-a-beacon-for-democracy-in-africa/.
   Google Scholar
• Bailard, C. S. 2012. “Testing the Internet’s Effect on Democratic Satisfaction: A Multi-Methodological, Cross-National Approach.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 9 (2): 185–204.
   Google Scholar
• Bello, A. K., and K. Wilkinson. 2017. “The Perception of Community Radio as Public Sphere and Its Potential Impact on Political Action: Lessons from Tanzania.” Journal of Development and Communication Studies 5 (1): 22–43.
   Google Scholar
• Benkler, Y. 2006. The Wealth of Networks. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., R. G. Lawrence, and S. Livingston. 2007. When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blankson, I. A. 2002. “Re-examining Civil Society in Emerging Sub Sahara African Democracies: The State, the Media, and the Public in Ghana.” Global Media Journal 1 (1).
   Google Scholar
• Bode, L., E. K. Vraga, P. Borah, and D. V. Shah. 2014. “A New Space for Political Behavior: Political Social Networking and Its Democratic Consequences.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (3): 414–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomgaarden, H. G., and R. Schmitt-Beck. 2019. The Media and Political Behavior. Oxford Research Encyclopaedia. https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-621.
   Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. 2011. “Stimulating or Reinforcing Political Interest: Using Panel Data to Examine Reciprocal Effects Between News Media and Political Interest.” Political Communication 28 (2): 147–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappella, J. N., and K. H. Jamieson. 1996. “News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546 (1): 71–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappella, J., V. Price, and L. Nir. 2002. “Argument Repertoire as a Reliable and Valid Measure of Opinion Quality: Electronic Dialogue During Campaign 2000.” Political Communication 19 (1): 73–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Democratic Development. 2018. “International Day of Democracy: Make Democracy Work for the Citizenry”. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://www.cddgh.org/international-day-of-democracy/.
   Google Scholar
• Ceron, A. 2015. “Internet, News, and Political Trust: The Difference Between Social Media and Online Media Outlets.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 20 (5): 487–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceron, A., and V. Memoli. 2015. “Flames and Debates: Do Social Media Affect Satisfaction With Democracy?” Social Indicators Research 126 (1): 225–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M. 2016. “Social Network Sites and Political Engagement: Exploring the Impact of Facebook Connections and Uses on Political Protest and Participation.” Mass Communication & Society 19 (4): 430–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M., H. Chen, and F. L. F. Lee. 2017. “Examining the Roles of Mobile and Social Media in Political Participation: A Cross-National Analysis of Three Asian Societies Using a Communication Mediation Approach.” New Media & Society 19 (12): 2003–2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee to Protect Journalist. 2017. “No Excuse: Mexico Must Break Cycle of Impunity in Journalists’ Murders.” https://cpj.org/reports/2017/05/no-excuse-mexico-impunity-journalist-murder/.
   Google Scholar
• Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. 1992. Ghana’s Constitution. Tema: Ghana Publishing Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, S. C. 1993. The Malevolent Leaders: Popular Discontent in America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Curtice, J., and P. Norris. 2004. “E-Politics? The Impact of the Internet on Political Trust and Participation.” In British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report, edited by A. Park, K. Thomson, J. Curtice, and C. Bromley, 99–118. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 1996. Citizen Politics in Western Democracies (2nd Ed.). Chatham House, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 1999. “Political Support in Advanced Industrial Countries.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, edited by P. Norris, 1–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dzisah, W. S. 2018. “Social Media and Elections in Ghana: Enhancing Democratic Participation.” African Journalism Studies 39 (1): 27–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., Jr., D. V. Shah, and N. Kwak. 2003. “Assessing Causality in the Cognitive Mediation Model: A Panel Study of Motivations, Information Processing and Learning During Campaign 2000.” Communication Research 30 (4): 359–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanigan, W. H., and N. H. Zingale. 1999. Political Behavior of the American Electorate. 9th ed. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. 2018. “Freedom in the World 2018: Ghana Profile.” Accessed May 4, 2020. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Gadjanova, E., G. Lynch, J. Reifler, and G. Saibu. 2019. “Social Media, Cyber Battalions, and Political Mobilisation in Ghana. University of Exeter.” Accessed February 6, 2020. https://www.elenagadjanova.com/uploads/2/1/3/8/21385412/social_media_cyber_battalions_and_political_mobilisation_in_ghana_report_final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gadzekpo, A. 2008. “Guardians of Democracy.” In Ghana: Governance in the Fourth Republic, edited by B. Agyemang-Duah, 195–214. Accra: CDD Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G., L. Gross, M. Morgan, and N. Signorielli. 1980. “The “Mainstreaming” of America: Violence Profile No. 11.” Journal of Communication 30 (3): 10–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., N. Jung, and S. Valenzuela. 2012. “Social Media Use for News and Individuals’ Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17 (3): 319–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronke, P., and B. Newman. 2003. “FDR to Clinton, Mueller to?: A Field Essay on Presidential Approval.” Political Research Quarterly 56 (4): 501–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyampo, R. E. 2017. “Social Media, Traditional Media and Party Politics in Ghana.” Africa Review 9 (2): 125–139.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hilbert, M. 2009. “The Maturing Concept of E-Democracy: From E-Voting and Online Consultations to Democratic Value Out of Jumbled Online Chatter.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 6 (2): 87–110.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B., and J. Long. 2013. “Parties, Ethnicity, and Voting in African Elections.” Comparative Politics 45 (2): 127–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, R., and S. Zhuang. 2017. “Meijie shiyong dui zhongguo chengxiang jumin zhengfu xinren de yingxiang.” [The Influence of Media Use on the Trust of Chinese Urban and Rural Residents]. Southeast Academic Research 1: 94–111.
   Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt, R. 2007. “Information, Persuasion, and Political Communication Networks.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour, edited by R. J. Dalton and H. D. Klingemann, 101–122. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Internet World Statistics. 2019. “Ghana: Internet Usage Stats and Market Reports.” Accessed January 4, 2020. https://www.internetworldstats.com/af/gh.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, L., and R. Shapiro. 2000. “Issues, Candidate Image, and Priming: The Use of Private Polls in Kennedy’s 1960 Presidential Campaign.” American Political Science Review 88 (3): 527–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. J., and B. K. Kaye. 2014. “Credibility of Social Network Sites for Political Information Among Politically Interested Internet Users.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (4): 957–974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufhold, K., V. Sebastian, and H. Gil De Zúñiga. 2010. “Citizen Journalism and Democracy: How User-Generated News Use Relates to Political Knowledge and Participation.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 87 (3–4): 515–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye, B. K., and T. J. Johnson. 2002. “Online and in the Know: Uses and Gratifications of the Web for Political Information.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46 (1): 54–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushin, M., and M. Yamamoto. 2010. “Did Social Media Really Matter? College Students’ Use of Online Media and Political Decision Making in the 2008 Election.” Mass Communication and Society 13 (5): 608–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, E., J. Sides, and H. Farrell. 2010. “Self-Segregation or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation, and Polarization in American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 8 (1): 141–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F. L. F. 2007. “Talk Radio Listening, Opinion Expression and Political Discussion in a Democratizing Society.” Asian Journal of Communication 17 (1): 78–96.
   Google Scholar
• Leeper, T. J., and R. Slothuus. 2014. “Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Public Opinion Formation.” Political Psychology 35 (S1): 129–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabweazara, H. M. 2018. “African Digital Media Review.” African Journalism Studies 39 (1): 1–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKuen, M. B., and J. A. Stimson. 2002. The Macro Polity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzoleni, G. 2000. “A Return to Civic and Political Engagement Prompted by Personalized Political Leadership?” Political Communication 17 (4): 325–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCargo, D. 2016. “New Media, New Partisanship: Divided Virtual Politics in and Beyond Thailand.” International Journal of Communication 11: 4138–4157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClurg, S. 2006. “The Electoral Relevance of Political Talk: Examining Disagreement and Expertise Effects in Social Networks on Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 737–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs, M. 2014. Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Media Insight Project. 2017. Partisanship and the Media: How Personal Politics Affect Where People Go, What They Trust, and Whether They Pay. American Press Institute. https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/partisanship-and-media/.
   Google Scholar
• Moy, P., M. Pfau, and L. Kahlor. 1999. “Media Use and Public Confidence in Democratic Institutions.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 43 (2): 137–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Communications Authority. 2020. “Broadcasting Authorisations – FM and TV Stations.” Accessed June 4, 2020. https://www.nca.org.gh/industry-data-2/authorisations-2/tv-authorisation-2/.
   Google Scholar
• Nduhura, D., and M. Prieler. 2017. “Citizen Journalism and Democratisation of Mainstream Media in Rwanda.” African Journalism Studies 38 (2): 178–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Quaranta, M., and S. Martini. 2016. “Does the Economy Really Matter for Satisfaction With Democracy? Longitudinal and Cross-Country Evidence from the European Union.” Electoral Studies 42: 164–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond, A. 2017. “Repeal of the Criminal Libel Law in Ghana; Challenges and Prospects for Journalism.” International Journal of Management and Scientific Research 1 (4): 79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., J. Cho, W. P. Eveland, Jr., and N. Kwak. 2005. “Information and Expression in a Digital Age: Modelling Internet Effects on Civic Participation.” Communication Research 32 (5): 531–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D., D. McLeod, H. Rojas, J. Cho, M. Wagner, and L. Friedland. 2017. “Revising the Communication Mediation Model for a New Political Communication Ecology.” Human Communication Research 43 (4): 491–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearer, E., and K. V. Matsa. 2018. News Use Across Social Media Platforms. Pew Research Centre. Accessed May 12, 2020. https://www.journalism.org/2018/09/10/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018/.
   Google Scholar
• Sotirovic, M., and J. M. McLeod. 2001. “Values, Communication Behavior, and Political Participation.” Political Communication 18 (3): 273–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. 2011. Niche News: The Politics of News Choice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. 2009. Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M. 2017. “Understanding Self-Effects in Social Media.” Human Communication Research 43 (4): 477–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, K. T. 1996. Feeding the Beast: The White House Versus the Press. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, H., and D. Madrid-Morales. 2019. “An Exploratory Study of “Fake News” and Media Trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa.” African Journalism Studies 40 (1): 107–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., and L. Guo. 2019. “A Battlefield for Public Opinion Struggle: How Does News Consumption from Different Sources on Social Media Influence Government Satisfaction in China?” Information Communication and Society, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar