References
- Serrano Fernandez L, Ruiz L, Martinez-Indart L. Non-bacteremic pneumonoccocal pneumonia: general characteristics and early predictive factors for poor outcome. Infect Dis. 2020.
- Roson B, Carratala J, Verdaguer R, et al. Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:869–874.
- Miyashita N, Shimizu H, Ouchi K, et al. Assessment of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain and culture for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:CR171–C176.
- Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:202–209.
- Waterer GW, Wunderink RG. The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures. Respir Med. 2001;95:78–82.
- Metersky ML, Ma A, Bratzler DW, et al. Predicting bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:342–347.
- Sanyal S, Smith PR, Saha AC, et al. Initial microbiologic studies did not affect outcome in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:346–348.
- Theerthakarai R, El-Halees W, Ismail M, et al. Nonvalue of the initial microbiological studies in the management of nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2001;119:181–184.
- Bordon J, CAPO Study Group, Peyrani P, Brock GN, et al. The presence of pneumococcal bacteremia does not influence clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) International Cohort study. Chest. 2008;133:618–624.
- Dominguez J, Gali N, Blanco S, et al. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen by a rapid immunochromatographic assay in urine samples. Chest. 2001;119:243–249.
- Smith MD, Derrington P, Evans R, et al. Rapid diagnosis of bacteremic pneumococcal infections in adults by using the Binax NOW Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test: a prospective, controlled clinical evaluation. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:2810–2813.
- Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243–250.
- Niederman MS, Bass JB, Jr., Campbell GD, et al. Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. American Thoracic Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:1418–1426.
- Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al.; American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1730–1754.
- British Thoracic Society Standards of Care C. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax. 2001;56:IV1–64.
- Ioachimescu OC, Ioachimescu AG, Iannini PB. Severity scoring in community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: a 5-year experience. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;24:485–490.
- Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58:377–382.
- Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al.; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64 Suppl 3:iii1–55.
- Buising KL, Thursky KA, Black JF, et al. Identifying severe community-acquired pneumonia in the emergency department: a simple clinical prediction tool. Emerg Med Australas. 2007;19:418–426.
- Charles PG, Wolfe R, Whitby M, et al.; Australian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Study Collaboration. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:375–384.
- Capelastegui A, Zalacain R, Bilbao A, et al. Pneumococcal pneumonia: differences according to blood culture results. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:128.
- Bordon JM, Fernandez-Botran R, Wiemken TL, et al. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: clinical outcomes and preliminary results of inflammatory response. Infection. 2015;43:729–738.
- Musher DM, Rueda-Jaimes AM, Graviss EA, et al. Effect of pneumococcal vaccination: a comparison of vaccination rates in patients with bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1004–1008.
- Dear K, Holden J, Andrews R, et al. Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD000422.
- New York Times. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/obituaries/rocky-graziano-ex-ring-champion-dead-at-71.html?pagewanted=print