A 30-year perspective of low-dose dexamethasone, a single dose of mannitol and antiseizures prophylaxis on the prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis

References

• Domingo P, Pomar V, Benito N, et al. The changing pattern of bacterial meningitis in adult patients at a large tertiary university hospital in Barcelona, Spain (1982-2010). J Infect. 2013;66(2):147–154. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.10.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB). ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(Suppl 3):S37–S62. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viladrich PF, Gudiol F, Liñares J, et al. Characteristics and antibiotic therapy of adult meningitis due to penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Am J Med. 1988;84(5):839–846. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90061-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohr V, Rasmussen N, Hansen B, et al. Pneumo coccal meningitis: an evaluation of prognostic factors in 164 cases based on mortality and on a study of lasting sequelae. J Infect. 1985;10(2):143–157. doi:10.1016/s0163-4453(85)91585-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, et al. Corticosteroids in acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD004405. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterković V, Trkulja V, Kutleša M, et al. Dexamethasone for adult community-acquired bacterial meningitis: 20 years of experience in daily practice. J Neurol. 2012;259(2):225–236. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6150-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao M, Xu P, Liu J, et al. The role of adjunctive dexamethasone in the treatment of bacterial meningitis: an updated systematic meta-analysis. PPA. 2016;10:1243–1249. eCollection 2016. doi:10.2147/PPA.S109720.
   Google Scholar
• Tuomanen E, Liu H, Hengstler B, et al. The induction of meningeal inflammation by components of the pneumococcal cell wall. JInfect Dis. 1985;151(5):859–868. doi:10.1093/infdis/151.5.859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saukkonen K, Sande S, Cioffe C, et al. The role of cytokines in the generation of inflammation and tissue damage in experimental gram-positive meningitis. J Exp Med. 1990;1171(2):439–448. doi:10.1084/jem.171.2.439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabellos C, Viladrich PF, Ariza J1, et al. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in cirrhotic patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(1):35–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01839.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabellos C, Guillem L, Pelegrin I, et al. Penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis: treatment in the real world and in guidelines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66(12):e0082022. doi:10.1128/aac.00820-22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gans J, van de Beek D; European Dexamethasone in Adulthood Bacterial Meningitis. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1549–1556. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 11.0. 2021. http://www.eucast.org.
   Google Scholar
• Viladrich PF, Gudiol F, Liñares J, et al. Evaluation of vancomycin for therapy of adult pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35(12):2467–2472. doi:10.1128/AAC.35.12.2467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrogiannopoulos GA, Lourida AN, Theodoridou MC, et al. Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis in children: 2- versus 4-day regimen. J Infect Dis. 1994;169(4):853–858. doi:10.1093/infdis/169.4.853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre PB, Berkey CS, King SM, et al. Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials since1988. JAMA. 1997;278(11):925–931. doi:10.1001/jama.278.11.925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchholz G, Koedel U, Pfister HW, et al. Dramatic reduction of mortality in pneumococcal meningitis. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):312. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1498-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van de Beek D, de Gans J. Dexamethasone and pneumococcal meningitis. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(4):327. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-4-200408170-00028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas MJ, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Delayed cerebral thrombosis in bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(5):866–871. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2792-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corchia A, Gouvion A, Deguelte-Lardiere S, et al. Complications of dexamethasone prescribed for Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis associated with cerebral vasculitis involving large- to medium-sized vessels. Revue Neurologique. 2018;174(4):267–268. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2017.06.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boix-Palop L, Fernández T, Pelegrín I, et al. Delayed cerebral vasculopathy in pneumococcal meningitis: epidemiology and clinical outcome. A cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:283–289. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leib S L, Heimgartner C, Bifrare Y-D, et al. Dexamethasone aggravates hippocampal apoptosis and learning deficiency in pneumococcal meningitis in infant rats. Pediatr Res. 2003;54(3):353–357. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000079185.67878.72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoons E, Weisfelt M, de Gans J, et al. Seizures in adults with bacterial meningitis. Neurology. 2008;70(22_part_2):2109–2115. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000288178.91614.5d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen FTBD, Brandt CT, Larsen L, DASGIB study group, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of seizures in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis in Denmark: observational cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):e030263. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerram S, Katyal N, Premkumar K, et al. Seizure prophylaxis in the neuroscience intensive care unit. J Intensive Care. 2018;6(1):17. doi:10.1186/s40560-018-0288-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6–15. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelman DLH, Brouwer MC, Ter Horst L, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis in adults: a prospective nationwide cohort study over a 20-year period. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(4):657–667. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabellos C, Martínez-Lacasa J, Tubau F, et al. Evaluation of combined CRO and dexamethasone therapy in experimental cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;45(3):315–320. doi:10.1093/jac/45.3.315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Lacasa J, Cabellos C, Martos A, et al. Experimental study of the efficacy of vancomycin, rifampin and dexamethasone in the therapy of pneumococcal meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49(3):507–513. doi:10.1093/jac/49.3.507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• París M, Hickey SM, Uscher MI, et al. Effect of dexamethasone on therapy of experimental penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38(6):1320–1324. doi:10.1128/AAC.38.6.1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer MC, Heckenberg SG, de Gans J, et al. Nationwide implementation of adjunctive dexamethasone therapy for pneumococcal meningitis. Neurology. 2010;75(17):1533–1539. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f96297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodilsen J, Dalager-Pedersen M, Schønheyder HC, et al. Dexamethasone treatment and prognostic factors in community-acquired bacterial meningitis: a Danish retrospective population-based cohort study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46(6):418–425. doi:10.3109/00365548.2014.887223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baunbæk-Knudsen G, Sølling M, Farre A, et al. Improved outcome of bacterial meningitis associated with use of corticosteroid treatment. Infect Dis. 2016;48(4):281–286. doi:10.3109/23744235.2015.1109705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar