501
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Origins of analysis methods used to design high-performance commercial buildings: Whole-building energy simulation

&
Pages 118-137 | Received 04 Sep 2014, Accepted 20 May 2015, Published online: 14 Sep 2015

References

  • Alford, J.S., J.E. Ryan, and F.O. Urban. 1939. Effect of heat storage and variation in outdoor temperature and solar intensity on heat transfer through walls. ASHVE Transactions 45:369–96.
  • ASHRAE. 1961. ASHRAE Guide and Data Book, 1961 Fundamentals and Equipment. Chapter 26, Air-conditioning cooling load. New York, NY: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 1975. Procedure for Determining Heating and Cooling Loads for Computerizing Energy Calculations—Algorithms for Building Heat Transfer Subroutines. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 1997. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, Chapter 28. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2001a. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2001, Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2001b. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, Chapter 29. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004, Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2007. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2007, Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2009. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, Chapter 18. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2011. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2011, Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2013. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, Chapter 18. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Ayres, J.M., and E. Stamper. 1995. Historical development of building energy calculations. ASHRAE Transactions 37(2):841–9.
  • Brisken, W.R., and S.G. Reque. 1956. Heal load calculations by thermal response. ASHVE Transactions 62:391–424.
  • Buchberg, H. 1955. Electric analogue prediction of the thermal behavior of an inhabitable enclosure. ASHVE Transactions 61:339–86.
  • Buchberg, H. 1958. Cooling load from thermal network solutions. ASHVE Transactions 64:111–28.
  • Carrier Corporation. (2013). What's new with HAP. www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac/general/0,3053,CLI1_DIV12_ETI3944,00.html.
  • Ceylan, H.T., and G.E. Myers. 1980. Long-time solutions to heat-conduction transients with time-dependent inputs. Journal of Heat Transfer 102(1):115–20.
  • Crawley, D.B., J.W. Hand, M. Kummert, and B.T. Griffith. 2005. Contrasting the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs. gundog.lbl.gov/dirpubs/2005/05_compare.pdf.
  • Crawley, D.B., J.W. Hand, M. Kummert, and B.T. Griffith. 2008. Contrasting the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs. Building and Environment 43(4):661–73.
  • Crawley, D.B., L.K. Lawrie, C.O. Pedersen, F.C. Winkelmann, M.J. Witte, R.K. Strand, R.J. Liesen, W.F. Buhl, Y.J. Huang, R.H. Hnninger, J. Glazer, D.E. Fisher, and D. Shirey. 2002. EnergyPlus: New, capable, and linked. Proceedings of the 2002 International Green Building Conference, Austin, TX, November, 2002.
  • Crawley, D.B., L.K. Lawrie, F.C. Winkelmann, and C.O. Pedersen. 2001. EnergyPlus: New capabilities in a whole-building energy simulation program. Proceedings of Building Simulation 2001, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 13–15, 2001, pp. 51–58.
  • Cumali, Z.O. 2012. Fast algorithms for EnergyPlus acceleration Phase I—2012. Unpublished manuscript, Optens, LLC, San Francisco, CA.
  • Cumail, Z.O., A.O. Sezgen, and R. Sullivan. 1979. Final report—passive solar calculation methods. Report EM-78-C-01-5221, US DOE, Washington, DC.
  • Degelman, L.O., and G. Andrade. 1986. A Bibliography of Available Computer Programs in the Area of Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Donaldson, B., B. Nagengast, and G. Meckler. 1994. Heat & Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors. Chapter, Scientific roots of HVAC&R. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE). 2015. Building energy software tools directory. apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/.
  • Faust, F.H., L. Levine, and F.O. Urban. 1935. A rational heat gain method for the determination of air conditioning cooling loads. ASHVE Transactions 41:327–54.
  • Feldman, S.J., and R.L. Merriam. 1979. Building energy analysis computer programs with solar heating and cooling System capabilities. Report EPRI ER-1146, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.
  • Fisher, D.E. Personal communication, January 29, 2013.
  • G.K. Yuill & Associates Ltd. 1990. An Annotated Guide to Models and Algorithms for Energy Calculations Relating to HVAC Equipment. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • Haberl, J.S., and S. Cho. 2004. Literature review of uncertainty of analysis methods (DOE-2 program). Report ESL-TR-04-11-01, Energy Systems Laboratory, College Station, TX.
  • Harris, S.M., and F.C. McQuiston. 1988. A study to categorize walls and roofs on the basis of thermal response. ASHRAE Transactions 94(2):688–714.
  • Hill, P.R. 1957. A method of computing the transient temperature of thick walls from arbitrary variation of adiabatic-wall temperature and heat-transfer coefficient. Technical Notes 4105, Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Hampton, VA.
  • Hittle, D.C. 1977. The building loads analysis and system thermodynamics (BLAST) program. CERL Technical Report E-119. Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL).
  • Huang, J., N. Bourassa, F. Buhl, E. Erdem, and R. Hitchcock. 2006. Using energyplus for California Title-24 compliance calculations. Proceedings of 2nd National IBPSA-USA Conference SimBuild 2006, Cambridge, MA, August, 2006.
  • International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA), USA Affiliate. 2011. Overview of simulation. www.labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/disciplinas/ECV4202_Overview_Simulation.pdf
  • Judkoff, R., and J. Neymark. 2006. Model validation and testing: The methodological foundation of ASHRAE Standard 140. Proceedings of the ASHRAE 2006 Annual Meeting, Quebec City, Canada, June 24–29, 2006.
  • Kerrisk, J.F. 1981. Weighting factors in the DOE-2 computer program. Report LA-8886-MS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM.
  • Kerrisk, J.F., B.D. Hunn, N.M. Schnurr, and J.E. Moore. 1981. The custom weighting-factor method for thermal-load calculations in the DOE-2 computer program. Report LA-UR-81-1559, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM.
  • Kerrisk, J.F., J.E. Moore, N.M. Schnurr, and B.D. Hunn. 1980. Passive solar design calculations with the DOE-2 computer program. Proceedings of the Fifth National Passive Solar Conference, Amherst, MA, October 19–26, 1980, pp. 116–20.
  • Klein, S.A. 1976. A design procedure for solar heating systems. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI.
  • Kusuda, T. 1969. Thermal response factors for multi-layer structures of various heat conduction systems. ASHRAE Transactions 75(1):246–71.
  • Kusuda, T. ed. 1971. Use of computers for environmental engineering related to buildings. National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 39, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  • Kusuda, T. 1974. NBSLD, computer program for heating and cooling Loads in buildings. NBSIR 74-574. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards.
  • Kusuda, T. 1976. NBSLD, the computer program for heating and cooling loads in buildings. National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 69, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  • Kusuda, T. 1985. Summary of recent activities on building energy simulation analysis in North America. Proceedings of the Building Energy Simulation Conference, Seattle, WA, August 21, 1985, pp. 1–14.
  • Kusuda, T. 1999. Early history and future prospects of building system simulation. Proceedings of Building Simulation 1999, Kyoto, Japan :3–16.
  • Kusuda, T., and F.J. Powell. 1972. Use of modern computer programs to evaluate dynamic heat transfer and energy use processes in buildings. In B.E. Foster, ed., National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 361: Vol. 1. Performance Concept in Buildings (pp. 407–18). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and James J. Hirsch & Associates (JJH). 1998. Overview of DOE-2.2. www.doe2.com/download/Docs/22_Oview.pdf.
  • Lokmanhekim, M. ed. 1971. Procedure for Determining Heating and Cooling Loads for Computerized Energy Calculations—Algorithms for Building Heat Transfer Subroutines. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Mackey, C.O., and L.T. Wright. 1942. Summer comfort factors as influenced by the thermal properties of building materials. Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning 14(12):750–7.
  • Mackey, C.O., and L.T. Wright. 1944. Periodic heat flow—homogeneous walls or roofs. Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning 16(9):546–55.
  • Mackey, C.O., and L.T. Wright. 1946. Periodic heat flow—composite walls or roofs. ASHVE Transactions 52:283–96.
  • Mao, C., J.S. Haberl, and J.C. Baltazar. 2013. Peak heating/cooling load design methods: How we got to where we are today in the U.S. Proceedings of 13th International Conference of the IBPSA, Chambery, France, August 25–28, 2013, pp. 143–51.
  • McQuiston, F.C., and J.D. Spitler. 1992. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual, 2nd ed. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Mitalas, G.P. 1965. An assessment of common assumptions in estimating cooling loads and space temperatures. ASHRAE Transactions 71(2):72–80.
  • Mitalas, G.P. 1972. Transfer function method of calculating cooling loads, heat extraction and space temperature. ASHRAE Journal 14(12):54–6.
  • Mitalas, G.P., and J.G. Arseneault. 1967. Fortran IV program to calculate heat flux response factors for a multi-layer slab. Report DBR Computer Program No. 26, National Research Council of Canada–Division of Building Research, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Mitalas, G.P., and D.G. Stephenson. 1967. Room thermal response factors. ASHRAE Transactions 73(1):1–10.
  • Nessi, A., and N. Nisolle. 1925. Regimes Variables de Fonctionnement dans les Installations de Chauffage Central. Paris, France: Dunod.
  • Nottage, H.B. and G.V. Parmelee. 1954. Circuit analysis applied to load estimating. ASHVE Transactions.
  • Obert, E.F. 1960. Concepts of Thermodynamics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oh, S. 2013. Origins of analysis methods in energy simulation programs used for high performance commercial buildings. Master's Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
  • Oh, S., and J.S. Haberl. 2015a. Origins of analysis methods used to design high performance commercial buildings: Solar energy analysis. Science and Technology for the Built Environment (accepted August 3, 2015). . doi: 10.1080/23744731.2015.1090277
  • Oh, S., and J.S. Haberl. 2015b. Origins of analysis methods used to design high performance commercial buildings: Daylighting simulation. Science and Technology for the Built Environment doi: (accepted August 23, 2015). 10.1080/23744731.2015.1090278
  • Ouyang, K., and F. Haghighat. 1991. A procedure for calculating thermal response factors of multi-layer walls—state space method. Building and Environment 26(2):173–7.
  • Pedersen, C.O. 2009. Building simulation. IBPSA USA Meeting, Louisville, KY, June 20. www.ibpsa.us/pub/meetings/2009-06-curtis-pedersen-NOTES.pdf.
  • Pedersen, C.O., D.E. Fisher, and R.J. Liesen. 1997. Development of a heat balance procedure for calculating cooling loads. ASHRAE Transactions 103:459–68.
  • Pedersen, C.O., D.E. Fisher, J.D. Spitler, and R.J. Liesen. 1998. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Principles. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Pipes, L.A. 1957. Matrix analysis of heat transfer problems. Journal of the Franklin Institute 263(3):195–206.
  • Rees, S.J., J.D. Spitler, M.G. Davies, and P. Haves. 2000. Qualitative comparison of North American and U.K. cooling load calculation methods. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 6(1):75–99.
  • Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). 2011. Collaborate and capitalize: Post-report from the Building Energy Modeling (BEM) innovation summit. rmi.org/Content/Files/BEM_Report_FINAL.pdf
  • Rudoy, W. 1979. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • Rudoy, W., and F. Duran. 1975. Development of an improved cooling load calculation method (ASHRAE RP-138). ASHRAE Transactions 81(2):19–69.
  • Schnurr, N.M., J.F. Kerrisk, J.E. Moore, B.D. Hunn, and Z.O. Cumail. 1979. Applications of DOE-2 to direct-gain passive solar systems: Implementation of a weighting-factor calculative technique. Proceedings of the Fourth National Passive Solar Conference, Kansas City, MO, October 3–5, 1979, pp. 182–6.
  • Seem, J.E. 1987. Modeling of heat transfer in buildings. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI.
  • Shavit, G. 1995. Short-time-step analysis and simulation of homes and buildings during the last 100 years. ASHRAE Transactions 101(1):856–68.
  • Smith, B. 2011. HVAC peak load calculation methods—history and comparisons. www.elitesoft.com/web/newsroom/loadcalcs.html
  • Sowell, E.F. 1988a. Classification of 200,640 parametric zones for cooling load calculations. ASHRAE Transactions 94(2):754–77.
  • Sowell, E.F. 1988b. Cross-check and modification of the DOE-2 program for calculation of zone weighting factors. ASHRAE Transactions 94(2):737–53.
  • Sowell, E.F. 1988c. Load calculations for 200,640 zones. ASHRAE Transactions 94(2):716–36.
  • Sowell, E.F., and D.C. Chiles. 1985. Characterization of zone dynamic response for CLD/CLTD tables. ASHRAE Transactions 91(2A):162–78.
  • Sowell, E.F., and D.C. Hittle. 1995. Evolution of building energy simulation methodology. ASHRAE Transactions 101(1):850–55.
  • Spitler, J.D. 1996. Annotated Guide to Load Calculation Models and Algorithms. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • Spitler, J.D. 2011. Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation, pp. 84–142, Thermal load and energy performance prediction. J.L.M. Hensen and R. Lamberts, eds. New York, NY: Spon Press.
  • Spitler, J.D., and D.E. Fisher. 1999. On the relationship between the radiant time series and transfer function methods for design cooling load calculations. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 5(2):123–36.
  • Spitler, J.D., D.E. Fisher, and C.O. Pedersen. 1997. The radiant time series cooling load calculation procedure. ASHRAE Transactions 103(2):503–15.
  • Spitler, J.D., F.C. McQuiston, and K.L. Lindsey. 1993. The CLTD/SCL/CLF cooling load calculation method. ASHRAE Transactions 99(1):183–92.
  • Stephenson, D.G., and G.P. Mitalas. 1967. Cooling load calculations by thermal response factor method. ASHRAE Transactions 73(1):1–7.
  • Stephenson, D.G., and G.P. Mitalas. 1971. Calculation of heat conduction transfer functions for multi-layer slabs. ASHRAE Transactions 77(2):117–26.
  • Stewart, J.P. 1948. Solar heat gain through walls and roofs for cooling load calculations. ASHVE Transactions 54:361–88.
  • Threlkeld, J.L. 1970. Thermal Environmental Engineering, 2nd ed. Chapter 15, Instantaneous heat gain. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Trane. 2013. TRACE 700 version information. www.trane.com/Commercial/dna/view.aspx?i=2067#release6210.
  • Tupper, K., E. Franconi, C. Chan, C. Fluhrer, M. Jenkins, and S. Hodgin. 2011. Pre-read for Building Energy Modeling (BEM) innovation summit. www.rmi.org/Content/Files/Summit_PreRead_Apr-19-2011(2).pdf.
  • Tustin, A. 1947. A method of analyzing the behavior of linear systems in terms of time series. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 94(2A):130–42.
  • University of Illinois at Urbana -Champaign (UIUC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). 2012. EnergyPlus Engineering Reference. Chapter, Conduction through the walls. Berkeley, CA: LBNL
  • U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). 1985. Building Energy Simulation Conference Notebook. Golden, CO: The Solar Energy Research Institute (now NREL).
  • Versage, R., A.P. Melo, and R. Lamberts. 2010. Impact of different daylighting simulation results on the prediction of total energy consumption. Proceedings of 4th National IBPSA-USA Conference SimBuild 2010, New York, NY, August 11–13, 2010.
  • Walton, G.N. 1983. Thermal analysis research program (TARP) reference manual. Report NBSSIR 83-2655. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards (now, NIST).
  • Walton, G.N. 2001. Computer program for heating and cooling loads in buildings. A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology. A Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST Publications 1901-2000. Special Publication 958. pp 266–269. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  • Willcox, T.N., C.T. Oergerl, S.G. Reque, C.M. ToeLaer, and W.R. Brisken. 1954. Analogue computer analysis of residential cooling loads. ASHVE Transactions 60:505–24.
  • Winkelmann, F.C., B.E. Birdsall, W.F. Buhl, K.L. Ellington, A.E. Erdem, J.J. Hirsch, and S. Gates. 1993. DOE-2 supplement version 2.1E. Report LBL-34947, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.