1,757
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Field measurement and modeling of UVC cooling coil irradiation for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning energy use reduction (RP-1738)—Part 2: Energy, indoor air quality, and economic modeling

&
Pages 600-611 | Received 22 Feb 2017, Accepted 03 Aug 2017, Published online: 30 Oct 2017

References

  • Adams, P.F., G.E. Hendershot, and M.A. Marano. 1999. Current Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1996. Series 10, Num 200 (Vol. 10).
  • Aldred, J.R., E. Darling, G. Morrison, J.A. Siegel, and R. Corsi. 2015. Benefit-cost analysis of commercially available activated carbon filters for indoor ozone removal in single-family homes. Indoor Air 26(3):510–512.
  • ASHRAE. 2004. Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2015a. Owning and Operating Costs. In 2015 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2015b. Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment. In 2015 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications (p. 60.1-60.16). Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • ASHRAE. 2016. Ultraviolet Lamp Systems. In 2016 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment (p. 17.1-17.10). Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • Bahnfleth, W., and J. Firrantello. 2017. Field Measurement and Modeling of UVC Cooling Coil Irradiation for HVAC Energy Use Reduction (RP-1738). Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
  • Barthold, R.O., and J.L. Ford. 2012. Paid Sick Leave: Prevalence, Provision, and Usage Among Full-Time Workers in Private Industry. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/cwc/paid-sick-leave-prevalence-provision-and-usage-among-full-time-workers-in-private-industry.pdf.
  • Blackwell, D.L., J.W. Lucas, and T.C. Clarke. 2014. Summary health statistics for U.S. Adults: national health interview survey, 2012. Washington, DC: CDC.
  • BLS. 2015. CPI Detailed Report Data for December 2015.
  • CDC. 2014. Data and Statistics Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey Estimates of Healthcare-Associated Infections Occurring in Acute Care Hospitals in the United States. www.cdc.gov/HAI/surveillance/index.html.
  • CDC. 2015. Guide to Infection Prevention for Outpatient Settings: Minimum Expectations for Safe Care. Washington, DC: CDC.
  • Cohen, A.J., H.R. Anderson, B.D. Ostro, K.D. Pandey, M. Krzyzanowski, N. Kunzli, K. Gutschmidt, A. Pope, I. Romieu, J.M. Samet, and K. Smith. 2005. The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues 68(13–14):1301–7.
  • Deru, M., K. Field, D. Studer, K. Benne, B. Griffith, P. Torcellini, B. Liu, M. Halverson, D. Winiarski, M. Rosenberg, M. Yazdanian, J. Huang, and D. Crawley. 2011. U.S. Department of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models of the National Building Stock. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy.
  • DOE. 2012. EnergyPlus, version 8.2. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy.
  • DOE. 2014. Output:Table:SummaryReports. In EnergyPlus Input Output Reference. Washington, DC: DOE.
  • Edwards, C. 2011. Social Cost–Benefit Analysis—Summarizing the Available Global Evidence on Drinking-Water Interventions. In J. Cameron, P. Hunter, P. Jagals, and K. Pond, eds., Valuing water, valuing livelihoods (p. 221). London: IWA Publishing.
  • EIA. 2016a. Electricity Data Browser. www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/.
  • EIA. 2016b. Natural Gas Prices. www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_nus_a.htm.
  • Eickhoff, T.C. 1994. Airborne nosocomial infection: A contemporary perspective. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology: The Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 15(January):663–72.
  • EPA. 2008. BENmap User's Manual Appendices. Washington, DC: EPA.
  • EPA. 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (Final Report). Washington, DC: EPA.
  • Firrantello, J., W. Bahnfleth, and P.A. Kremer. 2017. Field measurement and modeling of UVC cooling coil irradiation for HVAC energy use reduction (RP-1738)—Part 1: Field measurements. Science and Technology for the Built Environment ( under review).
  • Fisk, W.J. 2002. How IEQ affects health, productivity. ASHRAE Journal 44(5):56–8.
  • Fisk, W.J., O. Seppänen, D. Faulkner, and J. Huang. 2005. Economic benefits of an economizer system: Energy savings and reduced sick leave. ASHRAE Transactions 111(2):673–80.
  • Fuller, S.K., and S.R. Petersen. 1995. Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program. NIST Handbook 135. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
  • Hofstetter, P. 1998. Perspectives in Life Cycle Impact Assessment: A Structured Approach to Combine Models of the Technosphere, Ecosphere, and Valuesphere. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Keikavousi, F. 2004. UVC: Florida hospital puts HVAC maintenance under a new light. Engineered Systems 21:60–3.
  • Kowalski, W. 2003. Immune Building Systems Technology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Kowalski, W. 2009. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Kowalski, W., and W. Bahnfleth. 2002. MERV filter models for aerobiological applications. Air Media 13–7.
  • Lau, J., W. Bahnfleth, and J. Freihaut. 2009. Estimating the effects of ambient conditions on the performance of UVGI air cleaners. Building and Environment 44(7):1362–70.
  • Mathers, C.D., A.D. Lopez, and C.J.L. Murray. 2006. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001. A.D. Lopez, C.D. Mathers, H.E. Khalifa, C.J.L. Murray, and D. Jamison, eds. Global burden of disease and risk factors (pp. 45–125). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Nardell, E.A., and J. Keegan. 1991. Airborne infection: Theoretical limits of protection achievable by building ventilation. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 144(2):302–6.
  • NIST. 2015. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis—2015 Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
  • Noakes, C.J., and P.A. Sleigh. 2009. Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6(SUPPL. 6):S791–800.
  • Noakes, C.J., P.A. Sleigh, and A. Khan. 2012. Appraising healthcare ventilation design from combined infection control and energy perspectives. HVAC&R Research 18(4):658–70.
  • Renshaw, E. 1995. Epidemic Processes. In Modelling biological populations in space and time (2nd ed., p. 334). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • RS Means. 2013. RS Means Facilities Maintenance and Repair Cost Data. Rockland, MA: RS Means.
  • Rudnick, S.N., and D.K. Milton. 2003. Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration. Indoor Air 13:237–45.
  • Scott, R.D. 2009. The direct medical costs of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and the benefits of prevention. Washington, DC: CDC.
  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1997. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
  • Wang, Y. 2017. Field Study of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Systems for Cooling Coils in a Hot and Humid Climate—Energy and Disinfection Analysis (doctoral dissertation, submitted). National University of Singapore.
  • Wang, Y., C. Sekhar, W. Bahnfleth, K.W. Cheong, and J. Firrantello. 2016. Effectiveness of an ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system in enhancing cooling coil energy performance in a hot and humid climate. Energy and Buildings 130(2016):321–9.
  • Wang, Y., C. Sekhar, W. Bahnfleth, K.W. Cheong, and J. Firrantello. 2017. Effects of an ultraviolet coil irradiation system on the airside heat transfer coefficient and low ΔT syndrome in a hot and humid climate. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 23(4):582–593.
  • Wells, W.F. 1943. Air disinfection in day schools. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 33(12):1436–43.
  • WHO. 2015. Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/.
  • World Bank. 2013. GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD.
  • Yang, L., J.E. Braun, and E.A. Groll. 2007a. The impact of evaporator fouling and filtration on the performance of packaged air conditioners. International Journal of Refrigeration 30(3):506–14.
  • Yang, L., J.E. Braun, and E.A. Groll. 2007b. The impact of fouling on the performance of filter-evaporator combinations. International Journal of Refrigeration 30(3):489–98.