Energy and ventilation performance analysis for CO₂-based demand-controlled ventilation in multiple-zone VAV systems with fan-powered terminal units (ASHRAE RP-1819)

References

• Apte, M. G. 2006. A review of demand control ventilation. LBNL-60170 Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• ASHRAE. 2018. ASHRAE Guideline 36-2018. High Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems.
   Google Scholar
• ASHRAE. 2019. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• ASHRAE. 2019. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2019, Energy standard for buildings except low rise residential buildings. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• ASHRAE. 2019. Appendix G 3.1.3.14 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2019, Energy standard for buildings except low rise residential buildings. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, J. A., and B. Kanaan. 2017. Differential pressure rise measurements and impact in EnergyPlus modeling for series VAV fan-powered terminal units using PSC motors. ASHRAE Transactions 123 (2):202.
   Google Scholar
• California Energy Commission. 2019. Building energy efficiency standards for residential and nonresidential buildings. California Code of Regulations, Title 24.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. A., D. L. O’Neal, J. A. Bryant, and A. Cramlet. 2009. Modeling the performance of single-duct VAV systems that use fan powered terminal units. ASHRAE Transactions 115 (1):308–313.
   Google Scholar
• Dols, W. S., S. J. Emmerich, and B. J. Polidoro. 2016. Coupling the multizone airflow and contaminant transport software CONTAM with EnergyPlus using co-simulation. Building Simulation 9 (4):469–79. doi:10.1007/s12273-016-0279-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faris, G., D. Int-Hout, and D. O'Neal. 2017. Fan-powered VAV terminal units: Application and modeling implications from past and current research. ASHRAE Journal 59 (11):18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furr, J. C., M. A. Davis, and A. Cramlet. 2008. Performance of VAV fan-powered terminal units: Experimental setup and methodology. ASHRAE Transactions 114:75–82.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, M., A. Trüschel, and J.-O. Dalenbäck. 2014. CO2 sensors for occupancy estimations: Potential in building automation applications. Energy and Buildings 84:548–56. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliev, V., D. Badunski, I. Seso, and S. I. Andovski. 2014. Direct digital control of HVAC system and CO2-based demand controlled ventilation. International Journal of Innovative Technology Exploring Engineering 26 (2):257–281.
   Google Scholar
• Lachhab, F., M. Bakhouya, R. Ouladsine, and M. Essaaidi. 2019. Context-driven monitoring and control of buildings ventilation systems using big data and Internet of Things–based technologies. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233 (3):276–88. doi:10.1177/0959651818791406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachhab, F., M. Essaaidi, M. Bakhouya, and R. Ouladsine. 2015. A state-feedback approach for controlling ventilation systems in energy efficient buildings. Paper presented at 3rd International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), IEEE, Marrakech, Morocco.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, X., and J. Lau. 2014. Demand controlled ventilation for multiple zone HVAC systems: CO2-based dynamic reset (RP 1547). HVAC&R Research 20 (8):875–88. doi:10.1080/10789669.2014.945853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, X., and J. Lau. 2015. Demand-controlled ventilation for multiple-zone HVAC systems—Part 2: CO2-based dynamic reset with zone primary airflow minimum set-point reset (RP-1547). Science and Technology for the Built Environment 21 (8):1100–8. doi:10.1080/23744731.2015.1072043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, X., J. Lau, and G. Yuill. 2013. ASHRAE 1547-RP. CO2-based demand controlled ventilation for multiple zone HVAC systems.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, X., J. Lau, and G. K. Yuill. 2014. Evaluation on the validity of the assumptions underlying CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation by a literature review. ASHRAE Transactions 120 (1):81–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, D. 2018. Annual energy performance evaluation of series and parallel fixed-airflow fan-powered terminal units. ASHRAE Transactions 124:148–58.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, T., X. Lü, and M. Viljanen. 2011. A novel and dynamic demand-controlled ventilation strategy for CO2 control and energy saving in buildings. Energy and Buildings 43 (9):2499–508. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lü, X., T. Lu, M. Viljanen, and C. J. Kibert. 2013. A new method for controlling CO2 in buildings with unscheduled opening hours. Energy and Buildings 59:161–70. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, X., Z. O’Neill, Y. Li, and F. Niu. 2020. A novel simulation-based framework for sensor error impact analysis in smart building systems: A case study for a demand-controlled ventilation system. Applied Energy 263:114638. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassif, N. 2012. A robust CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation control strategy for multi-zone HVAC systems. Energy and Buildings 45:72–81. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.10.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neal, D., C. Reid, D. Ingram, D. Li, J. Bryant, S. Gupta, B. Kanaan, S. Bryant, and P. Yin. 2016. Developing fan power terminal unit performance data and models compatible with EnergyPlus, Report.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neal, D. L., D. D. Ingram, and C. L. Reid. 2015. Modeling fan-powered terminal unit fan/motor combinations controlled by silicon controlled rectifiers. ASHRAE Transactions 121 (2):342.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, Z. D., Y. Li, H. C. Cheng, X. Zhou, and S. T. Taylor. 2017. ASHRAE 1747-RP. Implementation of RP-1547 CO2-based demand controlled ventilation for multiple zone HVAC systems in direct digital control systems.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, Z. D., Y. Li, H. C. Cheng, X. Zhou, and S. T. Taylor. 2020. Energy savings and ventilation performance from CO2-based demand controlled ventilation: Simulation results from ASHRAE RP-1747 (ASHRAE RP-1747). Science and Technology for the Built Environment 26 (2):257–81. doi:10.1080/23744731.2019.1620575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardoueinasab, Z., P. Yin, and D. O’Neal. 2018. Energy modeling and analysis of inherent air leakage from parallel fan-powered terminal units using EMS in EnergyPlus. Energy and Buildings 176:109–19. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shriram, S., and K. Ramamurthy. 2019. Assessment of CO2-based demand controlled ventilation requirement for a flexible work environment with ductless split air conditioners. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 25 (7):805–18. doi:10.1080/23744731.2019.1569458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipes, J. 2010. Tech tips: Fan-powered terminal units.
   Google Scholar
• Škrjanc, I., and B. Šubic. 2014. Control of indoor CO2 concentration based on a process model. Automation in Construction 42:122–6. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2014.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The International WELL Building Institute. 2019. The WELL building standard v1.
   Google Scholar
• Titus. 2012. Q&A: how do you size parallel fan powered terminal units? http://titus-hvac.blogspot.com/2012/07/q-how-do-you-size-parallel-fan-powered.html.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, G., and W. S. Dols. 2016. CONTAM 3.2 user guide and program documentation.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H., L. Xie, S. Liu, and J. Xu. 2016. A model-based control of CO2 concentration in multi-zone ACB air-conditioning systems. Paper presented at 12th IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation (ICCA), IEEE, Kathmandu, Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Warden, D. 2004. Supply air CO2 control of minimum outdoor air for multiple space systems. ASHRAE Journal 46 (10):26.
   Google Scholar