Analyzing power and energy flexibilities by demand response in district heated buildings in Finland and Germany

References

• Ala-Kotila, P., T. Vainio, and J. Heinonen. 2020. Demand response in district heating market—Results of the field tests in student apartment buildings. Smart Cities 3(2):157–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3020009
   Google Scholar
• Alimohammadisagvand, B., J. Jokisalo, and K. Sirén. 2018. Comparison of four rule-based demand response control algorithms in an electrically and heat pump-heated residential building. Applied Energy 209:167–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMU (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety). 2019. Climate action in figures. Accessed September 4, 2020. https://www.bmu.de/en/topics/climate-energy/climate/climate-action-in-figures.
   Google Scholar
• Bring, A., P. Sahlin, and M. Vuolle. 1999. Models for building indoor climate and energy simulation—A report of IEA SHC Task 22: Building energy analysis tools. Stockholm, IEA. Accessed April 9, 2021. https://www.equa.se/dncenter/T22Brep.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bundesnetzagentur. 2014. Biogas-Monitoringbericht 2014—Bericht der Bundesnetzagentur über die Auswirkungen der Sonderregelungen für die Einspeisung von Biogas in das Erdgasnetz [Biogas Monitoring Report 2014—Report of the German Bundesnetzagentur on the effects of the special regulations for the feed-in of biogas into the natural gas grid]. Post und Eisenbahnen. Bonn. Accessed November 10, 2020. https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/Biogas/Biogas_Monitoring/Biogas_Monitoringbericht_2014.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, J., and J. E. Braun. 2019. Assessments of demand response potential in small commercial buildings across the United States. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 25 (10):1437–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2019.1629245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEN (The European Committee for Standardization). 2007. EN. 2007. 13779: 2007. Ventilation for non-residential buildings–performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems. Brussels, Belgium: The European Committee for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• De Coninck, R., and L. Helsen. 2016. Quantification of flexibility in buildings by cost curves–Methodology and application. Applied Energy 162:653–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWD, Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service). 2017. Handbuch Ortsgenaue Testreferenzjahre von Deutschland für mittlere, extreme und zukünftige Witterungsverhältnisse (Handbook of Precise Test Reference Years of Germany for Medium, Extreme and Future Weather Conditions). Accessed September 11, 2020. https://www.bbsr.bund.de/BBSR/DE/forschung/programme/zb/Auftragsforschung/5EnergieKlimaBauen/2013/testreferenzjahre/try-handbuch.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3.
   Google Scholar
• DWD. 2020. Wetter und Klima aus einer Hand [Weather and climate from a single source]. Accessed September 11, 2020. https://kunden.dwd.de/obt.
   Google Scholar
• EN 15251. 2007. Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. Finnish Standards Association SFS, Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Equa Simulation, A. B. 2010a. Validation of IDA indoor climate and energy 4.0 with respect to CEN Standards EN 15255-2007 and EN 15265-2007. Solna, Sweden. Accessed April 9, 2021. http://www.equaonline.com/iceuser/validation/CEN_VALIDATION_EN_15255_AND_15265.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Equa Simulation, A. B. 2010b. Validation of IDA indoor climate and energy 4.0 build 4 with respect to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004. EQAU Simulation Technology Group, Sweden. Accessed April 9, 2021. http://www.equaonline.com/iceuser/validation/ASHRAE140-2004.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Euroheat & Power, & Moczko, D. 2019. District energy in Germany. Accessed April 4, 2021. https://www.euroheat.org/knowledge-hub/district-energy-germany.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2018. EU Climate Action—2030 climate and energy framework. Accessed September 4, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2020. 2050 long-term strategy. Accessed September 24, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en.
   Google Scholar
• Finnish Government. 2019. Programme of Prime Minister Sanna Marin’s Government 10 December 2019. Inclusive and competent Finland—A socially, economically and ecologically sustainable society. Accessed September 4, 2020. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-287-811-3.
   Google Scholar
• Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality (Sisäilmayhdistys ry). 2018. Sisäilmastoluokitus 2018 [Classification of indoor environment 2018]. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality.
   Google Scholar
• FINVAC (The Finnish Association of HVAC Societies). 2017. Opas ilmanvaihdon mitoitukseen muissa kuin asuinrakennuksissa [The guidelines of ventilation dimensioning in other buildings than apartment building]. FINVAC. Helsinki. Accessed April 9, 2021. https://finvac.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Opas_ilmanvaihdon_mitoitukseen_muissa_kuin_asuinrakennuksissa_2017.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• FMI (Finnish Meteorological Institute). 2020. Energialaskennan testivuodet nykyilmastossa [Test years for energy calculation in current climate]. Accessed September 11, 2020. http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/energialaskennan-testivuodet-nyky.
   Google Scholar
• Gelazanskas, L., and K. A. Gamage. 2014. Demand side management in smart grid: A review and proposals for future direction. Sustainable Cities and Society 11:22–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedegaard, R. E., M. H. Kristensen, T. H. Pedersen, A. Brun, and S. Petersen. 2019. Bottom-up modelling methodology for urban-scale analysis of residential space heating demand response. Applied Energy 242:181–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA (International Energy Agency). 2018. Energy policies of IEA countries: Finland 2018 review, IEA, Paris. Accessed September 4, 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-finland-2018-review.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, S. Ø., A. Marszal-Pomianowska, R. Lollini, W. Pasut, A. Knotzer, P. Engelmann, A. Stafford, and G. Reynders. 2017. IEA EBC annex 67 energy flexible buildings. Energy and Buildings 155:25–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johra, H., P. Heiselberg, and J. Le Dréau. 2019. Influence of envelope, structural thermal mass and indoor content on the building heating energy flexibility. Energy and Buildings 183:325–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju, Y., J. Jokisalo, R. Kosonen, V. Kauppi, and P. Janßen. 2021. Analyzing energy flexibility by demand response in a Finnish district heated apartment building. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 246, p. 09006). EDP Sciences. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124609006
   Google Scholar
• Junker, R. G., A. G. Azar, R. A. Lopes, K. B. Lindberg, G. Reynders, R. Relan, and H. Madsen. 2018. Characterizing the energy flexibility of buildings and districts. Applied Energy 225:175–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalamees, T., K. Jylhä, H. Tietäväinen, J. Jokisalo, S. Ilomets, R. Hyvönen, and S. Saku. 2012. Development of weighting factors for climate variables for selecting the energy reference year according to the EN ISO 15927-4 standard. Energy and Buildings 47:53–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontu, K., J. Vimpari, P. Penttinen, and S. Junnila. 2018. City scale demand side management in three different-sized district heating systems. Energies 11 (12):3370. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Dréau, J., and P. Heiselberg. 2016. Energy flexibility of residential buildings using short term heat storage in the thermal mass. Energy 111:991–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loga, T., and U. Imkeller-Benjes. 1997. Energiepass Heizung/Warmwasser [Energy demand heating/hot water]. Institut Wohnen und Umwelt (IWU). Darmstadt. Accessed April 9, 2021. https://www.iwu.de/fileadmin/tools/ephw/1997_IWU_LogaImkeller-Benjes_Energiepass-Heizung-Warmwasser-EPHW.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, K. 2017. Demand response of heating and ventilation within educational office buildings. Master’s thesis, Aalto University.
   Google Scholar
• Mikola, A., T. Kalamees, and T. A. Kõiv. 2017. Performance of ventilation in Estonian apartment buildings. Energy Procedia 132:963–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.681
   Google Scholar
• Miller, W., and M. Senadeera. 2017. Social transition from energy consumers to prosumers: Rethinking the purpose and functionality of eco-feedback technologies. Sustainable Cities and Society 35:615–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment. 2017. Ympäristöministeriön asetus uuden rakennuksen energiatehokkuudesta [Decree 1010/2017 Ministry of Environment’s decree on new building’s energy efficiency]. Ministry of Environment. Helsinki. Finland. Accessed April 9, 2021. https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2017/20171010#Pidp4469784.80.
   Google Scholar
• Moosberger, S. 2007. IDA ICE CIBSE-validation: Test of IDA indoor climate and energy version 4.0 according to CIBSE TM33, issue 3. EQAU Simulation Technology Group, Sweden. Accessed April 9, 2021. http://www.equaonline.com/iceuser/validation/ICE-Validation-CIBSE_TM33.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nuytten, T., B. Claessens, K. Paredis, J. Van Bael, and D. Six. 2013. Flexibility of a combined heat and power system with thermal energy storage for district heating. Applied Energy 104:583–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.11.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldewurtel, F., D. Sturzenegger, G. Andersson, M. Morari, and R. S. Smith. 2013. Towards a standardized building assessment for demand response. In 52nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 7083–7088.
   Google Scholar
• Palensky, P., and D. Dietrich. 2011. Demand side management: Demand response, intelligent energy systems, and smart loads. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 7 (3):381–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2011.2158841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynders, G., J. Diriken, and D. Saelens. 2017. Generic characterization method for energy flexibility: Applied to structural thermal storage in residential buildings. Applied Energy 198:192–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynders, G., R. A. Lopes, A. Marszal-Pomianowska, D. Aelenei, J. Martins, and D. Saelens. 2018. Energy flexible buildings: An evaluation of definitions and quantification methodologies applied to thermal storage. Energy and Buildings 166:372–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.02.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert, F. C., G. S. Sisodia, and S. Gopalan. 2018. A critical review on the utilization of storage and demand response for the implementation of renewable energy microgrids. Sustainable Cities and Society 40:735–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahlin, P. 1996. Modelling and simulation methods for modular continuous systems in buildings. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Salo, S., A. Hast, J. Jokisalo, R. Kosonen, S. Syri, J. Hirvonen, and K. Martin. 2019. The impact of optimal demand response control and thermal energy storage on a district heating system. Energies 12 (9):1678. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandrock, M., C. Maaß, S. Weisleder, C. Kaufmann, G. Fuß, P. A. Sørensen, L. L. Jensen, and K. Radmann. 2016. Erneuerbare Energien im Fernwärmenetz Hamburg – Teil 1: Handlungsoptionen für einen kurzfristigen Ersatz des Kraftwerks Wedel [Renewable Energies for district heating in Hamburg – Part 1: Options for action for a short-term replacement of the Wedel combined heat and power plant]. HIC Hamburg Institut Consulting GmbH. Hamburg. Accessed November 10, 2020. https://www.hamburg-institut.com/images/pdf/studien/161207%20%20Bericht%20BUE.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Seppänen, O., N. Brelih, G. Goeders, and A. Litiu. 2012. Health based ventilation guidelines for Europe. Work package 5. Existing buildings, building codes, ventilation standards and ventilation in Europe. The Final Report. REHVA. Brussels. Accessed April 9, 2021. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/chafea_pdb/assets/files/pdb/20091208/20091208_d05_oth5_en_ps.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• SFS-EN-ISO 7730. 2006. Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Helsinki: Finnish Standards Association.
   Google Scholar
• Shan, K., S. Wang, C. Yan, and F. Xiao. 2016. Building demand response and control methods for smart grids: A review. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 22 (6):692–704. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2016.1192878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhonen, J., J. Jokisalo, R. Kosonen, V. Kauppi, Y. Ju, and P. Janßen. 2020. Demand response control of space heating in three different building types in Finland and Germany. Energies 13 (23):6296. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinner, S., K. Huchtemann, and D. Müller. 2016. Quantifying the operational flexibility of building energy systems with thermal energy storages. Applied Energy 181:140–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vand, B., K. Martin, J. Jokisalo, R. Kosonen, and A. Hast. 2020. Demand response potential of district heating and ventilation in an educational office building. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 26 (3):304–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2019.1693207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, J. H., Baldick, R., & Novoselac, A. 2016. Demand response control of residential HVAC loads based on dynamic electricity prices and economic analysis. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 22 (6):705–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar, R., Mahmood, A., Razzaq, S., Ali, W., Naeem, U., & Shehzad, K. 2018. Prosumer based energy management and sharing in smart grid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82:1675–1684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar