196
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

CFD modeling of room airflow effects on inactivation of aerosol SARS-CoV-2 by an upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 719-729 | Received 27 Jan 2023, Accepted 31 Jul 2023, Published online: 20 Sep 2023

References

  • ASHRAE. 2022. ANSI/ASHRAE standard 62.1- 2022, ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. ASHRAE.
  • Azimi, P., D. Zhao, and B. Stephens. 2014. Estimates of HVAC filtration efficiency for fine and ultrafine particles of outdoor origin. Atmospheric Environment 98:337–46. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.007
  • Beggs, C. B., C. J. Noakes, P. A. Sleigh, L. A. Fletcher, and K. Siddiqi. 2003. The transmission of tuberculosis in confined spaces: An analytical review of alternative epidemiological models. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 7 (11):1015–26.
  • Buratti, C., D. Palladino, and E. Moretti. 2017. Prediction of indoor conditions and thermal comfort using CFD simulations: A case study based on experimental data. Energy Procedia 126:115–22. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.130
  • Chandrasekhar, D., and B. Van Houten. 2000. In vivo formation and repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts measured at the gene and nucleotide level in Escherichia coli. Mutation Research 450 (1–2):19–40. 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00014-2
  • Chao, C. Y. H., M. P. Wan, L. Morawska, G. R. Johnson, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, S. Corbett, Y. Li, X. Xie, et al. 2009. Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. Journal of Aerosol Science 40 (2):122–33. 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003
  • Di Felice, R. 1994. The voidage function for fluid-particle interaction systems. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 20 (1):153–9. 10.1016/0301-9322(94)90011-6
  • First, M. W., E. A. Nardell, W. Chaisson, and R. Riley. 1999. Guidelines for the application of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for preventing transmission of airborne contagion – Part 2: Design and operation guidance (No. CONF-990102-). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
  • First, M., S. N. Rudnick, K. F. Banahan, R. L. Vincent, and P. W. Brickner. 2007. Fundamental factors affecting upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation—Part I. Experimental. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 4 (5):321–31. 10.1080/15459620701271693
  • Gupta, J. K., C.-H. Lin, and Q. Chen. 2010. Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking. Indoor Air 20 (1):31–9. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00623.x
  • Hult, E. L., H. Willem, P. N. Price, T. Hotchi, M. L. Russell, and B. C. Singer. 2015. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exposure mitigation in US residences: In-home measurements of ventilation control and source control. Indoor Air 25 (5):523–35. 10.1111/ina.12160
  • Johnson, G. R., L. Morawska, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, C. Y. H. Chao, M. P. Wan, Y. Li, X. Xie, D. Katoshevski, et al. 2011. Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions. Journal of Aerosol Science 42 (12):839–51. 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009
  • Kanaan, M., and A. Abou Moughlbay. 2018. Comparative CFD investigation of upper room UVGI efficacy with three different ventilation systems. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 13 (21):14897–14902.
  • Kanaan, M., N. Ghaddar, K. Ghali, and G. Araj. 2014. New airborne pathogen transport model for upper-room UVGI spaces conditioned by chilled ceiling and mixed displacement ventilation: Enhancing air quality and energy performance. Energy Conversion and Management 85:50–61. 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.073
  • Kanaan, M., N. Ghaddar, K. Ghali, and G. Araj. 2015. Upper room UVGI effectiveness with dispersed pathogens at different droplet sizes in spaces conditioned by chilled ceiling and mixed displacement ventilation system. Building and Environment 87:117–28. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.01.029
  • Ko, G., M. W. First, and H. A. Burge. 2002. The characterization of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation in inactivating airborne microorganisms. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (1):95–101. 10.1289/ehp.0211095
  • Kowalski, W. 2010. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation handbook: UVGI for air and surface disinfection. Springer.
  • Kowalski, W. J., and W. P. Bahnfleth. 2000. Effective UVGI system design through improved modeling. ASHRAE Transactions 106:721.
  • Lau, J., W. Bahnfleth, R. Mistrick, and D. Kompare. 2012. Ultraviolet irradiance measurement and modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of in-duct ultraviolet germicidal irradiation devices. HVAC&R Research 18 (4):626–42.
  • Li, Y. (2021). Basic routes of transmission of respiratory pathogens—A new proposal for transmission categorization based on respiratory spray, inhalation, and touch. Indoor Air 31 (1):3.
  • Licina, D., J. Pantelic, A. Melikov, C. Sekhar, and K. W. Tham. 2014. Experimental investigation of the human convective boundary layer in a quiescent indoor environment. Building and Environment 75:79–91. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.016
  • Lo, S., and A. Tomasello. 2010. Recent progress in CFD modelling of multiphase flow in horizontal and near-horizontal pipes. Presented at the 7th North American Conference on Multiphase Technology, OnePetro.
  • Luo, H., and L. Zhong. 2021. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for in-duct airborne bioaerosol disinfection: Review and analysis of design factors. Building and Environment 197:107852. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107852
  • Menter, F. R. 1994. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA Journal 32 (8):1598–605. 10.2514/3.12149
  • Mphaphlele, M., A. S. Dharmadhikari, P. A. Jensen, S. N. Rudnick, T. H. van Reenen, M. A. Pagano, W. Leuschner, T. A. Sears, S. P. Milonova, M. van der Walt, et al. 2015. Institutional tuberculosis transmission. controlled trial of upper room ultraviolet air disinfection: A basis for new dosing guidelines. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 192 (4):477–84. 10.1164/rccm.201501-0060OC
  • Nishiura, H., H. Oshitani, T. Kobayashi, T. Saito, T. Sunagawa, T. Matsui, T. Wakita, M. C.-19 R. Team, and M. Suzuki. 2020. Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv 2020.02.28.20029272.
  • Noti, J. D., F. M. Blachere, C. M. McMillen, W. G. Lindsley, M. L. Kashon, D. R. Slaughter, and D. H. Beezhold. 2013. High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs. PloS One 8 (2):e57485. 10.1371/journal.pone.0057485
  • Nunayon, S. S., H. H. Zhang, and A. C. K. Lai. 2020. A novel upper-room UVC-LED irradiation system for disinfection of indoor bioaerosols under different operating and airflow conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 396:122715. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122715
  • Park, S., R. Mistrick, and D. Rim. 2022. Performance of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system in learning environments: Effects of ventilation rate, UV fluence rate, and UV radiating volume. Sustainable Cities and Society 85:104048. 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104048
  • Pei, G., and D. Rim. 2021. Quality control of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of ozone reaction with human surface: Effects of mesh size and turbulence model. Building and Environment 189:107513. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107513
  • Prather, K. A., C. C. Wang, and R. T. Schooley. 2020. Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Science (New York, N.Y.) 368 (6498):1422–4. 10.1126/science.abc6197
  • Riley, R. L., and E. A. Nardell. 1990. Clearing the air: The theory and application of ultraviolet air disinfection: Reply. American Review of Respiratory Disease 142 (5):1233–4. 10.1164/ajrccm/142.5.1233a
  • Rudnick, S. N., J. J. McDevitt, G. M. Hunt, M. T. Stawnychy, R. L. Vincent, and P. W. Brickner. 2015. Influence of ceiling fan’s speed and direction on efficacy of upperroom, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation: Experimental. Building and Environment 92:756–63. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.025
  • Siemens Digital Industries Software. 2023. Simcenter STAR-CCM + User Guide v. 2023.1.
  • Sung, M., and S. Kato. 2010. Method to evaluate UV dose of upper-room UVGI system using the concept of ventilation efficiency. Building and Environment 45 (7):1626–31. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.01.011
  • Wang, H., K. R. Paulson, S. A. Pease, S. Watson, H. Comfort, P. Zheng, A. Y. Aravkin, C. Bisignano, R. M. Barber, T. Alam, et al. 2022. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. The Lancet 399 (10334):1513–36. 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
  • Whalen, J. J. 2009. Environmental control for tuberculosis; basic upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation guidelines for healthcare settings guide.
  • WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. n.d.
  • Won, Y., P. S. J. Lakey, G. Morrison, M. Shiraiwa, and D. Rim. 2020. Spatial distributions of ozonolysis products from human surfaces in ventilated rooms. Indoor Air 30 (6):1229–40. 10.1111/ina.12700
  • Xu, P., N. Fisher, and S. L. Miller. 2013. Using computational fluid dynamics modeling to evaluate the design of hospital ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems for inactivating airborne mycobacteria†. Photochemistry and Photobiology 89 (4):792–8. 10.1111/php.12062
  • Yang, Y., H. Zhang, S. S. Nunayon, V. Chan, and A. C. Lai. 2018. Disinfection efficacy of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation on airborne bacteria in ventilation ducts. Indoor Air 28 (6):806–17. 10.1111/ina.12504
  • Zaatari, M., A. Novoselac, and J. Siegel. 2014. The relationship between filter pressure drop, indoor air quality, and energy consumption in rooftop HVAC units. Building and Environment 73:151–61. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.12.010
  • Zhang, Z., and Q. Chen. 2009. Prediction of particle deposition onto indoor surfaces by CFD with a modified Lagrangian method. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2):319–28. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.041
  • Zhao, X., S. Liu, Y. Yin, T. (Tim) Zhang, and Q. Chen. 2022. Airborne transmission of COVID-19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods. Indoor Air 32 (6):e13056. 10.1111/ina.13056
  • Zhu, S., J. Srebric, S. N. Rudnick, R. L. Vincent, and E. A. Nardell. 2013. Numerical investigation of upper-room UVGI disinfection efficacy in an environmental chamber with a ceiling fan. Photochemistry and Photobiology 89 (4):782–91. 10.1111/php.12039
  • Zhu, S., J. Srebric, S. N. Rudnick, R. L. Vincent, and E. A. Nardell. 2014. Numerical modeling of indoor environment with a ceiling fan and an upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system. Building and Environment 72:116–24. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.10.019

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.