211
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Performance assessment of a real water source heat pump within a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing environment

ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon &
Pages 1011-1026 | Received 10 Apr 2023, Accepted 23 Aug 2023, Published online: 18 Oct 2023

References

  • AHRI. 2008. Performance rating of unitary air conditioning and air-source heat pump equipment. Vol. 210/240. Arlington, VA: AHRI.
  • ASHRAE. 2004. Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings . Vol. 90.1.
  • ASHRAE. 2020. Standard methods for temperature measurement. In ASHRAE standard 41.1.
  • ASME. 2018. Test uncertainty. Vol. PTC 19.1. New York, NY: ASME.
  • Baldwin, S., G. Bindewald, A. Brown, C. Chen, K. Cheung, C. Clark, J. Cresko, M. Crozat, J. Daniels, and J. Edmonds. 2015. Quadrennial technology review: An assessment of energy technologies and research opportunities. Technical Report.
  • Barve, A., and L. Cremaschi. 2012. Drop-in performance of low GWP refrigerants in a heat pump system for residential applications.
  • Bauer, D., W. Heidemann, H. Müller‐Steinhagen, and H. J. Diersch. 2011. Thermal resistance and capacity models for borehole heat exchangers. International Journal of Energy Research 35 (4):312–20. doi:10.1002/er.1689
  • Blum, D., Z. Wang, C. Weyandt, D. Kim, M. Wetter, T. Hong, and M. A. Piette. 2022. Field demonstration and implementation analysis of model predictive control in an office HVAC system. Applied Energy 318:119104. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119104
  • Bünning, F., J. Warrington, P. Heer, R. S. Smith, and J. Lygeros. 2020a. Frequency regulation with heat pumps using robust MPC with affine policies. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53 (2):13210–5. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.147
  • Bünning, F., J. Warrington, P. Heer, R. S. Smith, and J. Lygeros. 2020b. Machine learning and robust MPC for frequency regulation with heat pumps. arXiv Preprint arXiv:2009.06920
  • Bünning, F., J. Warrington, P. Heer, R. S. Smith, and J. Lygeros. 2022. Robust MPC with data-driven demand forecasting for frequency regulation with heat pumps. Control Engineering Practice 122:105101. doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2022.105101
  • Bushby, S. T., and H. M. Newman. 2002. BACnet today. ASHRAE Journal, 10:10–8.
  • Cai, J., and J. E. Braun. 2019. Laboratory-based assessment of HVAC equipment for power grid frequency regulation: Methods, regulation performance, economics, indoor comfort and energy efficiency. Energy and Buildings 185:148–61. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.022
  • Calfa, C., Z. Yang, Y. Fu, Z. Chen, Z. O'Neill, and J. Wen. 2022. Development of A Water Source Heat Pump Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL). In Testing Facility for Smart Building Applications 2022 ASHRAE Annual Conference , Toronto, ON, Canada.
  • Carvalho, A. D., P. Moura, G. C. Vaz, and A. T. de Almeida. 2015. Ground source heat pumps as high efficient solutions for building space conditioning and for integration in smart grids. Energy Conversion and Management 103:991–1007. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.032
  • Chen, Z., J. Wen, S. T. Bushby, L. J. Lo, Z. O'Neill, W. V. Payne, A. Pertzborn, C. Calfa, Y. Fu, and G. Grajewski. 2023. Development of a Hardware-in-theloop Testbed for Laboratory Performance Verification of Flexible Building Equipment in Typical Commercial Buildings. arXiv Preprint arXiv:2301.13412
  • De Coninck, R., and L. Helsen. 2016. Practical implementation and evaluation of model predictive control for an office building in Brussels. Energy and Buildings 111:290–8. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.014
  • De Dear, R. J. 1998. A global database of thermal comfort field experiments. ASHRAE Transactions 104:1141.
  • Dhillon, P., D. Kim, T. W. Horton, and J. E. Braun. 2022. Effect of a thermostat environment emulator on load-based test results for a residential heat pump.
  • Dhillon, P., A. Patil, L. Cheng, J. E. Braun, and W. T. Horton. 2018. Performance evaluation of heat pump systems based on a load-based testing methodology.
  • Fiorentini, M., J. Wall, Z. Ma, J. H. Braslavsky, and P. Cooper. 2017. Hybrid model predictive control of a residential HVAC system with on-site thermal energy generation and storage. Applied Energy 187:465–79. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.041
  • Fischer, D., J. Bernhardt, H. Madani, and C. Wittwer. 2017. Comparison of control approaches for variable speed air source heat pumps considering time variable electricity prices and PV. Applied Energy 204:93–105. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.110
  • Goel, S., M. Rosenberg, R. Athalye, Y. Xie, W. Wang, R. Hart, J. Zhang, and V. Mendon. 2014. Enhancements to ASHRAE standard 90.1 prototype building models
  • Huang, S., S. Katipamula, and R. Lutes. 2023. An experimental study on round-trip efficiency of a preheating control with a medium office building. Energy and Buildings 278:112622. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112622
  • Jiang, Z., J. Cai, and P. S. Moses. 2020. Smoothing control of solar photovoltaic generation using building thermal loads. Applied Energy 277:115523. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115523
  • Kim, D., P. Dhillon, T. W. Horton, and J. E. Braun. 2022. Thermostat environment emulator design update and assessment for load-based testing methodology.
  • Kim, Y.-J., E. Fuentes, and L. K. Norford. 2016. Experimental study of grid frequency regulation ancillary service of a variable speed heat pump. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 31 (4):3090–9. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2472497
  • Langevin, J., J. Wen, and P. L. Gurian. 2013. Modeling thermal comfort holistically: Bayesian estimation of thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference distributions for office building occupants. Building and Environment 69:206–26. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.017
  • Langevin, J., J. Wen, and P. L. Gurian. 2015. Simulating the human-building interaction: Development and validation of an agent-based model of office occupant behaviors. Building and Environment 88:27–45. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.037
  • Lee, Z. E., Q. Sun, Z. Ma, J. Wang, J. S. MacDonald, and K. Max Zhang. 2020. Providing grid services with heat pumps: A review. Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities, 1 (1):011007.
  • Lindelöf, D., H. Afshari, M. Alisafaee, J. Biswas, M. Caban, X. Mocellin, and J. Viaene. 2015. Field tests of an adaptive, model-predictive heating controller for residential buildings. Energy and Buildings 99:292–302. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.029
  • Madani, H., N. Ahmadi, J. Claesson, and P. Lundqvist. 2010. Experimental analysis of a variable capacity heat pump system focusing on the compressor and inverter loss behavior.
  • Meng, Q., X. Ren, W. Wang, C. Xiong, Y. Li, Y. Xi, and L. Yang. 2021. Reduction in on-off operations of an air source heat pump with active thermal storage and demand response: An experimental case study. Journal of Energy Storage 36:102401. doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102401
  • Moran, M. J. S., and N. Howard. 2008. Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics. 6th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Moreno, P., A. Castell, C. Sole, G. Zsembinszki, and L. F. Cabeza. 2014. PCM thermal energy storage tanks in heat pump system for space cooling. Energy and Buildings 82:399–405. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.044
  • Müller, F. L., and B. Jansen. 2019. Large-scale demonstration of precise demand response provided by residential heat pumps. Applied Energy 239:836–45. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.202
  • Neukomm, M., V. Nubbe, and R. Fares. 2019. Grid-interactive efficient buildings
  • Péan, T. Q., J. Salom, and R. Costa-Castelló. 2019. Review of control strategies for improving the energy flexibility provided by heat pump systems in buildings. Journal of Process Control 74:35–49. doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2018.03.006
  • Sadjjadi, B. S., J.-N. Gerdes, and A. Sauer. 2023. Energy flexible heat pumps in industrial energy systems: A review. Energy Reports 9:386–94. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.110
  • Sawant, P., A. Bürger, C. Felsmann, and J. Pfafferott. 2022. Experimental demonstration of grid-supportive scheduling of a polygeneration system using economic-MPC. Energy and Buildings 254:111619. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111619
  • Shao, J., Z. Huang, Y. Chen, D. Li, and X. Xu. 2023. A practical application-oriented model predictive control algorithm for direct expansion (DX) air-conditioning (A/C) systems that balances thermal comfort and energy consumption. Energy 269:126748. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.126748
  • Spitler, J. D. 2000. GLHEPRO-A design tool for commercial building ground loop heat exchangers. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Heat Pumps in Cold Climates Conference .
  • Sun, Y., X. Chen, S. Wu, W. Wei, W. Wang, and S. Deng. 2022. Performance analysis of air source heat pump space heating system with an adaptive control for supply water temperature. Applied Thermal Engineering 211:118401. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118401
  • Váňa, Z., J. Cigler, J. Široký, E. Žáčeková, and L. Ferkl. 2014. Model-based energy efficient control applied to an office building. Journal of Process Control 24 (6):790–7. doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2014.01.016
  • Vanhoudt, D., D. Geysen, B. Claessens, F. Leemans, L. Jespers, and J. Van Bael. 2014. An actively controlled residential heat pump: Potential on peak shaving and maximization of self-consumption of renewable energy. Renewable Energy. 63:531–43. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.10.021
  • Vivian, J., L. Croci, and A. Zarrella. 2022. Experimental tests on the performance of an economic model predictive control system in a lightweight building. Applied Thermal Engineering 213:118693. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118693
  • Wetter, M., W. Zuo, T. S. Nouidui, and X. Pang. 2014. Modelica buildings library. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 7 (4):253–70. doi:10.1080/19401493.2013.765506
  • Xu, X., A. Maki, C-f Chen, B. Dong, and J. K. Day. 2017. Investigating willingness to save energy and communication about energy use in the American workplace with the attitude-behavior-context model. Energy Research & Social Science 32:13–22. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.02.011

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.