2,208
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Newly uncovered physics of MHD instabilities using 2-D electron cyclotron emission imaging system in toroidal plasmas

Article: 1633956 | Received 13 Mar 2019, Accepted 10 Jun 2019, Published online: 20 Jul 2019

References

  • Bateman G. MHD instabilities. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; 1978.
  • Parks GK. Physics of space plasmas. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.; 1991.
  • Tsurutani, B.T., Gonzalez W.D., Gonzalez, A.L.C., et al. Corotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity: A review. J Geophys Res. 2006;111(1-25): A07S01.
  • Yamada M. Review of the recent controlled experiments for study of local reconnection physics. Earth Planets Space. 2001;53:653–717.
  • Ono Y, Tanabe H, Yamada T, et al. High power heating of magnetic reconnection in merging tokamak experimentsa). Phys Plasma. 2015;22:055708.
  • Burch JI, Moore TE, Torbert RB, et al. Magnetospheric Multiscale Overview and Science Objectives. Space Sci Rev. 2016;199:5–21.
  • Wesson JA. Tokamaks. Oxford: Oxford University press; 2011 Oct.
  • Hutchinson IH. Principles of Plasma Diagnostics. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
  • Park H, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, et al. Simultaneous microwave imaging system for density and temperature fluctuation measurements on TEXTOR (invited). Rev Sci Instrum. 2004;75:3787.
  • Helander P, Beidler CD, Bird TM, et al. Stellarator and tokamak plasmas: a comparison. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2012;54:124009.
  • Wagner F. A quarter-century of H-mode studies. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. 2007;49:B1–B33.
  • Ida K, Fujita T. Internal transport barrier in tokamak and helical plasmas. Phys Control Fusion. 2018;60:033001.
  • Soltwisch H. Measurement of current-density changes during sawtooth activity in a tokamak by far-infrared polarimetry (invited). Rev Sci Instrum. 1988;59.
  • O’Rourke, J., The change in the safety factor profile at a sawtooth collapse Plasma Phys. Control Fusion. 1991;33, 289.
  • Rice BW. Fifteen chord FIR polarimetry system on MTX. Rev Sci Instrum. 1992;63:5002.
  • Wroblewski D, Huang LK, Moos HW, et al. Determination of the poloidal magnetic field profiles in a tokamak by polarization spectroscopy of an impurity ion line. Phys Rev Lett. 1988;61:1724.
  • Levinton F.M. The multichannel motional Stark effect diagnostic on TFTR. Rev Sci Instrum. 1992;63:5157.
  • Wroblewski D, Snider RT. Evidence of the complete magnetic reconnection during a sawtooth collapse in a tokamak. Phys Rev Lett. 1993;71:859.
  • Rice BW, Nilson DG, Burrell KH, et al. Simultaneous measurement of q and Er profiles using the motional Stark effect in high-performance DIII-D plasmas (invited). Rev Sci Instrum. 1999;70:815.
  • Chung J, Ko J, De Bock MFM, et al. Instrumentation for a multichord motional Stark effect diagnostic in KSTAR. Rev Sci Instrum. 2014;85:11D827.
  • Wolf RC, Bock A, Ford OP, et al. Motional Stark Effect measurements of the local magnetic field in high temperature fusion plasmas. JINST. 2015;10:10008.
  • West WP. Measurement of the Rotational Transform at the Axis of a Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett. 1987;58:2758.
  • Von Goeler S., Stodiek W. and Sauthoff, N, et al. Studies of internal disruptions and m = 1 oscillations in tokamak discharges with soft-X-ray techniques. Phys Rev Lett. 1973;33:1201.
  • Dubois MA, Pecquet AL, Reverdin C. Internal disruptions in the TFR tokamak: A phenomenological analysis. Nucl Fusion. 1984;23:147.
  • Granetz RS, Smeulders P. X-ray tomography on JET. Nucl Fusion. 1988;28: 459.
  • Janicki C, Simm C, Décoste R, et al. Tomographic analysis of compound sawteeth on the Tokamak de Varennes. Nucl Fusion. 1990;30: 950.
  • Yamaguchi S, Igami H, Tanaka H, et al. Three-dimensional observation of an helical hot structure during a sawtooth crash in the WT-3 Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;93:045005.
  • Sabbagh SA, Berkery JW, Bell RE, et al. Advances in global MHD mode stabilization research on NSTX. Nucl Fusion. 2010;50:025020.
  • Costley AE, Hastie RJ, Paul JWM, et al. Electron cyclotron emission from a tokamak plasma: experiment and theory. Phys Rev Lett. 1974;33:758.
  • Efthimion PC, Arunasalam V, Bitzer R, et al. A fast-scanning heterodyne receiver for measurement of the electron cyclotron emission from high-temperature plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum. 1979;50:949.
  • Cavallo A, Cutler R. Absolute calibration of a ten-channel grating polychromator for electron temperature measurements on Princeton large torus. Rev Sci Instrum. 1985;56:931.
  • Buratti P, Zerbini M. A Fourier transform spectrometer with fast scanning capability for tokamak plasma diagnostic. Rev Sci Instrum. 1995;66:4208.
  • Chang Z, Park W, Frederickson E, et al. Off-axis sawteeth and double-tearing reconnection in reversed magnetic shear plasmas in TFTR. Phys Rev Lett. 1996;77:3553.
  • Fredrickson ED, Austin ME, Groebner R, et al. Heat pulse propagation studies on DIII-D and the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Phys Plasmas. 2000;7:5051.
  • West, W.P. Thomas, D.M. deGrassie J.S. et al,  Measurement of the Rotational Transform at the Axis of a Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;90:205001.
  • Udintsev VS, Ottaviani M, Maget P, et al. Experimental observation of m/n = 1/1 mode behaviour during sawtooth activity and its manifestations in tokamak plasmas. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2005;47:1111.
  • Bornatici R, Cano R, De Barbieri O, et al. Electron cyclotron emission and absorption in fusion plasmas. Nucl Fusion. 1983;23:1153.
  • Park HK, Chang CC, Deng BH, et al. Recent advancements in microwave imaging plasma diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum. 2003;74:4239.
  • Wang, Y., Tobias, B., Chang Y-T. Millimeter-wave imaging of magnetic fusion plasmas: technology innovations advancing physics understanding. et al. Nucl Fusion. 2017;57:072007.
  • Classen IGJ, Boom JE, Suttrop W, et al. 2D electron cyclotron emission imaging at ASDEX Upgrade (invited). Rev Sci Instrum. 2010;81:10D929.
  • Tobias B, Domier CW, Liang T, et al. Commissioning of electron cyclotron emission imaging instrument on the DIII-D tokamak and first data. Rev Sci Instrum. 2010;81:10D928.
  • Zhu YL, Xie JL, Yu, CX Millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics systems on the EAST tokamak (invited). 2016;87:11D901.
  • Jiang M., Shi ZB, Che S.,et al. Development of electron cyclotron emission imaging system on the HL-2A tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum. 2013;84:113501.
  • Kuwahara D, Tsuji-Iio S, Nagayama Y, et al. Development of electron cyclotron emission imaging system on Large Helical Device. Rev Sci Instrum. 2010;81:10D919.
  • Yun GS, Lee W, Choi MJ, et al. Quasi 3D ECE imaging system for study of MHD instabilities in KSTAR. Rev Sci Instrum. 2014;85:11D820.
  • Nam YB, Park HK, Lee W, et al. Systematic effects from an ambient-temperature, continuously rotating half-wave plate. Rev Sci Instrum. 2016;87:11E135.
  • Kadomtsev BB. Disruptive instability in tokamaks. Sov J Plasma Phys. 1975;1:389.
  • Kulsrud RM. Magnetic reconnection: sweet-Parker versus Petschek. Earth Planets Space. 2001;53:417–422.
  • Zakharov L, Rogers B. Two-fluid magnetohydrodynamic description of the internal kink mode in tokamaks. Phys Fluids B. 1992;4:3285.
  • Levinton FM, Zakharov L, Batha SH, et al. Stabilization and onset of sawteeth in TFTR. Phys Rev Lett. 1994;72:2895.
  • Levinton FM, Fonck RJ, Gammel GM, et al. Magnetic field pitch-angle measurments in the PBX-M tokamak using the motional Stark effect. Phys Rev Lett. 1987;63:2060–2063.
  • Lazarus E, Waelbroeck FL, Luce TC, et al. A comparison of sawtooth oscillations in bean and oval shaped plasmas. Plasma Phys Cont Fusion. 2006;48:L65.
  • Ko J, Kusaka A, Appel JW, et al. Systematic effects from an ambient-temperature, continuously rotating half-wave plate. Rev Sci Instrum. 2016;87:11E541.
  • Campbell DJ, Gill RD, Gowers CW, et al. Sawtooth activity in ohmically heated JET plasmas. Nucl Fusion. 1986;26:1085.
  • Wesson JA. Sawtooth oscillations. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 1986;28:243.
  • Gunter S, Yu Q, Lackner K, et al. Fast sawtooth reconnection at realistic Lundquist numbers. Plasma Phys Cont Fusion. 2015;57.
  • Nagayama Y. Yamada M, Park W. et al. Tomography of full sawtooth crashes on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Phys Plasmas. 1996;5:1647.
  • Nagayama Y, Sabbagh SA, Page Y LE. Novel high pressure phase of silica. Phys Rev Lett. 1992;69:2376.
  • Aydemir AY, Wiley JC, Ross DW.Toroidal studies of sawtooth oscillations in tokamaks. Phys. of Fluid 1989;B1:774.
  • Westerhof E, Smeulders P, Lopes Cardozo N. Observations of sawtooth postcursor oscillations in JET and their bearing on the nature of the sawtooth collapse. Nucl Fusion. 1989;29:1056.
  • Fredrickson ED, McGuire KM, Chang ZY, et al. Ballooning instability precursors to high β disruptions on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Phys Plasmas. 1996;3:2620.
  • Park HK, Luhmann NC, Donné AJH, et al. Observation of high-field-side crash and heat transfer during sawtooth oscillation in magnetically confined plasmas. Phys Rev Lett. 2006;96:195003.
  • Munsat T, Park HK, Classen IGJ, et al. Localization of the magnetic reconnection zone during sawtooth crashes in tokamak plasmas. Nucl Fusion. 2007;47:L31–L35.
  • Park HK, Donné AJH, Luhmann NC, et al. Comparison Study of 2D Images of Temperature Fluctuations during Sawtooth Oscillation with Theoretical Models. Phys Rev Lett. 2006;96:195004.
  • Tobias B, Domier CW, Liang T, et al. Commissioning of electron cyclotron emission imaging instrument on the DIII-D tokamak and first data. Rev Sci Instrum. 2010;81.
  • Gao, B.X., Gao BX, Xie JL, Mao Z et al. The electron cyclotron emission imaging system on EAST with continuous large observation area. JINST. 2018;13:P02009.
  • Igochine V, Boom J, Classen I, et al. Structure and dynamics of sawteeth crashes in ASDEX Upgrade. Phys Plasma. 2010;17:12506.
  • Jiang M, Shi ZB, Domier CW, et al. Note: upgrade of electron cyclotron emission imaging system and preliminary results on HL-2A tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum. 2015;86:076107.
  • Wan, B. Recent experiments in the EAST and HT-7 superconducting tokamaks. Nucl Fusion. 2009;49:10.
  • Kramer GJ, Cheng CZ, Kusama Y, et al. Magnetic safety factor profile before and after sawtooth crashes investigated with toroidicity and ellipticity induced Alfvén eigenmodes. Nucl Fusion. 2001;41:1135.
  • Chang, Z, Park W, Fredrickson ED, et al. Off-axis sawteeth and double-tearing reconnection in reversed magnetic shear plasmas in TFTR. Phys Rev Lett. 1996;77:3553.
  • Bierwage A, Benkadda S, Hamaguchi S, et al. Fast growing double tearing modes in a tokamak plasma. Phys Plasmas. 2005;12:082504.
  • Nam YB, Ko JS, Choe GH, et al. Validation of the ‘full reconnection model’ of the sawtooth instability in KSTAR. Nucl Fusion. 2018;58:066009.
  • Jardin SC, Ferraro N, Breslau J, et al. Multiple timescale calculations of sawteeth and other global macroscopic dynamics of tokamak plasmas. Comput Sci Disc. 2012;5:014002.
  • Matsuda, K. Ray tracing study of the electron cyclotron current drive in DIII-D using 60 GHz. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 1989;17:6.
  • Chang G. Linearly positive histories: probabilities for a robust family of sequences of quantum events. Phys Rev Lett. 1995;74:3715–3719.
  • Buttery RJ, Günter S, Giruzzi G, et al. Neoclassical tearing modes. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2000;42:B61–B73.
  • Maget P, Lütjens H, Coelho R, et al. Modelling of (2,1) NTM threshold in JET advanced scenarios. Nucl Fusion. 2010;50:045004.
  • Kasparek W, Doelman N, Stober J, et al. NTM stabilization by alternating O-point EC current drive using a high-power diplexer. Nucl Fusion. 2016;56:126001.
  • Classen IGJ, Westerhof E, Domier CW, et al. Effect of Heating on the Suppression of Tearing Modes in Tokamaks. Phys Rev Lett. 2007;98:035001.
  • Ren C, Callen JD, Gianakon TA, et al. Measuring Δ′ from electron temperature fluctuations in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Phys Plasmas. 1998;5:450.
  • Fitzpatrick R. Helical temperature perturbations associated with tearing modes in tokamak plasmas. Phys Plasmas. 1995;2:825.
  • Wang ZX, Li JQ, Kishimoto Y, et al. Magnetic-island-induced ion temperature gradient mode. Phys Plasmas. 2009;16:060703.
  • Waelbroeck FL, Militello F, Fitzpatrick R, et al. Effect of electrostatic turbulence on magnetic islands. Plasmas Phys Control Fusion. 2009;51:015015.
  • Wilson HR, Connor JW. The influence of magnetic islands on drift mode stability in magnetized plasma. Plasmas Phys Control Fusion. 2009;51:115007.
  • Banon NA, Bardóczi L, Carter TA, et al. Effect of magnetic islands on profiles, flows, turbulence and transport in nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2017;59:034004–034012.
  • Poli E, Bottino A, Hornsby WA, et al. Gyrokinetic and gyrofluid investigation of magnetic islands in tokamaks. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2010;52:124021.
  • Choi MJ, Yun GS, Lee W, et al. Improved accuracy in the estimation of the tearing mode stability parameters (Δ′ and wc) using 2D ECEI data in KSTAR. Nucl Fusion. 2014;54:083010.
  • Ida K, Ohyabu N, Morisaki T, et al. Observation of plasma flow at the Magnetic Island in the large helical device. Phys Rev Lett. 2001;88:015002.
  • Ida K, Kamiya K, Isayama A, et al. Reduction of ion thermal diffusivity inside a Magnetic Island in JT-60U Tokamak Plasma. Phys Rev Lett. 2012;109:065001.
  • Bardóczi L, Rhodes TL, Bañón Navarro A, et al. Multi-field/-scale interactions of turbulence with neoclassical tearing mode magnetic islands in the DIII-D tokamak. Phys Plasma. 2017;24:056106.
  • Ida K, Kobayashi T, Ono M, et al. Hysteresis relation between turbulence and temperature modulation during the heat pulse propagation into a Magnetic Island in DIII-D. Phys Rev Lett. 2018;120:245001.
  • Meskat JP, Zohm H, Gantenbein G, et al. Analysis of the structure of neoclassical tearing modes in ASDEX Upgrade. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2001;43:1325–1332.
  • Choi MJ, Kim J, Kwon J-M, et al. Multiscale interaction between a large scale magnetic island and small scale turbulence. Nucl Fusion. 2017;57:126058.
  • Kwon J-M, Ku S, Choi MJ, et al. Gyrokinetic simulation study of magnetic island effects on neoclassical physics and micro-instabilities in a realistic KSTAR plasma. Phys Plasma. 2018;25: 052506.
  • Ku S, Chang CS, Hager R, et al. A fast low-to-high confinement mode bifurcation dynamics in the boundary-plasma gyrokinetic code XGC1. Phys Plasmas. 2018;25:056107.
  • Kwon J-M, Qi L, Yi S, et al. ITG–TEM turbulence simulation with bounce-averaged kinetic electrons in tokamak geometry. Comput Phys Commun. 2017;215:81.
  • Taroyan Y, Ruderman MS. MHD waves and instabilities in space plasma flows. Space Sci Rev. 2011;158:505–523.
  • Heidbrink WW. Basic physics of Alfvén instabilities driven by energetic particles in toroidally confined plasmas. Phys Plamsas. 2008;15:055501.
  • Classen IGJ, Lauber P, Curran D, et al. Investigation of fast particle driven instabilities by 2D electron cyclotron emission imaging on ASDEX Upgrade. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2011;53:124018.
  • Tobias BJ, Classen IGJ, Domier CW, et al. Fast Ion induced shearing of 2D Alfvén eigenmodes measured by electron cyclotron emission imaging. Phys Rev Lett. 2011;106:075003.
  • Cheng CZ, Chance MS. NOVA: A nonvariational code for solving the MHD stability of axisymmetric toroidal plasmas. J Comput Phys. 1987;71:124.
  • Spong DA, Carreras BA, Hedrick CL, et al. Alpha destabilization of the TAE mode using a reduced gyrofluid model with Landau closure. Phys Scr. 1992;45:159.
  • Zohm H. The physics of edge localized modes (ELMs) and their role in power and particle exhaust. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 1996;38:1213–1223.
  • Maggi CF. Progress in understanding the physics of the H-mode pedestal and ELM dynamics. Nucl Fusion. 2010;50:066001.
  • Hegna C, Connor JW, Hastie RJ, et al. Toroidal coupling of ideal magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in tokamak plasmas. Phys Plasmas. 1996;3:584.
  • Snyder PB, Wilson HR, Ferron JR, et al. ELMs and constraints on the H-mode pedestal: peeling–ballooning stability calculation and comparison with experiment. Nucl Fusion. 2004;44:320.
  • Kirk A, Wilson HR, Counsell GF, et al. Spatial and temporal structure of edge-localized modes. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;92:245002.
  • Akers R, Ahn JW, Antar GY, et al. Transport and confinement in the Mega Ampère Spherical Tokamak (MAST) plasma. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2003;45:A175.
  • Ayed NB, Kirk A, Dudson B, et al. Inter-ELM filaments and turbulent transport in the Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2009;51:035016.
  • Connor JW., Edge-localized modes—physics and theory. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 1998;40:531-542.
  • Evans TE, Fenstermacher ME, Moyer RA, et al. RMP ELM suppression in DIII-D plasmas with ITER similar shapes and collisionalities. Nucl Fusion. 2008;48:024002.
  • Lang PT, Loarte A, Saibene G, et al. ELM control strategies and tools: status and potential for ITER. Nucl Fusion. 2013;53:043004.
  • Evans TE. ELM mitigation techniques. J Nucl Matter. 2013;438:551.
  • Langa PT, Conway GD, Eich T, et al. ELM pace making and mitigation by pellet injection in ASDEX Upgrade. Nucl Fusion. 2004;44:665–677.
  • Kirk A, Chapman IT, Evans TE, et al. Understanding the effect resonant magnetic perturbations have on ELMs. Plasma Phys Control Fusion. 2013;55:124003.
  • Strait EJ. Magnetic control of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in tokamaks. Phys Plasmas. 2015;22:021803.
  • Xiao WW, Diamond PH, Zou XL, et al. ELM mitigation by supersonic molecular beam injection into the H-mode pedestal in the HL-2A tokamak. Nucl Fusion. 2012;52:114027.
  • Evans T, Moyer RA, Thomas PR, et al. Suppression of large edge-localized modes in high-confinement DIII-D plasmas with a stochastic magnetic boundary. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;92:235003.
  • Yang HL, Park YM, Bae YS, et al. Development of KSTAR in-vessel components and heating systems. Fusion Eng Des. 2011;86:588–592.
  • Park HK, Choi MJ, Hong SH et al. Overview of the KSTAR research progress and future plan toward ITER and K-DEMO 2019: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab20e2 Nucl Fusion. 2019.
  • Park JK, Jeon YM, In, Y et al. 3D field phase-space control in tokamak plasmasNature Physics.  2018;14:1223.
  • McKee GR, Yan Z, Holland C, et al. Increase of turbulence and transport with resonant magnetic perturbations in ELM-suppressed plasmas on DIII-D. Nucl Fusion. 2013;53:113011.
  • Nazikian R, Paz-Soldan C, Callen J, et al. Pedestal bifurcation and resonant field penetration at the threshold of edge-localized mode suppression in the DIII-D Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett. 2015;114:105002.
  • In Y, Park JK, Jeon JM, et al. Extremely low intrinsic non-axisymmetric field in KSTAR and its implications. Nucl Fusion. 2015;55.
  • Boom JE, Classen IGJ, de Vries PC, et al. 2D ECE measurements of type-I edge localized modes at ASDEX Upgrade. Nucl Fusion. 2011;51:103039.
  • Tobias B, Austin ME, Boom JE, et al. ECE-imaging of the H-mode pedestal (invited). Rev Sci Instrum. 2012;83: 10E329.
  • Kim M, Choi MJ, Lee J, et al. Comparison of measured 2D ELMs with synthetic images from BOUT++ simulation in KSTAR. Nucl Fusion. 2014;54:093004.
  • Yun GS, Lee W, Choi MJ, et al. Two-Dimensional Visualization of Growth and Burst of the Edge-Localized Filaments in KSTAR H-Mode Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett. 2011;107:045004.
  • Lee JE, Yun GS, Lee W et al  Solitary perturbations in the steep boundary of magnetized toroidal plasma Scientific Reports, 2017;7: 45075.
  • Chang CS. Private Communication.
  • Lee J, Yun GS, Choi MJ, et al. Nonlinear interaction of edge-localized modes and turbulent eddies in Toroidal Plasma under n = 1 magnetic perturbation. Phys Rev Lett. 2016;117:075001.
  • Lee J, Jeon YM, In Y, et al. Direct evidence of E×B flow changes at the onset of resonant magnetic perturbation-driven edge-localized mode crash suppression. Nucl Fusion. 2019;59:066033.
  • Kusano K, Bamba Y, Yamamoto TT, et al. MAGNETIC FIELD STRUCTURES TRIGGERING SOLAR FLARES AND CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS. Astrophys J. 2012;760: 31.
  • Chen J, Howard RA, Brueckner GE, et al. Evidence of an Erupting Magnetic Flux Rope: LASCO Coronal Mass Ejection of 1997 April 13. Astrophys J Lett. 1997;490:L191.
  • Schmieder B, Emoulin PD, Aulanier G, arXiv:1212.4014 [astro-ph.SR], 2012 Solar filament eruptions and their physical role in triggering Coronal Mass Ejections.
  • Titov VS, Démoulin P. Basic topology of twisted magnetic configurations in solar flares. Astron Astrophys. 1999;351:707.