Researching on sanitation behaviour and practices in low- income settlements: the need for sensitivity, skill, and creativity

References

• Alam, M.U., et al., 2017. Behaviour change intervention to improve shared toilet maintenance and cleanliness in urban slums of Dhaka: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 22 (8), 1000–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldridge, J., 2014. Working with vulnerable groups in social research: dilemmas by default and design. Qualitative Research, 14 (1), 112–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisung, E., et al., 2015. Using photovoice as a community based participatory research tool for changing water, sanitation, and hygiene behaviours in Usoma, Kenya. BioMed research international, 2015, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, M.C., 2014. Engaging theatre for social change to address sexual violence on a college campus: A qualitative investigation. The British journal of social work, 44 (6), 1454–1471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K., 2011. Research methods in education. 7th. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• County Government of Kisumu, 2018. Kisumu county integrated development plan II 2018–2022. Kisumu: County Government of Kisumu.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, S.M., Kazubowski-Houston, M., and Nisker, J., 2009. Genetics on stage: public engagement in health policy development on preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Social science & medicine, 68 (8), 1472–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranby, S., 2012. Planet of slums. Geodate, 25, 4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2006.00797.x/abstract
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J., 2015. A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. and Clark, V.L.P., 2011. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. 2nd. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J.W., 2014. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. International students edition. 4th. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cristine, S., et al., 2019. A mixed-methods study of women’s sanitation utilization in informal settlements in Kenya. PloS one, 14 (3), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson-Swift, V., James, E., and Liamputtong, P., 2008. What is sensitive research? Undertaking sensitive research in the health and social sciences: managing boundaries, emotions and risks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545481
   Google Scholar
• Gavin, H., 2008. Understanding research methods and statistics in psychology. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Green, J. and Thorogood, N., 2014. Qualitative methods for health research. 3rd. London: Sage Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Guest, G., 2012. Describing mixed methods research: an alternative to typologies. Journal of mixed methods research, 7 (2), 141–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R., 2014. Urban land markets: A southern exposure. In: S. Parnell and S. Oldfield, eds. The routledge handbook on cities of the global south. Oxon: Routledge, pp. 109–121.
   Google Scholar
• Heijnen, M., et al., 2015. Neighbour-shared versus communal latrines in urban slums: A cross-sectional study in Orissa, India exploring household demographics, accessibility, privacy, use and cleanliness. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 109 (11), 690–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulland, K.R.S., et al., 2015. Sanitation, stress, and life stage: A systematic data collection study among women in Odisha, India. PloS one, 10 (11), e0141883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isunju, J.B., et al., 2011. Socio-economic aspects of improved sanitation in slums: A review. Public health, 125 (6), 368–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanja, I., 2010. An enumeration and mapping of informal settlements in Kisumu, Kenya, implemented by their inhabitants. Environment and urbanization, 22 (1), 217–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2019. 2019 Kenya population and housing census, volume 1: population by county and sub-county. Nairobi: KNBS.
   Google Scholar
• Klassen, A.C., et al., 2012. Best practices in mixed methods for quality of life research. Quality of Life Research, 21 (3), 377–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., 2011. Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners. 3rd. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kwiringira, J., et al., 2014a. Descending the sanitation ladder in urban Uganda: evidence from Kampala slums. BMC public health, 14 (1), 624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiringira, J., et al., 2014b. Gender variations in access, choice to use and cleaning of shared latrines; experiences from Kampala slums, Uganda. BMC public health, 14 (1), 1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiringira, J., et al., 2016. Seasonal variations and shared latrine cleaning practices in the slums of Kampala city, Uganda. BMC public health, 16 (1), 361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerkvist, C.J., Kokko, S., and Karanja, N., 2014. Health in perspective: framing motivational factors for personal sanitation in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya, using anchored best–worst scaling. Journal of water, sanitation and hygiene for development, 4 (1), 108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, S.D. and Loiselle, C.G., 2008. Combining individual interviews and focus groups to enhance data richness. Journal of advanced nursing, 62 (2), 228–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrechts, D., 2014. Doing research on sensitive topics in political science: studying organised criminal groups in Cape Town. Politikon, 41 (2), 249–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letema, S., Van Vliet, B., and Van Lier, J.B., 2014. Sanitation policy and spatial planning in urban East Africa: diverging sanitation spaces and actor arrangements in Kampala and Kisumu. Cities, 36, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liamputtong, P., 2011. Focus group methodology principles and practice. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mbachaga, J., 2010. Drama and safer sex education among secondary school teenagers in Benue State. Nigerian Theatre Journal, 10, 83–95.
   Google Scholar
• McGranahan, G., 2015. Realizing the right to sanitation in deprived urban communities: meeting the challenges of collective action, coproduction, affordability, and housing. World development, 68, 242–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murungi, C. and van Dijk, M.P., 2014. Emptying, transportation and disposal of feacal sludge in informal settlements of Kampala Uganda: the economics of sanitation. Habitat international, 42, 69–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushangwe, H. and Chivandikwa, N., 2014. Aspects and dimensions of community participation in theatre for development : the case of the University of Zimbabwe’s Manfred Hudson Hall Sanitation Project (2004). Applied Theatre Research, 2 (2), 119–135.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, K.B., et al., 2014. User perceptions of shared sanitation among rural households in Indonesia and Bangladesh. PloS one, 9 (8), e103886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman, W.L., 2011. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. 7th. Boston: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Nuissl, H. and Heinrichs, D., 2013. Slums: perspectives on the definition, the appraisal and the management of an Urban Phenomenon. DIE ERDE–Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 144 (2), 105–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okurut, K. and Charles, K.J., 2014. Household demand for sanitation improvements in low-income informal settlements: A case of East African cities. Habitat international, 44, 332–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okurut, K., et al., 2015. Access to improved sanitation facilities in low-income informal settlements of East African cities. Journal of water, sanitation and hygiene for development, 5 (1), 89–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pool, R., et al., 2010. A mixed methods and triangulation model for increasing the accuracy of adherence and sexual behaviour data: the microbicides development programme. PloS one, 5 (7), e11600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo, K.C., et al., 2015. Sanitation-related psychosocial stress: a grounded theory study of women across the life-course in Odisha, India. Social science & medicine, 139, 80–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M., 2014. Unmixing mixed-methods research. Research in nursing & health, 37 (1), 3–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schouten, M.A.C. and Mathenge, R.W., 2010. Communal sanitation alternatives for slums: A case study of Kibera, Kenya. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 35 (13–13), 815–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiras, T., et al., 2018. Shared latrines in Maputo, Mozambique : exploring emotional well-being and psychosocial stress. BMC international health and human rights, 18 (30), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Simiyu, S., 2015. Socio-economic dynamics in slums and implications for sanitation sustainability in Kisumu, Kenya. Development in practice, 25 (7), 986–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simiyu, S., 2016. Determinants of usage of communal sanitation facilities in informal settlements of Kisumu, Kenya. Environment and urbanization, 28 (1), 241–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simiyu, S., 2017. Preference for and characteristics of an appropriate sanitation technology for the slums of Kisumu, Kenya. International journal of urban sustainable development, 9 (3), 300–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simiyu, S., Cairncross, S., and Swilling, M., 2018. Understanding living conditions and deprivation in informal settlements of Kisumu, Kenya. Urban Forum, 30 (2), 223–241.
   Google Scholar
• Simiyu, S., Swilling, M., and Cairncross, S., 2017a. Decision-making on shared sanitation in the informal settlements of Kisumu, Kenya. International journal of environmental health research, 27 (5), 377–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simiyu, S., et al., 2017b. Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements: case study of Kisumu, Kenya. BMC public health, 17 (1), 68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simiyu, S., et al., 2017c. Estimating the cost and payment for sanitation in the informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya: A cross sectional study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14 (1), 49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloman, A., 2011. Using participatory theatre in international community development. Community development journal, 47 (1), 42–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S., 2017. Landlordism and landlord–tenant relations in Kisumu and Kitale’s low-income settlements. International journal of urban sustainable development, 9 (1), 46–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi, M. and Patel, M., 2016. Evaluation of arts-based interventions to improve awareness of selected hygiene and sanitation issues in slums o f Ahmedabad, India. Journal of applied arts and health, 7 (1), 25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Tsinda, A., et al., 2017. Improving sanitation in informal settlements of East African cities: hybrid of market and state-led approaches. International journal of water resources development, 627 (May), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Tsinda, A., et al., 2013. Challenges to achieving sustainable sanitation in informal settlements of Kigali, Rwanda. International journal of environmental research and public health, 10 (12), 6939–6954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumwebaze, I.K. and Mosler, H.-J., 2014. Shared toilet users’ collective cleaning and determinant factors in Kampala slums, Uganda. BMC public health, 14 (1), 1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumwebaze, I.K. and Mosler, H.-J., 2015. Effectiveness of group discussions and commitment in improving cleaning behaviour of shared sanitation users in Kampala, Uganda slums. Social science & medicine, 147, 72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumwebaze, I.K., et al., 2014. Determinants of households’ cleaning intention for shared toilets: case of 50 slums in Kampala, Uganda. Habitat international, 41, 108–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumwebaze, I.K., et al., 2013. Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users’ satisfaction and determinant factors. International journal of environmental health research, 23 (3), 191–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwu, I. and Ashaver, A., 2014. TFD and community education on female genital mutilation in igede land of benue state: Ugengen community experience. Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies, 8 (2), 74–96.
   Google Scholar
• UN-Habitat, 2014. The state of African cities 2014: re-imagining sustainable urban transitions. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.
   Google Scholar
• Zeldenryk, L., et al., 2014. The use of focus groups to develop a culturally relevant quality of life tool for lymphatic filariasis in Bangladesh. Quality of Life Research, 23 (1), 299–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar