A valuation study to identify the determinants of the demand for time spent outdoors among users of hospital facilities, their willingness-to-pay for green infrastructure improvements, and the implications for planning

References

• Arrow, K., et al., 1993. Report of the NOAA panel on contingent valuation. Federal register, 58 (10), 4601–4614.
   Google Scholar
• Barnhart, S.K., Perkins, N.H., and Fitzsimonds, J., 1998. Behaviour and outdoor setting preferences at a psychiatric hospital. Landscape and urban planning, 42 (2–4), 147–156. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00083-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman, I.J. and Langford, I.H., 1997. Non-users’ willingness to pay for a National Park: an application and critique of the contingent valuation method. Regional studies, 31 (6), 571–582. doi:10.1080/00343409750131703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfast City Council, 2020. Belfast green and blue infrastructure plan 2020. Belfast: Belfast Planning Service.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, M.G., Jonides, J., and Kaplan, S., 2008. The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological science, 19 (12), 1207–1212. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D.K., Barton, J.L., and Gladwell, V.F., 2013. Viewing nature scenes positively affects recovery of autonomic function following acute-mental stress. Environmental science & technology, 47 (11), 5562–5569. doi:10.1021/es305019p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, A.C. and Trivedi, P.K., 1986. Econometric models based on count data. Comparisons and applications of some estimators and tests. Journal of applied econometrics, 1 (1), 29–53. doi:10.1002/jae.3950010104.
   Google Scholar
• Carrus, G., Dadvand, P., and Sanesi, G., 2017. The role and value of urban forests and green infrastructure in promoting human health and wellbeing. In: D. Pearlmutter, et al. eds. The urban forest: Cultivating green infrastructure for people and the environment. New York: Springer, 217–230.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, R.T. and Groves, T., 2007. Incentive and informational properties of preference questions. Environmental and resource economics, 37 (1), 181–210. doi:10.1007/s10640-007-9124-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champ, P. and Welsh, M., 2007. Survey methodologies for stated-choice studies. In: B.J. Kanninen and I.J. Bateman eds. Valuing Environmental Amenities Using Stated Choice Studies, the Economics of Non-Market Goods and Resources. Netherlands: Springer, 21–42.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, K.G. and Chien, H., 2017. The influences of landscape features on visitation of hospital green spaces—A choice experiment approach. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14 (7), 724. doi:10.3390/ijerph14070724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conn, V.S., et al., 2009. Meta-analysis of workplace physical activity interventions. American journal of preventive medicine, 37 (4), 330–339. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, L., Simões, P., and Barata, E., 2014. Combining observed and contingent travel behavior: the best of both worlds? Notas Económicas, 40 (40). doi:10.14195/2183-203X_40_1.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health, 2019. NI health and social care workforce census - March 2019. Available from: https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/news/ni-health-and-social-care-workforce-census-march-2019 [Accessed 4 September 2023].
   Google Scholar
• DHSSPS (Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety), 2014. Making life better: a whole system strategic framework for public health 2013-2023. Belfast: Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/dhssps/making-life-better-strategic-framework-2013-2023_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Englin, J. and Cameron, T.A., 1996. Augmenting travel cost models with contingent behavior data: Poisson regression analyses with individual panel data. Environmental and resource economics, 7 (2), 133–147. doi:10.1007/BF00699288.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2019. Commission staff working document. Guidance on a strategic framework for further supporting the deployment of EU-level green and blue infrastructure. Swd (2019), 193, 21.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, D.L., et al., 2022. Ecosystem service delivery by urban agriculture and green infrastructure–a systematic review. Ecosystem services, 54, 101405. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2022.101405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz, B., et al., 2019. Urban hospitals as anchor institutions: frameworks for medical sociology. Socius: Sociological research for a dynamic world, 5, 2378023118817981. doi:10.1177/2378023118817981.
   Google Scholar
• Freak-Poli, R.L., et al., 2020. Workplace pedometer interventions for increasing physical activity. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (7). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009209.pub3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, U.J., Pirscher, F., and Olsson, I.A.S., 2018. Willingness to pay and moral stance: the case of farm animal welfare in Germany. Public library of science ONE, 13 (8), e0202193. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202193.
   Google Scholar
• Geurts, S.A. and Sonnentag, S., 2006. Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 32 (6), 482–492. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, A., et al., 2014. New walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: one-and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect study. American journal of public health, 104 (9), e38–e46. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grammatikopoulou, I. and Olsen, S.B., 2013. Accounting protesting and warm glow bidding in contingent valuation surveys considering the management of environmental goods–an empirical case study assessing the value of protecting a natura 2000 wetland area in Greece. Journal of environmental management, 130, 232–241. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D., et al., 1998. Referendum contingent valuation, anchoring, and willingness to pay for public goods. Resource and energy economics, 20 (2), 85–116. doi:10.1016/S0928-7655(97)00031-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halkos, G., et al., 2022. Determinants of willingness to pay for urban parks: an empirical analysis in Greece. Land use policy, 119, 106186. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanemann, W.M., 1984. Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete responses. American journal of agricultural economics, 66 (3), 332–341. doi:10.2307/1240800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzl, M., 2021. Urban forms and green infrastructure–the implications for public health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cities & health, 5 (sup1), S232–S236. doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1791441.
   Google Scholar
• Hartig, T., et al., 2003. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of environmental psychology, 23 (2), 109–123. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausman, J., 2012. Contingent valuation: from dubious to hopeless. Journal of economic perspectives, 26 (4), 43–56. doi:10.1257/jep.26.4.43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hislop, M., Scott, A.J., and Corbett, A., 2019. What does good green infrastructure planning policy look like? Developing and testing a policy assessment tool within Central Scotland UK. Planning theory & practice, 20 (5), 633–655. doi:10.1080/14649357.2019.1678667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HM Treasury , 2022. The green book: central government guidance on appraisal and evaluation. H. M. Treasury, eds. London, UK: OGL Press. updated 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Hynes, S., O’Reilly, P., and Corless, R., 2015. An on-site versus a household survey approach to modelling the demand for recreational angling: do welfare estimates differ? Ecosystem services, 16, 136–145. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, S.A. and Abubakar, I.R., 2022. Hospital outdoor spaces as respite areas for healthcare staff during the covid-19 pandemic. HERD: Health environments research & design journal, 15 (4), 343–353. doi:10.1177/19375867221111530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanninen, B.J., 1993. Design of sequential experiments for contingent valuation studies. Journal of environmental economics and management, 25 (1), S1–S11. doi:10.1006/jeem.1993.1029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R., 1993. The role of nature in the context of the workplace. Landscape and urban planning, 26 (1–4), 193–201. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(93)90016-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R., 2007. Employees’ reactions to nearby nature at their workplace: the wild and the tame. Landscape and urban planning, 82 (1–2), 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, J., Anderson, C., and Lippman, S.M., 2017. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. The Lancet oncology, 18 (8), e457–e471. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30411-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupnick, A. and Adamowicz, W.L., 2007. Supporting questions in stated choice studies. In: B. Kanninen, ed. Valuing Environmental Amenities Using Stated Choice Studies. Springer, 43–65.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, P., et al., 2019. The nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health. Environment international, 133, 105181. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahart, I., et al., 2019. The effects of green exercise on physical and mental wellbeing: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16 (8), 1352. doi:10.3390/ijerph16081352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavell, M.A., et al., 2019. Nature-based social prescribing in urban settings to improve social connectedness and mental well-being: a review. Current environmental health reports, 6 (4), 297–308. doi:10.1007/s40572-019-00251-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, K.E., et al., 2015. 40-second green roof views sustain attention: the role of micro-breaks in attention restoration. Journal of environmental psychology, 42, 182–189. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, P.H., 2016. Examining non-linear associations between accelerometer-measured physical activity, sedentary behavior, and all-cause mortality using segmented cox regression. Frontiers in physiology, 7, 272. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lottrup, L., Grahn, P., and Stigsdotter, U.K., 2013. Workplace greenery and perceived level of stress: benefits of access to a green outdoor environment at the workplace. Landscape and urban planning, 110, 5–11. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, W., et al., 2022. Residential open space and the perception of health benefits: how much is the public willing to pay? Journal of environmental management, 316, 115273. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macháč, J., Brabec, J., and Arnberger, A., 2022. Exploring public preferences and preference heterogeneity for green and blue infrastructure in urban green spaces. Urban forestry & urban greening, 75, 127695. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, C.C. and Barnes, M., 1995. Gardens in healthcare facilities: uses, therapeutic benefits, and design recommendations. Martinez, CA: Center for Health Design.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, A.L., 2004. Challenges and opportunities for promoting physical activity in the workplace. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 7 (1), 60–66. doi:10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80279-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayne, S.L., Auchincloss, A.H., and Michael, Y.L., 2015. Impact of policy and built environment changes on obesity‐related outcomes: a systematic review of naturally occurring experiments. Obesity reviews, 16 (5), 362–375. doi:10.1111/obr.12269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden, D. and Train, K., eds., 2017. Contingent valuation of environmental goods: a comprehensive critique. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mell, I.C., 2017. Green infrastructure: reflections on past, present and future praxis. Landscape research, 42 (2), 135–145. doi:10.1080/01426397.2016.1250875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mell, I.C., et al., 2013. Promoting urban greening: valuing the development of green infrastructure investments in the urban core of Manchester, UK. Urban forestry & urban greening, 12 (3), 296–306. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mell, I.C., et al., 2016. To green or not to green: establishing the economic value of green infrastructure investments in the wicker, Sheffield. Urban forestry & urban greening, 18, 257–267. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuwese, D., et al., 2021. Beating the blues by viewing Green: depressive symptoms predict greater restoration from stress and negative affect after viewing a nature video. Journal of environmental psychology, 75, 101594. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerhoff, J. and Liebe, U., 2010. Determinants of protest responses in environmental valuation: A meta-study. Ecological economics, 70 (2), 366–374. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michishita, R., et al., 2017. The practice of active rest by workplace units improves personal relationships, mental health, and physical activity among workers. Journal of occupational health, 59 (2), 122–130. doi:10.1539/joh.16-0182-OA.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, R., 2013. Is physical activity in natural environments better for mental health than physical activity in other environments? Social science & medicine, 91, 130–134. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal, T.K., et al., 2018. A cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular health and lifestyle habits of hospital staff in the UK: do we look after ourselves? European journal of preventive cardiology, 25 (5), 543–550. doi:10.1177/2047487317746320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro, R. and Ferreira, J.C., 2020. Green infrastructure planning as a climate change and risk adaptation tool in coastal urban areas. Journal of coastal research, 95 (SI), 889–893. doi:10.2112/SI95-173.1.
   Google Scholar
• Naderi, J.R. and Shin, W.H., 2008. Humane design for hospital landscapes: a case study in landscape architecture of a healing garden for nurses. HERD: Health environments research & design journal, 2 (1), 82–119. doi:10.1177/193758670800200112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natural England, 2023. Green infrastructure planning and design guide. Designing nature-rich, healthy, climate-resilient, and thriving places. Natural England.
   Google Scholar
• Neale, C., et al., 2022. The impact of urban walking on psychophysiological wellbeing. Cities & health, 6 (6), 1053–1066. doi:10.1080/23748834.2022.2123763.
   Google Scholar
• Nedučin, D., Krklješ, M., and Kurtović-Folić, N., 2010. Hospital outdoor spaces: therapeutic benefits and design considerations. Facta universitatis-series: Architecture and civil engineering, 8 (3), 293–305. doi:10.2298/FUACE1003293N.
   Google Scholar
• Neill, C., Gerard, J., and Arbuthnott, K.D., 2019. Nature contact and mood benefits: contact duration and mood type. The journal of positive psychology, 14 (6), 756–767. doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1557242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejati, A., et al., 2016. Restorative design features for hospital staff break areas: a multi-method study. HERD: Health environments research & design journal, 9 (2), 16–35. doi:10.1177/1937586715592632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newson, C., et al., 2020. Space to breathe: valuing green space at NHS sites for staff wellbeing. Oxford: The Centre for Sustainable Healthcare.
   Google Scholar
• NISRA, 2021. Information on census 2021 in Northern Ireland. Available from: https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census [Accessed 4 September 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Nyquist, H., 1992. Optimal designs of discrete response experiments in contingent valuation studies. The review of economics and statistics, 74 (3), 559–563. doi:10.2307/2109503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pamukcu-Albers, P., et al., 2021. Building green infrastructure to enhance urban resilience to climate change and pandemics. Landscape ecology, 36 (3), 665–673. doi:10.1007/s10980-021-01212-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, D. and Özdemiroǧlu, E., 2002. Economic valuation with stated preference techniques: summary guide. London: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, N.H. and Golembiewski, J., 2013. Including patients, staff and visitors in the design of the psychiatric milieu: notes from the field. Facilities, 31 (9/10), 379–390. doi:10.1108/02632771311324945.
   Google Scholar
• Rankin, J. and Robinson, A., 2018. Accounting for protest zeros in contingent valuation studies: A review of literature. HEG Working Paper, No. 18-01. Norwich: University of East Anglia, Health Economics Group (HEG).
   Google Scholar
• Ravalier, J.M., 2022. Co-design, delivery, and evaluation of wellbeing initiatives for NHS staff: the HOW (healthier outcomes at work) NHS project. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19 (8), 4646. doi:10.3390/ijerph19084646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, M., Glenk, K., and McVittie, A., 2022. Urban residents value multi-functional urban greenspaces. Urban forestry & urban greening, 74, 127681. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadick, A.M. and Kamardeen, I., 2020. Enhancing employees’ performance and well-being with nature exposure embedded office workplace design. Journal of building engineering, 32, 101789. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamouris, M. and Osmond, P., 2020. Increasing green infrastructure in cities: impact on ambient temperature, air quality and heat-related mortality and morbidity. Buildings, 10 (12), 233. doi:10.3390/buildings10120233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shr, Y.H.J., et al., 2019. How do visual representations influence survey responses? Evidence from a choice experiment on landscape attributes of green infrastructure. Ecological economics, 156, 375–386. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.10.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza, R.C., Silva, S.M., and de Sousa Costa, M.L.A., 2018. Occupational stress in hospital settings: review of coping strategies of nursing professionals. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 16 (4), 493. doi:10.5327/Z1679443520180279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanaka, K., et al., 2022. Citizens’ preferences on green infrastructure practices and their enhancement in Portland, Oregon. Journal of environmental management, 318, 115415. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennessen, C.M. and Cimprich, B., 1995. Views to nature: effects on attention. Journal of environmental psychology, 15 (1), 77–85. doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90016-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson Coon, J., et al., 2011. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental science & technology, 45 (5), 1761–1772. doi:10.1021/es102947t.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinch, R., et al., 2019. Economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services: a review for decision makers. Journal of environmental economics and policy, 8 (4), 359–378. doi:10.1080/21606544.2019.1623083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseung, V., et al., 2022. Hospital Outdoor Spaces: User Experience and Implications for Design. HERD: Health environments research & design journal, 15 (1), 256–267. doi:10.1177/19375867211045403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsunetsugu, Y., et al., 2013. Physiological and psychological effects of viewing urban forest landscapes assessed by multiple measurements. Landscape and urban planning, 113, 90–93. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.01.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twohig-Bennett, C. and Jones, A., 2018. The health benefits of the great outdoors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environmental research, 166, 628–637. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzoulas, K., et al., 2007. Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: a literature review. Landscape and urban planning, 81 (3), 167–178. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich, R.S., 1984. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224 (4647), 420–421. doi:10.1126/science.6143402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich, R.S., 2001. Effects of healthcare environmental design on medical outcomes. In: A. Dalani, ed. Design and health: Proceedings of the second international conference on health and design, Florida, USA. Stockholm, Sweden: Svensk Byggtjanst, Vol. 49, 59.
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich, R.S., 2002. Health benefits of gardens in hospitals. Paper for conference, plants for people international exhibition floriade, 17 (5), 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich, R.S., et al., 2020. ICU patient family stress recovery during breaks in a hospital garden and indoor environments. HERD: Health environments research & design journal, 13 (2), 83–102. doi:10.1177/1937586719867157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velarde, M.D., Fry, G., and Tveit, M., 2007. Health effects of viewing landscapes–landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban forestry & urban greening, 6 (4), 199–212. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2007.07.001.
   Google Scholar
• Venkatachalam, L., 2004. The contingent valuation method: a review. Environmental impact assessment review, 24 (1), 89–124. doi:10.1016/S0195-9255(03)00138-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verderber, S. and Reuman, D., 1987. Windows, views, and health status in hospital therapeutic environments. Journal of architectural and planning research 4, 120–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerasuriya, R., Henderson-Wilson, C., and Townsend, M., 2019. A systematic review of access to green spaces in healthcare facilities. Urban forestry & urban greening, 40, 125–132. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2018.06.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, J.C., et al., 2008. Combining revealed and stated preference data to estimate the nonmarket value of ecological services: an assessment of the state of the science. Journal of economic surveys, 22 (5), 872–908. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2008.00552.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilker, J. and Rusche, K., 2014. Economic valuation as a tool to support decision-making in strategic green infrastructure planning. Local environment, 19 (6), 702–713. doi:10.1080/13549839.2013.855181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, L., et al., 2017. Public green spaces and positive mental health–investigating the relationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing. Health & place, 48, 63–71. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, W., Zhang, X., and Gong, Q., 2021. The effect of exposure to the natural environment on stress reduction: a meta-analysis. Urban forestry & urban greening, 57, 126932. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126932.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawojska, E. and Czajkowski, M., 2015. Re-examining empirical evidence on contingent valuation–importance of incentive compatibility (No. 2015-08).
   Google Scholar