Ice hockey officiating retention: a qualitative understanding of junior ice hockey officials’ motivations in Canada

References

• Anderson, T. (2009, April 16). Behind the whistle: Recruitment and retention. Hockey Now: Alberta Edition. Retrieved from http://www.albertahockey.com
   Google Scholar
• Andrew, D. P., Pedersen, P. M., & McEvoy, C. D. (2011). Research methods and design in sport management. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Balch, M. J., & Scott, D. (2007). Contrary to popular belief, refs are people too! Personality and perceptions of officials. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal, J., Nix, C., & Boatwright, D. (2012). Sport officials’ longevity: Motivation and passion for the sport. International Journal of Sport Management Recreation & Tourism, 10, 28–39. doi: 10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874X-10b
   Google Scholar
• Clark, M. I., Spence, J. C., & Holt, N. L. (2011). In the shoes of young adolescent girls: Understanding physical activity experiences through interpretive description. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 3, 193–210. doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2011.572180
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dell, C., Gervais, M., & Rhind, D. J. A. (2016). Factors influencing soccer referee's intentions to quit the game. Soccer & Society, 17, 109–119. doi: 10.1080/14660970.2014.919275
   Google Scholar
• Dorsch, K. D., & Paskevich, D. M. (2007). Stressful experiences among six levels of ice hockey officials. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 585–593. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosseville, F., Rioult, F., & Laborde, S. (2013, September). Why do sports officials dropout? Paper presented at Machine Learning and Data Mining for Sports Analytics, Prague. Retrieved from https://hal.archivesouvertes.fr/hal-01011493/
   Google Scholar
• Forbes, S. L., & Livingston, L. A. (2013). Changing the call: Rethinking attrition and retention in ice hockey officiating ranks. Sport in Society, 16, 295–309. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2013.779854
   Google Scholar
• Gephart, R. (2004). Qualitative research and the academy of management journal. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 454–462. doi: 10.5465/amj.2004.14438580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleddie, D. L. (2013). The minor hockey experience. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 16, 267–282. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2013.779855
   Google Scholar
• Hockey Canada. (2017a). 2015–2016 Annual report. Retrieved from https://az184419.vo.msecnd.net/hockey-canada/Corporate/About/Downloads/2015-16_annual_report_e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hockey Canada. (2017b). How to get started. Retrieved from https://www.hockeycanada.ca/enca/Hockey-Programs/Officiating/Essentials/How-to-Get-Started
   Google Scholar
• Hollembeak, J., & Amorose, A. J. (2005). Perceived coaching behaviors and college athletes’ intrinsic motivation: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 20–36. doi: 10.1080/10413200590907540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Tink, L. N., & Black, D. E. (2009). An interpretive analysis of like skills associated with sport participation. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1, 160–175. doi: 10.1080/19398440902909017
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4, 161–180. doi: 10.1080/10413209208406459
   Google Scholar
• Kaissidis, A., & Anshel, M. H. (1993). Sources of and responses to acute stress in adult and adolescent Australian basketball referees. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25, 97–103.
   Google Scholar
• Kellett, P., & Shilbury, D. (2007). Umpire participation: Is abuse really the issue? Sport Management Review, 10, 209–229. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70012-8
   Google Scholar
• Kellett, P., & Warner, S. (2011). Creating communities that lead to retention: The social worlds and communities of umpires. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11, 471–494. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2011.624109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallett, C. J., & Hanrahan, S. J. (2004). Elite athletes: Why does the ‘fire’ burn so brightly? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 183–200. doi: 10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00043-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, F. (2013). Athletic but ambivalent and in brief: Canadian newspaper coverage of sledge hockey prior to Vancouver 2010. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 16, 310–326. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2013.779856
   Google Scholar
• Merk, M. (2014, September 17). Hockey community growing. Retrieved from International Ice Hockey Federation website: http://www.iihf.com/fi/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews5Btt_news5D=9120&cHash=b1ba2cc4a2df19a080626026d6
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mirjamali, E., Ramzaninezhad, R., & Reihani, M. (2012). A study of sources of stress in international and national referees of soccer, volleyball, basketball, and handball in Iran. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 6, 347–354.
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom, H., Warner, S., & Barnes, J. C. (2016). Behind the stripes: Female football officials’ experiences. International Journal of Sport Management & Marketing, 16, 259–279. doi: 10.1504/IJSMM.2016.077934
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Hockey Association. (2017). About us. Retrieved from http://www.ohahockey.ca/view/oha/about-us
   Google Scholar
• Pappas, D. M. (2016, October 18). The officiating crisis: What can I do? Retrieved from the National Federation of State High School Associations website: https://www.nfhs.org/articles/the-officiating-crisis-what-can-i-do/
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Potrac, P., Jones, R., & Armour, K. (2002). ‘It's all about getting respect’: The coaching behaviors of an expert English soccer coach. Sport, Education and Society, 7, 183–202. doi: 10.1080/1357332022000018869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey, D. W. (1999). Sources of stress, burnout, and intention to terminate among basketball referees. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 578–590.
   Google Scholar
• Rhind, D., Cook, E., & Dorsch, K. (2013). Looking at youth hockey from a human rights perspective. Sport in Society, 16(3), 254–266.
   Google Scholar
• Risner, D. (2002). Sexual orientation and male participation in dance education: Revisiting the open secret. Journal of Dance Education, 2(3), 84–92. doi: 10.1080/15290824.2002.10387214
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186–193. doi: 10.1037/a0012753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwandt, T. A. (2015). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sherar, L. B., Baxter-Jones, A. D. G., Faulkner, R. A., & Russell, K. W. (2007). Do physical maturity and birth date predict talent in male youth ice hockey players? Journal of Sport Sciences, 25, 879–886. doi: 10.1080/02640410600908001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soberlak, P., & Cote, J. (2003). The developmental activities of elite ice hockey players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 41–49. doi: 10.1080/10413200305401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, M., & Dang, H. (2008). How to foster the basic quality and spot judgement of ice hockey referee. China Winter Sports, 1, 7.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2014). Findings. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003x/2006008/article/phys/10307-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Stevens-Smith, C. (2017, January 25). Respect for the men in black: The abuse of match officials in English football. Sports Shorts. Retrieved from http://www.sports.legal/2017/01/respect-for-the-men-in-black-the-abuse-of-match-officials-in-english-football/
   Google Scholar
• Tingle, J. K., Warner, S., & Sartore-Baldwin, M. L. (2014). The experience of former women officials and the impact on the sporting community. Sex Roles, 71, 7–20. doi: 10.1007/s11199-014-0366-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titlebaum, P. J., Haberlin, N., & Titlebaum, G. (2009). Recruitment and retention of sports officials. Recreational Sports Journal, 33, 102–108. doi: 10.1123/rsj.33.2.102
   Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. M., & Deci, E. L. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: The synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy-supportive contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 246–260. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfson, S., & Neave, N. (2007). Coping under pressure: Cognitive strategies for maintaining confidence among soccer referees. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 232–247.
   Google Scholar