Examination of the psychometric properties of the sport interest inventory in a sample of Turkish football spectators

References

• Al-Thibiti, Y. (2004). A scale development for sport fan motivation. (Doctorate dissertation, Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management, Recreation Management and Physical Education, United States) Retrieved from https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:168065/datastream/PDF/view
   Google Scholar
• Baki, Y. (2017). The effect of anxiety and attitudes of secondary school students towards reading on their reading habits: A structural equation modeling. Education & Science, 42(191), 371–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierbrauer, G., Meyer, H., & Wolfradt, U. (1994). Measurement of normative and evaluative aspects in individualistic and collectivistic orientations: The Cultural Orientation Scale (COS). In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, Ç. Kâğitçibaşi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Cross-cultural research and methodology series, Vol. 18. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 189–199). Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Rosado, A. F., Ross, S. D., & Maroco, J. (2013). Sport sponsorship: The relationship between team loyalty, sponsorship awareness, attitude toward the sponsor, and purchase intentions. Journal of Sport Management, 27(4), 288–302. doi: 10.1123/jsm.27.4.288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. doi: 10.1177/135910457000100301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G., Assaker, G., & Reis, A. (2018). Visiting Fortaleza: Motivation, satisfaction and revisit intentions of spectators at the Brazil 2014 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 22(1), 1–19. doi: 10.1080/14775085.2017.1417889
   Google Scholar
• Dees, W., Bennett, G., & Villegas, J. (2008). Measuring the effectiveness of sponsorship of an elite intercollegiate football program. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(2), 79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self- esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskiler, E., Sarı, İ, & Soyer, F. (2011). Takıma psikolojik bağlılık ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 1428–1440.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D., Alexandris, K., & McDonald, H. (2008). Consumer behaviour in sport and events. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2006). Consumer loyalty: The meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20(2), 189–217. doi: 10.1123/jsm.20.2.189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Mahony, D. F., Nakazawa, M., & Hirakawa, S. (2001). Development of the Sports Interest Inventory (SII): Implications for measuring unique consumer motives at sporting events. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 3, 291–316. doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-03-03-2001-B005
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Mahony, D. F., & Ridinger, L. (2002). Characterizing consumer motivation as individual difference factors: Augmenting the sport interest Inventory (SII) to explain level of spectator support. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11, 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L. L., & Moorman, A. M. (2003). Understanding consumer support: Extending the sport interest Inventory (SII) to examine individual differences among women’s professional sport consumers. Sport Management Review, 6(1), 1–31. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70051-5
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L. L., & Moorman, A. M. (2004). Exploring origins of involvement: Understanding the relationship between consumer motives and involvement with professional sport teams. Leisure Sciences, 26(1), 35–61. doi: 10.1080/01490400490272440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargone, D. (2016). A study of the fan motives for varying levels of team identity and team loyalty of college football fans. Peer Reviewed Proceedings, 132, 132–138.
   Google Scholar
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference (13th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goregenli, M. (1995). Individualism collectivism orientations in the Turkish culture: A preliminary study. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 10(35), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Guest, A. M., & Luijten, A. (2018). Fan culture and motivation in the context of successful women’s professional team sports: A mixed-methods case study of Portland Thorns fandom. Sport in Society, 21(7), 1013–1030. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2017.1346620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., & Babin, B. J. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IImamoglu, E. O. (1987). An interdependence model of human development. In C. Kagitcibasi (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 138–145). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
   Google Scholar
• Imamoglu, E. O., & Gultekin, Y. Y. (1993). Problems of university youth in the light of recommended balanced society-individual model: Evaluation, comment and recommendation to the studies conducted in the period between 1982–1992. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 8, 27–41.
   Google Scholar
• James, J. D., & Ross, S. D. (2004). Comparing sport consumer motivations across multiple sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13(1), 17–25.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W., James, J. D., & Kim, Y. K. (2013). A model of the relationship among sport consumer motives, spectator commitment, and behavioral intentions. Sport Management Review, 16(2), 173–185. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, H., & Trail, G. (2001). Sport fan motivation: A comparison of American students and international students. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 10(3), 147–155.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, W. W., & Yuen, A. H. (2014). Internet ethics of adolescents: Understanding demographic differences. Computers & Education, 72, 378–385. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2013.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, G. B. (2001). The ultimate athlete (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic.
   Google Scholar
• Mahony, D. F., Madrigal, R., & Howard, D. (2000). Using the psychological commitment to team (PCT) scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(1), 15–25.
   Google Scholar
• Mahony, D. F., Nakazawa, M., Funk, D. C., James, J. D., & Gladden, J. M. (2002). Motivational factors influencing the behaviour of J. League spectators. Sports Management Review, 5(1), 1–24. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70059-4
   Google Scholar
• Mardia, K. V. (1985). Mardia’s test of multinormality. In S. Kotz & N. L. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistical sciences, Vol. 5 (pp. 217–221). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370. doi: 10.1037/h0054346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Hong, J. (2002). Motivational factors for evaluating sport spectator and participant markets. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(2), 100–113.
   Google Scholar
• Meydan, C. H., & Sesen, H. (2011). Yapisal esitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları.[ Structural equation modeling AMOS applications]. Ankara: Detay Yayincilik.
   Google Scholar
• Michener, J. A. (1976). Sports in America. New York: Random.
   Google Scholar
• Milne, G. R., & McDonald, M. A. (1999). Sport marketing: Managing the exchange process. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
   Google Scholar
• Mucuk, İ. (1997). Principles of marketing. Istanbul: Springer, 267–275.
   Google Scholar
• Neale, L., & Funk, D. (2006). Investigating motivation, attitudinal loyalty and attendance behaviour with fans of Australian football. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 7(4), 12–22. doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-07-04-2006-B005
   Google Scholar
• Nemati, N., Ostovar, S., Griffiths, M. D., Md Nor, M., & Thurasamy, R. (2018). The Persian Soccer Spectator Behaviour Inventory (PSSBI): development and psychometric properties of the PSSBI using structural equation modelling (SEM). Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (JSSH), 26(3), 1323–1334.
   Google Scholar
• Pons, F., Mourali, M., & Nyeck, S. (2006). Consumer orientation towards sporting events: Scale development and validation. Journal of Service Research, 8, 276–287. doi: 10.1177/1094670505283931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sa’ait, N., Kanyan, A., & Nazrin, M. F. (2016). The effect of e-WOM on customer purchase intention. International Academic Research Journal of Social Science, 2(1), 73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (2004). Consumer behaviour (8th ed). New York, NY: Prentice-Hall Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism. In U. Kim, H. Triandis, Ç. Kâğitçibaşi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and application (pp. 85–119). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sloan, L. R. (1989). The motives of sports fans. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological view points (pp. 175–240).
   Google Scholar
• Sloan, L. R., Bates, S., Davis, W., & Schwieger, P. K. (1987). Are sports’ appeal and sports’ consequences derived from the same fan motives? Support for the achievement seeking needs. In meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2008). Introduction to sport marketing: A practical approach. Butterworth Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Soygüden, A. A. (2018). Comparison of Fenerbahce and Galatasaray football club fans: The factors of affecting stadıum participations. Pamukkale Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3), 40–48.
   Google Scholar
• Soygüden, A., Barut, Y., & İmamoğlu, O. (2016). Profesyonel futbol taraftarı ve stadyum. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 01-92.
   Google Scholar
• Sprotles, G. B., & Kendall, E. L. (1986). A methodology for profiling consumers' decision-making styles. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 20(2), 267–279. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6606.1986.tb00382.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. [Structural equation models: Basic concepts and sample applications]. Türk psikoloji yazıları, 3(6), 49–74.
   Google Scholar
• Teo, T., Tan, S. C., Lee, C. B., Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L., Chen, W. L., et al. (2010). The selfdirected learning with technology scale (SDLTS) for young students: An initial development and validation. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1764–1771. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting, J., Chien, K. P., Dhir, A., & Chen, S. (2018). Sports interest mediating exercise and compulsive internet use among undergraduates. Health Promotion International, 34, 954–960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, G., & James, J. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale’s psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 24(1), 108–127.
   Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., James, J. D., & Fink, I. S. A. (2000). Theoretical model of sport spectator consumption behaviour. International Journal of Sport Management, 1(3), 154–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., Robinson, M. J., Dick, R. J., & Gillentine, A. J. (2003). Motives and points of attachment: Fans versus spectators in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 217–227.
   Google Scholar
• Uskul, A. K. (1998). How to insult effectively across cultures: Insults as mirrors of the self (Unpublished thesis). Vrije Universiteit, Social Psychology Department, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Vecchione, M., & Alessandri, G. (2013). Disentangling trait from state components in the assessment of egoistic and moralistic self-enhancement. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(8), 884–889. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, G., Hennig-Thurau, T., Wayne-Mitchell, V., & Wiedmann, K. (2001). Consumers' decision-making style as a basis for market segmentation. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 10(2), 117–131. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740039
   Google Scholar
• Wang, R. T., Zhang, J. J., & Tsuji, Y. (2011). Examining fan motives and loyalty for the Chinese professional baseball league of Taiwan. Sport Management Review, 14(4), 347–360. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 19(4), 377–396. doi: 10.1177/019372395019004004
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., Grieve, F. G., Zapalac, R. K., & Pease, D. G. (2008). Motivational profiles of sport fans of different sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(1), 6–19.
   Google Scholar
• Won, J. U., & Kitamura, K. (2006). Motivational factors affecting sports consumption behaviour of K-league and J-league spectators. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4, 233–251. doi: 10.5432/ijshs.4.233
   Google Scholar
• Yolal, M., Sahilli Birdir, S., Karacaoğlu, S., & Birdir, K. (2014). XVII. Akdeniz Oyunları Seyircilerinin Güdüleri ve Algıladıkları Faydalar Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 11(2), 28–44.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. J., Lam, E. T. C., Bennett, G., & Connaughton, D. P. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the spectator decision-making inventory (SDMI). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 7(3), 57–70. doi: 10.1207/S15327841MPEE0702_1
   Google Scholar