References
- Alebaki, M., & Iakovidou, O. (2011). Market segmentation in wine tourism: A comparison of approaches. Tourismos, 6(1), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00437-8_29.
- Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L. (1993). River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1086/209331
- Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L., & Jordan, J. (2011). Sport involvement: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Sport Management Review, 14(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.002
- Blakeslee, M. L., & Goff, D. M. (2007). The effects of a mental skills training package on equestrians. The Sport Psychologist, 21(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.3.288
- Bowles, H. R., Rissel, C., & Bauman, A. (2006). Mass community cycling events: Who participates and is their behaviour influenced by participation? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-39
- Bridel, W. (2013). Not fat, not skinny, functional enough to finish: Interrogating constructions of health in the Ironman Triathlon. Leisure/Loisir, 37(1), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2013.776745
- Buchanan, L., & Dann, S. (2006). Participation in equestrian sport: Motives, barriers and profiles. Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand marketing Academy conference, Brisbane, QLD, 4-6 December.
- Buckley, R. (2012). Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism Management, 33(4), 961–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.002
- Cohen, J. (1988). Set correlation and contingency tables. Applied Psychological Measurement, 12(4), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168801200410
- Daniels, M. J., & Norman, W. C. (2005). Motivations of equestrian tourists: An analysis of the colonial cup races. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 10(3), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080500422494
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The” what” and” why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
- Dolničar, S. (2004). Beyond “commonsense segmentation”: A systematics of segmentation approaches in tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287503258830
- Dolnicar, S., Grün, B., & Leisch, F. (2018). Market segmentation analysis. In S. Dolincar, B. Grün, & F. Leisch (Eds.), Market segmentation analysis: Understanding it, doing it, and making It useful (pp. 11–22). Springer.
- Duren, S. E. (1998). Feeding the endurance horse. In J. D. Pagan (Ed.), Advances in equine nutrition (pp. 351–363). Nottingham University Press.
- Equus. (2010, October). Endurance: One horse, One rider, One day,100 miles. Equus Magazine, 397, 92–94.
- Fenner, K., Caspar, G., Hyde, M., Henshall, C., Dhand, N., Probyn-rapsey, F., Dashper, K., mclean, A., & McGreevy, P. (2019). It's all about the sex, or is it? Humans, Horses and Temperament. PloS one, 14(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216699.
- Fernandes, N. E., Correia, A. H., Abreu, A. M., & Biscaia, R. (2013). Relationship between sport commitment and sport consumer behavior. Motricidade, 9(4), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.9(4).96
- Filo, K. R., Funk, D. C., & O’Brien, D. (2008). It’s really not about the bike: Exploring attraction and attachment to the events of the Lance Armstrong Foundation. Journal of Sport Management, 22(5), 501–525. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.5.501
- Fotiadis, A. K., Vassiliadis, C. A., & Sotiriadis, M. D. (2016). The preferences of participants in small-scale sport events: A conjoint analysis case study from Taiwan. Turizam: međunarodni znanstveno-stručni časopis, 64(2), 175–187. doi:https://hrcak.srce.hr/160524.
- Funk, D., Jordan, J., Ridinger, L., & Kaplanidou, K. (2011). Capacity of mass participant sport events for the development of activity commitment and future exercise intention. Leisure Sciences, 33(3), 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2011.564926
- Galloway, S. (2012). Recreation specialization among New Zealand river recreation users: A multiactivity study of motivation and site preference. Leisure Sciences, 34(3), 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.669690
- Gammon, S., & Robinson, T. (2003). Sport and tourism: A conceptual framework. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 8(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080306236
- Getz, D., & Andersson, T. D. (2010). The event-tourist career trajectory: A study of high-involvement amateur distance runners. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(4), 468–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2010.524981
- Getz, D., & McConnell, A. (2011). Serious sport tourism and event travel careers. Journal of Sport Management, 25(4), 326–338. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.4.326
- Getz, D., & McConnell, A. (2014). Comparing trail runners and mountain bikers: Motivation, involvement, portfolios, and event-tourist careers. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 15(1), 69–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2013.834807
- Gibson, H. J., Kaplanidou, K., & Kang, S. J. (2012). Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.013
- Gillett, P., & Kelly, S. (2006). ‘Non-local’ Masters Games participants: An investigation of competitive active sport tourist motives. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(3-4), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701400760
- Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2010). Image fit between sport events and their hosting destinations from an active sport tourist perspective and its impact on future behaviour. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 15(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2010.513147
- Hallmann, K., Kaplanidou, K., & Breuer, C. (2010). Event image perceptions among active and passive sports tourists at marathon races. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 12(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-12-01-2010-b005
- Human, J. (2018). Fauresmith prepares for toughest endurance race. https://www.ofm.co.za/article/local-news/263419/fauresmith-prepares-for-toughest-endurance-race
- IBM SPSS. (2019). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 25) [computer software]. IB.
- Ingle, M. (2008). The Subaru Fauresmith 200 km challenge: Looking a gift-horse in the mouth? Africa Insight, 38(3), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.4314/ai.v38i3.51219.
- Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2007). The interrelationship between sport event and destination image and sport tourists’ behaviours. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12(3-4), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736932
- Kelinske, B., Mayer, B. W., & Chen, K. L. (2001). Perceived benefits from participation in sports: A gender study. Women in Management Review, 16(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420110386601
- Kim, H., Borges, M. C., & Chon, J. (2006). Impacts of environmental values on tourism motivation: The case of FICA, Brazil. Tourism Management, 27(5), 957–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.09.007
- Knoth, C., Knechtle, B., Rüst, C. A., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2012). Participation and performance trends in multistage ultramarathons—the ‘marathon des Sables’ 2003–2012. Extreme Physiology and Medicine, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-1-13
- Koivula, N. (1999). Sport participation: Differences in motivation and actual. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(3), 360–380. doi:https://search.proquest.com/docview/1311951316/fulltextPDF/36311BD513E24B26PQ/1?accountid=12865
- Koronios, K., Psiloutsikou, M., Kriemadis, T., & Kolovos, P. (2016). The effect of perceived motivation of sports sponsorship: Evidence from basketball fans. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research, 9(2), 33–45. doi:http://hdl.handle.net/10419/185638.
- Kotler, P., Bowen, J., & Makens, J. (2010). Marketing for hospitability and tourism (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
- Kotze, N., & Visser, G. (2008). Sport tourism: Comparing participant profiles and impact of three one-day events in South Africa. Africa Insight, 38(3), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.4314/ai.v38i3.51216.
- Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
- Kruger, M., Myburgh, E., & Saayman, M. (2016). A motivation-based typology of road cyclists in the Cape Town Cycle Tour, South Africa. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 33(3), 380–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1064057
- Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2013). Who are the comrades of the Comrades marathon? South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 35(1), 71–92. doi:http://hdl.handle.net/10394/16342.
- Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2014). How do mountain bikers and road cyclists differ? South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 36(2), 137–152. doi:http://hdl.handle.net/10394/19693.
- Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2015). Running up or down: Why is there a difference in spending? Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 8(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.4102/jef.v8i1.84
- Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2017). Sand, sea and surf: Segmenting South African surfers. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 39(2), 115–135. doi:https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-98c225b9f.
- Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2018). From Drab to Fab: Segmenting visitors to a décor and design exhibition based on their behavioral intentions. Event Management, 22(2), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15173355843370
- Kruger, M., Saayman, M., & Ellis, S. (2011). A motivation based typology of open-water swimmers. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 33(2), 59–79. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v33i2.69691
- Kurtzman, J., & Zauhar, J. (2005). Sports tourism consumer motivation. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 10(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080500101478
- Lachausse, R. G. (2006). Motives of competitive and non-competitive cyclists. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29(4), 304. doi:https://nwulib.nwu.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=23083747
- Lamont, M., & Kennelly, M. (2012). A qualitative exploration of participant motives among committed amateur triathletes. Leisure Sciences, 34(3), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.669685
- Le Clinche, S., Martinent, G., & Chanavat, N. (2017). Consumers’ attachment in the sporting equestrian context: A cluster analytic approach. managing Sport and Leisure, 22(3), 234–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1424025
- Lima, J., Eusébio, C., & Kastenholz, E. (2012). Expenditure-based segmentation of a mountain destination tourist market. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 29(7), 695–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.720155
- Lovett, D. (2011). An examination of the motives to participate in sprint distance triathlon (Doctoral dissertation, The University of New Mexico). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d20/620bd9a9861ed9baa5af1ec1e435055c631a.pdf
- Mahoney, M. J., Gabriel, T. J., & Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. The Sport Psychologist, 1(3), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.3.181
- Maurstad, A., Davis, D., & Cowles, S. (2013). Co-being and intra-action in horse–human relationships: A multi-species ethnography of be (com) ing human and be (com) ing horse. Social Anthropology, 21(3), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12029
- McGehee, N. G., Yoon, Y., & Cardenas, D. (2003). Involvement and travel for recreational runners in North Carolina. Journal of Sport Management, 17(3), 305–324. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.17.3.305
- Meyers, M. C., Bourgeois, A. E., Leunes, A., & Murray, N. G. (1999). Mood and psychological skills of elite and sub-elite equestrian athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(3), 399–409. doi:https://nwulib.nwu.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=2116278
- Miles, G. (2014, August). Fauresmith endurance ride test riders to their limits. https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/rural-insight/fauresmith-endurance-ride-test-riders-to-their-limits/
- Misheff, M. M., Alexander, G. R., & Hirst, G. R. (2010). Management of fractures in endurance horses. Equine Veterinary Education, 22(12), 623–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00150.x
- Moeller, T., Dolnicar, S., & Leisch, F. (2011). The sustainability–profitability trade-off in tourism: Can it be overcome? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.518762
- Moore, P. (2014). Ultra performance: The psychology of endurance sports (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Myburgh, E., Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2014). Segmentation by age of triathletes participating in Ironman South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(2), 1–22. doi:https://doaj.org/article/21fcf7f1d72a4dfcae1f15b48be22032
- Myburgh, E., Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2018). Aspects influencing the commitment of endurance athletes: A tourism perspective. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 22(4), 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2018.1472032
- Myburgh, E., Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2019). When sport becomes a way of life–a lifestyle market segmentation approach. Managing Sport and Leisure, 24(1-3), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2019.1590156
- Nickerson, N. P., & Grau, K. L. (2015). A decade of data and decisions: Visitor spending as a marketing strategy. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=ttra
- O'Connell, T. S. (2010). The effects of age, gender and level of experience on motivation to sea kayak. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 10(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729671003669289
- Oliver, R. L. (2015). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- O’Neil, J. W., & Steyn, B. J. (2007). Strategies used by South African non-elite athletes to cope with the environmental stressors associated with endurance events. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 29(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v29i2.25972.
- Preble, J. (2014). Endurance riding with AERC. Practice Pen, Feb. https://eds-b-ebscohost-com.nwulib.nwu.ac.za/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=1ef27d0d-06fa-4807-b07f-0720d2c00f55%40pdc-v-sessmgr02
- Priest, S., & Gass, M. (2018). Effective leadership in adventure programming (3rd ed.). Human Kinetics.
- Rauter, S., & Doupona Topič, M. (2014). Runners as sport tourists: The experience and travel behaviours of Ljubljana marathon participants. Collegium Antropologicum, 38(3), 909–915. doi:https://hrcak.srce.hr/128190
- Rauter, S., & Topič, M. D. (2010). Sport activity and sport motives of mountain bikers and road cyclists. IDO–Ruch dla kultury, 10(1), 36–40.
- Recours, R. A., Souville, M., & Griffet, J. (2004). Expressed motives for informal and club/association-based sports participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2004.11950008
- Reuter, B. (2012). Developing endurance. Human Kinetics.
- Ryan, C., & Lockyer, T. (2002). Masters’ games—The nature of competitors’ involvement and requirements. Event Management, 7(4), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599502108751640
- Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2012). Determinants of spending: An evaluation of three major sporting events. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.841
- Schnell, A., Mayer, J., Diehl, K., Zipfel, S., & Thiel, A. (2014). Giving everything for athletic success! – sports-specific risk acceptance of elite adolescent athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.012
- Sehovic, E., Knechtle, B., Rüst, C. A., & Rosemann, T. (2013). 12-hour ultra-marathons - increasing worldwide participation and dominance of Europeans. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 8(4), 932–953. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2013.84.05
- Senefeld, J., Joyner, M. J., Stevens, A., & Hunter, S. K. (2016). Sex differences in elite swimming with advanced age are less than marathon running. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 26(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12412
- Shepard, R., & Astrand, P. O. (1992). Endurance in sport. Blackwell Scientific.
- Shephard, R. J., & Astrand, P. O. (2000). Endurance in sport (2nd ed.). Blackwell Science.
- Shipway, R. (2010). On the run: Perspectives on long distance running (Doctoral dissertation). Dorset: Bournemouth University. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/16239/
- Shipway, R., & Jones, I. (2007). Running away from home: Understanding visitor experiences and behaviour at sport tourism events. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(5), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.641
- Simpson, D., Post, P. G., Young, G., & Jensen, P. R. (2014). “It’s not about taking the easy road”: the experiences of ultra-marathon runners. Sport Psychologist, 28(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0064
- Smith, A., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. (2010). An investigation of coach behaviors, goal motives, and implementation intentions as predictors of well-being in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903403190
- StatSoft, Inc. (2019). Statistica (Version 13.4) [computer software]. StatSoft: Tulsa, OK.
- Steyn, B. J. (2007). Strategies used by South African non-elite athletes to cope with the environmental stressors associated with endurance events. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 29(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v29i2.25972.
- Tanaka, H., & Seals, D. R. (2008). Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: Age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. The Journal of Physiology, 586(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879
- Tian-Cole, S., Crompton, J. L., & Willson, V. L. (2002). An empirical investigation of the relationships between service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions among visitors to a wildlife refuge. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2002.11949957
- Tkaczynski, A., & Rundle-Thiele, S. R. (2011). Event segmentation: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 32(2), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.010
- Vallerand, R. J., & Losier, G. F. (1999). An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11(1), 142–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209908402956
- Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., Prinz, J., & Weimar, D. (2012b). Who takes part in triathlon? An application of lifestyle segmentation to triathlon participants. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 12(1-2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijsmm.2012.051246
- Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., & Zhang, J. J. (2012a). What is influencing consumer expenditure and intention to revisit? An investigation of marathon events. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 17(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2012.734058