Conducting a special small-scale sporting event: what motivates people to volunteer in a small city?

References

• Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R., & McDonnell, I. (2005). Festival and special event management. John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. B., & Bartle, M. (2014). Sport event volunteers’ engagement: Management matters. Managing Leisure, 19(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2013.849502
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. B., & Shaw, S. (2009). “Everyone rolls up their sleeves and mucks in”: Exploring volunteers’ motivation and experiences of the motivational climate of a sporting event. Sport Management Review, 12(2), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.002
   Google Scholar
• Andrew, D. P., Pederson, P. M., & McEvoy, C. D. (2011). Research methods and design in sport management. Human Kinetics Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L. (1993). River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1086/209331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang, H., Ross, S., & Reio, T. G. J. (2012). From motivation to organizational commitment of volunteers in non-profit sport organizations: The role of job satisfaction. Journal of Management Development, 32(1), 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711311287044
   Google Scholar
• Bang, H., & Ross, S. D. (2009). Volunteer motivation and satisfaction. Journal of Venue and Event Management, 1(1), 61–77.
   Google Scholar
• Barron, P., & Rihova, I. (2011). Motivation to volunteer: A case study of the Edinburgh International Magic Festival. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2(3), 202–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/17582951111170281
   Google Scholar
• Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61(8), 1139–1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bason, T., & Grix, J. (2018). Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 36(1), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-06-2017-0106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in developmental science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards. Developmental Review, 33(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botes, L., & van Rensburg, D. (2000). Community participation in development: Nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal, 35(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/35.1.41
   Google Scholar
• Buechner, B., Dirkx, J., Konvisser, Z. D., Myers, D., & Peleg-Baker, T. (2020). From liminality to communitas: The collective dimensions of transformative learning. Journal of Transformative Education, 18(2), 87–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344619900881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgham, M., & Downward, P. (2005). Why volunteer, time to volunteer? A case study from swimming. Managing Leisure, 10(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710500146100
   Google Scholar
• Burrows, D. C. (2012). Information system tools for volunteer management. In T. D. Connors (Ed.), The volunteer management handbook: Leadership strategies for success (2nd ed., pp. I1–I14). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, L. L., & Andereck, K. L. (1994). Motives for initiating and continuing membership in a recreation-related voluntary association. Leisure Sciences, 16(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409409513215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalip, L. (2006). Towards social leverage of sport events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080601155126
   Google Scholar
• Cnaan, R. A., & Goldberg-Glen, R. S. (1991). Measuring motivation to volunteer in human services. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886391273003
   Google Scholar
• Cook, S. L. (2015). Redirection: An extension of career during retirement. The Gerontologist, 55(3), 360–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, C. A., Chalip, L., Green, B. C., & Simes, C. (2006). Reconsidering the role of training in event volunteers’ satisfaction. Sport Management Review, 9(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70024-9
   Google Scholar
• Costello, J., Homberg, F., & Secchi, D. (2020). The public service motivated volunteer: Devoting time or effort? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(5), 989–1014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020911200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, T. J., Darcy, S., & Gadd, C. P. (2020). Ensuring volunteer impacts, legacy and leveraging is not “fake news”: Lessons from the 2015 FIFA Women’s World Cup. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(2), 683–705. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2019-0370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downward, P., Lumsdon, L., & Ralston, R. (2005). Gender differences in sports event volunteering: Insights from Crew 2002 at the XVII Commonwealth Games. Managing Leisure, 10(4), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710500348086
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P., & Ralston, R. (2006). The sports development potential of sports event volunteering: Insights from the XVII Manchester Commonwealth Games. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(4), 333–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740601154474
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2015). Exploring the covariates of sport participation for health: An analysis of males and females in England. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.924056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairley, S., Lovegrove, H., & Brown, M. (2016). Leveraging events to ensure enduring benefits: The legacy strategy of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. Sport Management Review, 19(4), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, J. M., Johnston, M. E., & Twynam, G. D. (1998). Volunteer motivation, satisfaction, and management at an elite sporting competition. Journal of Sport Management, 12(4), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.4.288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage, III, R. L., & Thapa, B. (2012). Volunteer motivations and constraints among college students: Analysis of the volunteer function inventory and leisure constraints models. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(3), 405–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764011406738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (1997). Event management and event tourism. Cognizant Communication Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, H. J., Kaplanidou, K., & Kang, S. J. (2012). Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, H. J., Willming, C., & Holdnak, A. (2003). Small-scale event sport tourism: Fans as tourists. Tourism Management, 24(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00058-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grand Junction. Colorado. (2020). Cycling in Grand Junction. https://www.visitgrandjunction.com/cycling-grand-junction
   Google Scholar
• Gratton, C., Dobson, N., & Shibli, S. (2000). The economic importance of major sports events: A case-study of six events. Managing Leisure, 5(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/136067100375713
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. C., & Chalip, L. (1998). Sport volunteers: Research agenda and application. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 7(2), 14–23.
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. C., & Chalip, L. (2004). Paths to volunteer commitment: Lessons from Sydney Olympic Games. In R. A. Stebbins & M. Graham (Eds.), Volunteering as leisure/leisure as volunteering: An international assessment (pp. 49–68). CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Grix, J. (2012). ‘Image’ leveraging and sports mega-events: Germany and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 17(4), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2012.760934
   Google Scholar
• Hallmann, K. (2015). Modelling the decision to volunteer in organised sports. Sport Management Review, 18(3), 448–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, H., Lee, S., & Hyun, S. S. (2020). Tourism and altruistic intention: Volunteer tourism development and self-interested value. Sustainability, 12(5), 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, K. (2007). Motivation and commitment of volunteers in a marathon running event. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida State University.
   Google Scholar
• Harpham, T., Grant, E., & Thomas, E. (2002). Measuring social capital within health surveys: Key issues. Health Policy and Planning, 17(1), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.1.106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, D., & Goldblatt, J. (1995). Event management: Implications for tourism education. Tourism Recreation Research, 20(2), 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1995.11014747
   Google Scholar
• Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). More than just convenient: The scientific merits of homogeneous convenience samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(2), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerwin, S., Warner, S., Walker, M., & Stevens, J. (2015). Exploring a sense of community among small-scale sport event volunteers. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.996581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo, S., & Engelhorn, R. (2011). Volunteer motivations at a national Special Olympics event. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 28(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.28.1.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E. (2018). A systematic review of motivation of sport event volunteers. World Leisure Journal, 60(4), 306–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2017.1373696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M., Zhang, J. J., & Connaughton, D. P. (2010). Modification of the volunteer functions inventory for application in youth sports. Sport Management Review, 13(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.005
   Google Scholar
• Koutrou, N., & Downward, P. (2016). Event and club volunteer potential: The case of women’s rugby in England. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(2), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2015.1102756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristiansen, E., Skirstad, B., Parent, M. M., & Waddington, I. (2015). ‘We can do it’: Community, resistance, social solidarity, and long-term volunteering at a sport event. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachance, E. L., & Parent, M. M. (2020). The volunteer experience in a para-sport event: An autoethnography. Journal of Sport Management, 34(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, L., Harlan, S., Bolin, B., Hackett, E., Hope, D., Kirby, A., Nelson, A., Rex, T., & Wolf, S. (2004). Bonding and bridging: Understanding the relationship between social capital and civic action. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X04267181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., & Kim, M. (2018). Serious leisure characteristics of older adult volunteers: The case of an international sporting event. World Leisure Journal, 60(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2017.1305441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyshon, M., Leyshon, C., Walker, T., & Fish, R. (2021). More than sweat equity: Young people as volunteers in conservation work. Journal of Rural Studies, 81, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, A. S., & Lee, C. Y. (2011). Motivations and perceived value of volunteer tourists from Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 32(2), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, J. W. (2003). Theory-testing, generalization, and the problem of external validity. Sociological Theory, 21(3), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9558.00187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macinko, J., & Starfield, B. (2001). The utility of social capital in research on health determinants. The Milbank Quarterly, 79(3), 387–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.00213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martela, F., & Riekki, T. J. (2018). Autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence: A multicultural comparison of the four pathways to meaningful work. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matei, S., & Britt, B. (Eds.). (2011). Virtual sociability: From community to communitas. InterAcademic Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. (2020). NCES locale classification and criteria. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/edge/docs/LOCALE_CLASSIFICATIONS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nichols, G., Hogg, E., Knight, C., & Storr, R. (2019). Selling volunteering or developing volunteers? Approaches to promoting sports volunteering. Voluntary Sector Review, 10(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1332/204080519X15478200125132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, G., Tacon, R., & Muir, A. (2013). Sports clubs’ volunteers: Bonding in or bridging out? Sociology, 47(2), 350–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038512441278
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, D. (2007). Points of leverage: Maximizing host community benefit from a regional surfing festival. European Sport Management Quarterly, 7(2), 141–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740701353315
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, D., & Chalip, L. (2008). Sport events and strategic leveraging: Pushing towards the triple bottom line. In A. G. Woodside, & D. Martin (Eds.), Advancing tourism management (pp. 318–338). CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Okun, M. A., Barr, A., & Herzog, A. (1998). Motivation to volunteer by older adults: A test of competing measurement models. Psychology and Aging, 13(4), 608–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.13.4.608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). (2020). Urban population by size. https://data.oecd.org/popregion/urban-population-by-city-size.htm
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole, M., & Grey, C. (2016). We can tell them to get lost, but we won’t do that: Cultural control and resistance in voluntary work. Organization Studies, 37(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615604507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten, M. L. (2000). Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials (2nd ed.). Pyrczak Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. I. Braun, D. N. Jackson, & D. E. Wiley (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurements (pp. 49–69). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira, E. C. S., Mascarenhas, M. V. M., Flores, A. J. G., & Pires, G. M. V. S. (2015). Nautical small-scale sports events portfolio: A strategic leveraging approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1007883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perić, M., Đurkin, J., & Wise, N. (2016). Leveraging small-scale sport events: Challenges of organising, delivering and managing sustainable outcomes in Rural communities, the case of Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Sustainability, 8(12), 1337–1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piliavin, J. A. (2010). Volunteering across the lifespan: Doing well by doing good. In S. Stuermer & M. Snyder (Eds.), The psychology of prosocial behavior: Group processes, intergroup relations, and helping (pp. 157–172). Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Preuss, H., & Solberg, H. A. (2007). Major sport events and long-term tourism impacts. Journal of Sport Management, 21(2), 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.21.2.213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone. The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (1993). The prosperous community—social capital and public life. The American Prospect, 13, 35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Raj, R., Walters, P., & Rashid, T. (2009). Events management: An integrated and practical approach. SAGE Publications Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Rihova, I., Buhalis, D., Moital, M., & Gouthro, M.-B. (2013). Social layers of customer-to-customer value co-creation. Journal of Service Management, 24(5), 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-04-2013-0092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, B. (2004). Exploring small-scale sport event tourism: The case of rugby union and the Super 12 competition. In B. Ritchie, & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships impacts and issues (pp. 135–154). Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Saksida, T., Alfes, K., & Shantz, A. (2017). Volunteer role mastery and commitment: Can HRM make a difference? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(14), 2062–2084. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1126335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirstad, B., & Hanstad, D. V. (2013). Gender matters in sport event volunteering. Managing Leisure, 18(4), 316–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2013.809188
   Google Scholar
• Statista. (2021, March 9). NFL league and team sponsorship revenue 2010-2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/456355/nfl-league-team-sponsorship-revenue-worldwide/
   Google Scholar
• Stoll, J. A., Dixon, A. W., Goldsmith, G. S., Andrew, D. P. S., & Chelladurai, P. (2020). Sport tourism entity desired outcomes. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 24(3), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2020.1822201
   Google Scholar
• Storr, R., & Spaaij, R. (2017). ‘I guess it’s kind of elitist’: The formation and mobilisation of cultural, social and physical capital in youth sport volunteering. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(4), 487–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surujlal, J. (2010). Volunteer motivation in special events for people with disabilities: Sport participation. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 16(3), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v16i3.60923
   Google Scholar
• Tomazos, K., & Butler, R. (2012). Volunteer tourists in the field: A question of balance? Tourism Management, 33(1), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toraldo, M. L., Islam, G., & Mangia, G. (2019). Serving time: Volunteer work, liminality and the uses of meaningfulness at music festivals. Journal of Management Studies, 56(3), 617–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, E. (2012). Communitas: The anthropology of collective joy. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen, J., & Verweel, P. (2009). Participation in sport: Bonding and bridging as identity work. Sport in Society, 12(9), 1206–1219. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430903137886
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. (2006). The economic impact of local sport events: Significant, limited or otherwise? A case study of four swimming events. Managing Leisure, 11(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710500445718
   Google Scholar
• Won, D., Park, M., & Turner, B. (2010). Motivations for participating in health-related charity sport events. Journal of Venue and Event Management, 1(2), 17–44.
   Google Scholar
• Zahra, A., & McGehee, N. G. (2013). Volunteer tourism: A host community capital perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar