Climate impacts in sport: extreme heat as a climate hazard and adaptation options

References

• Abraham, J. (2019). Heat risks associated with synthetic artificial fields. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 36(1), 515–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2019.1605096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfano, F., Malchairo, J., Palella, B., & Riccio, G. (2014). WEGT index revisited after 60 years of use. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 58(8), 955–970. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meu050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernard, P., Chevance, G., Kingsbury, C., Baillot, A., Romain, A.-J., Molinier, V., Gadais, T., & Dancause, K. N. (2021). Climate change, physical activity and sport: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 51(5), 1041–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01439-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrang-Ford, L., Siders, A., Lesnikowski, A., Fischer, A. P., Callaghan, M. W., Haddaway, N. R., Mach, K. J., Araos, M., Shah, M. A. R., & Wannewitz, M. (2021). A systematic global stocktake of evidence on human adaptation to climate change. Nature Climate Change, 11(11), 989–1000. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01170-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchama, A., Abuyassin, B., Lehe, C., Laitano, O., Jay, O., O’Connor, F. G., & Leon, L. R. (2022). Classic and exertional heatstroke. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 8(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00334-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C., & Wilby, L. (2012, October). An alternative approach to assessing climate risks. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 93(41), 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO410001
   Google Scholar
• Brunette, M., Bourke, R., Hanewinkel, M., & Yousefpour, R. (2018). Adaptation to climate change in forestry: A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Forests, 9(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, M. (2021). Values: Building a better world for all. Penguin Random House. ISBN: 978-0-7710-5155-5.
   Google Scholar
• Castle, M., Tan, N., & LaGro, J. (2015). Evaluating capacity building to foster climate change adaptation. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.33015
   Google Scholar
• Chalmers, S., & Jay, O. (2018). Australian community sport extreme heat policies: Limitations and opportunities for improvement. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(6), 544–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers, S., Siegler, J., Lovell, R., Lynch, G., Gregson, W., Marshall, P., & Jay, O. (2019). Brief in-play cooling breaks reduce thermal strain during football in hot conditions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(8), 912–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers, S. M., Anderson, G., & Jay, O. (2020). Considerations for the development of extreme heat policies in sport and exercise. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1), e000774. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000774
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa, C. (2005). The status and future of sport management: A Delphi study. Journal of Sport Management, 19(2), 117–142. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.2.117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of Ministers of Education. (2022). Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. https://www.cmec.ca/299/Education_in_Canada__An_Overview.html#:~:text=Number%20of%20Institutions,213%20public%20colleges%20and%20institutes
   Google Scholar
• Cradock-Henry, N. A., Connolly, J., Blackett, P., & Lawrence, J. (2020). Elaborating a systems methodology for cascading climate change impacts and implications. MethodsX, 7, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2020.100893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, J., & Bobeva, M. (2005). A generic toolkit for the successful management of Delphi studies. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methodology, 3(2), 103–116.
   Google Scholar
• de Bruin, K., Dellink, R., Ruijs, A., Bolwidt, L., van Buuren, A., Graveland, J., De Groot, R., Kuikman, P., Reinhard, S., & Roetter, R. (2009). Adapting to climate change in The Netherlands: An inventory of climate adaptation options and ranking of alternatives. Climatic Change, 95(1), 23–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9576-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingle, G., Dickson, G., & Stewart, B. (2022). Major sport stadia, water resources and climate change: Impacts and adaptation. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2092169.
   Google Scholar
• Dingle, G., & Stewart, B. (2018). Playing the climate game: Climate change impacts, resilience and adaptation in the climate-dependent sport sector. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(4-6), 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1527715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingle, G. W., & Mallen, C. (2021). Community sports fields and atmospheric climate impacts: Australian and Canadian perspectives. Managing Sport and Leisure, 26(4), 301–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1766375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedele, G., Donatti, C., Harvey, C., Hannah, L., & Hole, D. (2019, November). Transformative adaptation to climate change for sustainable social-ecological systems. Environmental Science and Policy, 101, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). (2021). FIFA climate strategy: Making football resilient and mitigating our impact on climate change. https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/a6e93d3f1e33b09/original/FIFA-Climate-Strategy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Finch, C., & Boufous, S. (2008). The descriptive epidemiology of sports/leisure-related heat illness hospitalisations in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(1), 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamage, P. J., Fortington, L. V., & Finch, C. (2020). Epidemiology of exertional heat illnesses in organised sports: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(8), 701–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaoua, N., de Oliveira, R. F., & Hunter, S. (2017). Perception, action, and cognition of football referees in extreme temperatures: Impact on decision performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrist, J., Haileyesus, T., Murphy, M., & Yard, E. (2011). Nonfatal sports and recreation heat illness treated in hospital emergency departments-United States, 2001-2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(29), 977–980.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glasser, R. (2020). The climate change imperative to transform disaster risk management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00248-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundstein, A. J., Scarneo-Miller, S. E., Adams, W. M., & Casa, D. J. (2020). From theory to practice: Operationalizing a climate vulnerability for sport organizations framework for heat hazards among US high schools. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(8), 718–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guardaro, M., Hondula, D., Ortiz, J., & Redman, C. (2022). Adaptive capacity to extreme urban heat. The dynamics of differing narratives. Climate Risk Management, 35, 100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallowell, M. R., & Gambatese, J. A. (2010). Qualitative research: Application of the Delphi method to CEM research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heal, G., & Park, J. (2016). Reflections – temperature stress and the direct impact of climate change: A review of emerging literature. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(2), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honjol, T., Seo, Y., Yamasaki, Y., Tsunematsu, N., Yokoyama, H., Yamato, H., & Mikami, T. (2018). Thermal comfort along the marathon course of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. International Journal of Biometeorology, 62(8), 1407–1419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1539-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosokawa, Y., Belval, L. N., Casa, D. J., Deuster, P. A., Giltz, S. M., Grundstein, A. J., Hawkins, M. D., Huggins, R. A., Jacklitsch, B., Jardine, J. F., Jones, H., Kazman, J. B., Reynolds, M. E., Stearns, R. L., Trtanj, J. M., Vanos, J. K., Williams, A. L., & Williams, W. J. (2019). Activity modification in heat: Critical assessment of guidelines across athletic, occupational, and military settings in the USA. International Journal of Biometeorology, 63(3), 405–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01673-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosokawa, Y., Grundstein, A. J., & Casa, D. J. (2018). Extreme heat considerations in international football venues: The utility of climatologic data in decision making. Journal of Athletic Training, 53(9), 860–865. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-361-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2018). Annex I: Glossary. In V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, & T. Waterfield (Eds.), Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (pp. 541–561). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jay, O., Capon, A., Berry, P., Broderick, C., de Dear, R., Havenith, G., Honda, Y., Kovats, R. S., Ma, W., & Malik, A. (2021). Reducing the health effects of hot weather and heat extremes: From personal cooling strategies to green cities. The Lancet, 398(10301), 709–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01209-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, M. (2016). The climate change adaptation literature. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(1), 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rev023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, J., & Vamplew, W. (2006). Under the weather: Combating climate in British sport. Sport in Society: Culture, Commerce, Media, Politics, 9(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430500355832
   Google Scholar
• Keenan, R. (2015). Climate change impacts and adaptation in forest management: A review. Annals of Forest Science, 72(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0446-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellison, T. B., & Orr, M. (2020). Climate vulnerability as a catalyst for early stadium replacement. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(1), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-04-2020-0076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiem, A. S., & Verdon-Kidd, D. C. (2011). Steps toward “useful” hydroclimatic scenarios for water resource management in the Murray-Darling Basin. Water Resources Research, 47(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009803
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, J., Blackett, P., & Cradock-Henry, N. A. (2020). Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Climate Risk Management, 29, 100234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnenluecke, M. (2022). The impact of climate risk on firm performance and financing choices: A commentary. In M. A. Mithani, R. Narula, I. Surdu, & A. Verbeke (Eds.), Crises and disruptions in international business: How multinational enterprises respond to crises (pp. 351–358). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80383-4_14
   Google Scholar
• Magnan, A. K., Schipper, E. L. F., & Duvat, V. K. (2020). Frontiers in climate change adaptation science: Advancing guidelines to design adaptation pathways. Current Climate Change Reports, 6(4), 166–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallen, C., Adams, L., Stevens, J., & Thompson, L. (2010). Environmental sustainability in sport facility management: A Delphi study. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(3), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184741003774521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallen, C., & Dingle, G. (2017). Climate change and Canadian communities’ grass-based sport fields. International Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 13(2), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.18848/2325-1077/CGP/v13i02/45-59
   Google Scholar
• Mallen, C., & Dingle, G. (2021, September). Organizing sport for climate related adaptations: Lessons from the water and forestry industries. Sustainability – Special Issue: Sport Ecology, 13(18), 10462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810462.
   Google Scholar
• Matzarakis, A., & Fröhlich, D. (2015). Sport events and climate for visitors—The case of FIFA World Cup in Qatar 2022. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(4), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0886-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. M. (2003). Delphi: Myths and reality. Journal of Health Organization Management, 17(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260310469319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen, C., & Thangadurai, M. (2007). Janus and the Delphi oracle: Entering the new world of international business research. Journal of International Management, 13(2), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2006.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nybo, L., Flouris, A., Racinais, S., & Mohr, M. (2021, March). Football facing a future with global warming: Perspectives for players health and performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(6), 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden, A., & Innes, J. (2009). Application of structured decision-making to an assessment of climate change adaptation in Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada. Ecology and Society, 14(1), 557–569. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02771-140111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Information and Management, 42(1), 15–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Universities. (2022). Get to know Ontario’s Universities. Ontario Universities. https://www.ontariouniversitiesinfo.ca/universities
   Google Scholar
• Oppermann, E., Strengers, Y., Maller, C., Rickards, L., & Brearley, M. (2018). Beyond threshold approaches to extreme heat: Repositioning adaptation as everyday practice. Weather, Climate, and Society, 10(4), 885–898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, M. (2020). Finding consensus on indicators for organizational climate capacity in sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 25(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1914710.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, M., & Inoue, Y. (2018). Sport versus climate: Introducing the climate vulnerability of sport organizations framework. Sport Management Review, 22(4), 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, M., Inoue, Y., Seymour, R., & Dingle, G. W. (2022). Impacts of climate change on organized sport: A scoping review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 13(3), e760. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, M., & Schneider, I. (2018). Substitution interests among active-sport tourists: The case of a cross-country ski event. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 22(4), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2018.1545600
   Google Scholar
• Owen, G. (2020). What makes climate change adaptations effective? A systemic review of the literature. Global Environmental Change, 62(May), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102071.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, T. D., Rodríguez, E. H., Fawcett, D., & Ford, J. D. (2018). How is Australia adapting to climate change based on a systematic review? Sustainability, 10(9), 3280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn State Center for Sports’ Surface Research. (n.d.). The Sportsturf Scoop: Surface temperature of synthetic turf. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences’ Department of Plant Science. https://plantscience.psu.edu/research/centers/ssrc/sportsturf-scoop/temperature/default
   Google Scholar
• Prévost-Manuel, J. (2021, July 3). How hot is too hot for human? Understanding wet-bulb temperatures. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/how-hot-is-too-hot-for-humans-understanding-wet-bulb-temperatures-1.6088415
   Google Scholar
• Raymond, C., Matthews, T., & Horton, R. (2020, May). The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance. Science Advances, 6(19), 1838. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuters. (2019). Brave Blossoms tackle typhoon Hagibis flood waters for training – video. Reuters. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/video/2019/oct/12/brave-blossoms-tackle-hagibis-flood-waters-for-training-video
   Google Scholar
• Rickards, L. (2013). Transformation is adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 3(8), 690–690. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickards, L., & Howden, S. M. (2012). Transformational adaptation: Agriculture and climate change. Crop and Pasture Science, 63(3), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP11172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, W. J., & Orr, M. (2022). Predicting climate impacts to the Olympic Games and FIFA Men’s World Cups from 2022 to 2032. Sport in Society, 25(4), 867–888. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1984426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer, L., Jorks, P., Seck, E., Koulibaly, O., & Diouf, A. (2021). Slow-onset processes and resulting loss and damage – An introduction. https://www.germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_Slow-onset%20paper%20Teil%201_20.01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schmalz, U., Spinler, S., & Ringbeck, J. (2021). Lessons learned from a two-round Delphi-based scenario study. MethodsX, 8, 101179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2020.101179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, D., & Jones, B. (2006). The impact of climate change on golf participation in the Greater Toronto area (GTA): A case study. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(3), 363–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2006.11950083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, T. G., Boyd, E., Calel, R. A., Chapman, S. C., Dessai, S., Dima-West, I. M., Fowler, H. J., James, R., Maraun, D., Martius, O., Senior, C. A., Sobel, A. H., Stainforth, D. A., Tett, S. F. B., Trenberth, K. E., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Watkins, N. W., Wilby, R. L., & Zenghelis, D. A. (2018). Storylines: An alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change. Climatic Change, 151(3), 555–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2317-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, I., Smyth, R., & Williamson, P. (2011). Using the Delphi technique to determine which outcomes to measure in clinical trials: Recommendations for the future based on a systematic review of existing studies. PLoS Medical, 8(1), e1000393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. T., Reid, M., Kovalchik, S., Wood, T., & Duffield, R. (2018). Heat stress incidence and matchplay characteristics in women's grand SLAM tennis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(7), 666–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofotasiou, P., Hughes, B. R., & Calautit, J. K. (2015). Qatar 2022: Facing the FIFA World Cup climatic and legacy challenges. Sustainable Cities and Society, 14, 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A., Brosnan, J., Zidek, J., & Sorochan, J. (2014). Models for predicting surface temperatures on synthetic turf playing surfaces. Process Engineering Journal, 72, 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.153
   Google Scholar
• Tsalis, T. A., & Nikolaou, I. E. (2017). Assessing the effects of climate change regulations on the business community: A system dynamic approach. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(6), 826–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanos, J., & Grundstein, A. (2020, November). Variations in athlete heat-loss between hot-dry and warm-humid environments at equivalent wet-bulb globe temperature thresholds. Journal of Athletic Training, 55(11), 1190–1198. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-313-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanos, J. K., Kosaka, E., Iida, A., Yokohari, M., Middel, A., Scott-Fleming, I., & Brown, R. (2019). Planning for spectator thermal comfort and health in the face of extreme heat: The Tokyo 2020 Olympic marathons. Science of the Total Environment, 657(March), 904–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilby, R., & Dessai, S. (2010, July). Robust adaptation to climate change. Weather, 65(7), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar