765
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Practice Evaluation Strategies Among Social Workers: Why an Evidence-Informed Dual-Process Theory Still Matters

References

  • Adams, F. (2010). Embodied cognition. Phenomenology and Cognition, 9, 619–628.
  • Auerbach, C., & Schudrich, W. Z. (2013). SSD for R: A comprehensive statistical package to analyze single-system data. Research on Social Work Practice, 23, 346–353. doi:10.1177/1049731513477213
  • Auerbach, C., & Zeitlin, W. (2014). SSD for R: An R package for analyzing single-subject data. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Bellamy, J. L., Bledsoe, S. E., & Traube, D. E. (2005). The current state of evidence-informed practice in social work: A review of the literature and qualitative analysis of expert interviews. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 3, 23–48. doi:10.1300/J394v03n01_02
  • Benner, P. (Ed.). (1995). Interpretive phenomenology: Embodiment, caring, and ethics in health and illness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Bickerton, D. (1995). Language and human behavior. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
  • Bloom, M., Fisher, J., & Orme, J. G. (2009). Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
  • Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2001). Fuzzy-trace theory: Dual processes in memory, reasoning, and cognitive neuroscience. In H. W. Reese & R. Kail (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (vol. 28, pp. 41–100). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Briggs, H. E., Feyerherm, W., & Gingerich, W. (2004). Evaluating science-based pratice with single systems. In H. E. Briggs & T. L. Rzepnicki (Eds.), Using evidence in social work practice: Behavioral perspectives (pp. 323–342). Chicago, IL: Lyceum.
  • Brooks, R. A. (1991). Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence, 47, 139–159. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90053-M
  • Bruno, F. J. (1936). The theory of social work. Boston, MA: D. C. Health and Co.
  • Bruno, F. J. (1948). Trends in social work as reflected in the proceedings of the National conference of social work (pp. 1874–1946). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Brunswik, E. (1943). Organismic achievement and envrionmental probability. The Psychological Review, 50, 255–272. doi:10.1037/h0060889
  • Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Charleswort, S. J. (2000). A phenomenology of working class experience. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Coe, J. A. R., & Mennon, G. M. (Eds.). (2000). Computers and information technology in social work education, training, and practice. New York, NY: TRC.
  • Corcoran, K., & Fisher, J. (Eds.). (2013a). Measures for clinical practice and research, Volume 1: Couples, families, and children. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Corcoran, K., & Fisher, J. (Eds.). (2013b). Measures for clinical practice and research, Volume 2: Adults. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Council on Social Work Education. (2015). Educational policy and accreditation standards. Washington, DC: Author.
  • Cournoyer, B. R., & Powers, G. T. (2002). Evidence-informed social work: The quiet revolution. In A. R. Roberts & G. J. Greene (Eds.), Social workers’ desk reference (pp. 798–807). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Crick, F., & Koch, C. (2003). A framework for consciousness. National Neuroscience, 6, 119–126. doi:10.1038/nn0203-119
  • Davis, D. A., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. (1997). Translating guidelines into practice: A systematic review of theoretic concepts, practical experience and research evidence in the adoption of clinical practice guidelines. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 157, 408–416.
  • Davis, T. D. (2005). Beliefs about confrontation among substance abuse counselors: Are they consistent with the evidence? Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 2, 1–17. doi:10.1300/J394v02n01_01
  • Davis, T. D. (2006). Practice evaluation in social work: Theorizing pracitioner preference. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 76, 67–92. doi:10.1300/J497v76n03_06
  • Davis, T. D. (2007). Why do MSW students evaluate practice the way they do? An evidence-informed theory for clinical supervisors. The Clinical Supervisor, 26, 159–175. doi:10.1300/J001v26n01_11
  • Davis, T. D., Dennis, C. B., & Culbertson, S. E. (2015). Practice evaluation strategies among licensed clinical social workers: New directions in practice research. Research on Social Work Practice, 25, 654–669.
  • Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J. P. (2011). Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron, 70, 200–227. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018
  • Di Paolo, E., & Thompson, E. (2014). The enactive approach. In L. Shapiro (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of embodied cognition. London, England: Routledge.
  • Dijksterhuis, A., Bos, M. W., Nordgren, L. F., & Van Barren, R. B. (2006). On making the right choice: The deliberation-without-attention effect. Science, 311, 1005–1007. doi:10.1126/science.1121629
  • Dreyfus, H. L. (2016). Skillful coping: Essays on the phenomenology of everyday perception and action (M. A. Wrathall, Ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.
  • Drisko, J. (2001). How clinical social workers evaluate practice. Smith College Studes in Social Work, 71, 419–439. doi:10.1080/00377310109517638
  • Drisko, J. W., & Grady, M. D. (2012). Evidence-based practice in clinical social work. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Elks, M., & Kirkhart, K. (1993). Evaluating effectiveness from the practitioner perspective. Social Work, 38, 555–563. doi:10.1093/sw/38.5.554
  • Epstein, I. (2010). Clinical data-mining: Integrating practice and research. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Epstein, I., Fisher, M., Julkunen, I., Uggerhoj, L., Austin, M. J., & Sim, T. (2015). The New York statement on the evolving definition of practice research designed for continuing dialogue: A bulletin from the 3rd International conference on practice research (2014). Research on Social Work Practice, 25, 1–4. doi:10.1177/1049731515582250
  • Epstein, S., & Pacini, R. (1999). Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the persepctive of cogntive-experiential self-theory. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 462–482). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Feldman, R. A. (2010). Critical infrastructures for social work practice research: Pondering the past, framing the future. In A. E. Fortune, P. McCallion, & K. Briar-Lawson (Eds.), Social work practice research for the twenty-first century (pp. 3–22). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Ferguson, M. J., Mann, T. C., & Wonjnowicz, M. T. (2014). Rethinking duality: Criticisms and ways forward. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 578–594). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Fischer, J. (1993). Empirically-based practice: The end of ideology? Social Service Review, 18, 19–64. doi:10.1300/J079v18n01_03
  • Fodor, J. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Fortune, A. E., McCallion, P., & Briar-Lawson, K. (2010). Building evidence-informed intervention theories. In A. E. Fortune, P. McCallion, & K. Briar-Lawson (Eds.), Social work practice research for the twenty-first century (pp. 279–295). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Fraser, M. W., Richman, J. M., Galinsky, M. J., & Day, S. H. (2009). Intervention research: Developing social programs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Gambrill, E. (1997). Social work practice: A critical thinker’s guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Gambrill, E. (1999). Evidence-informed practice: An alternative to authority-based practice. Families in Society, 80, 341–350. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.1214
  • Gambrill, E. (2012). Propoganda in the helping professions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Garb, H. N. (1998). Studying the clinician: Judgment research and psychological assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692–731. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
  • Gawronski, B., Sherman, J. W., & Trope, Y. (2014). Two of what? A conceptual analysis of dual-process theories. In B. Gawronski, J. W. Sherman, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 3–19). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Gerdes, K., Edmonds, R., Haslam, D., & McCartney, T. (1996). A statewide survey of licensed clinical social workers’ use of practice evaluation procedures. Research on Social Work Practice, 6, 27–39. doi:10.1177/104973159600600102
  • Gibbs, L. E. (2003). Evidence-informed practice for the helping professions. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Gigerenzer, G., & Todd, P. M. (Eds.). (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Gilbert, D. T. (1999). What the mind’s not. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 3–11). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Giles, S. (2003). Transformations: A phenomenological investigation into the life-world of home haemodialysis. Social Work in Health Care, 38, 29–50. doi:10.1300/J010v38n02_02
  • Gingerich, W. J. (1982, March). Teaching students to use single-case evaluation methods: Enhancing generalization from classroom to practice settings. Paper presented at the Annual Program Meeting of the Council of Social Work Education, New York, NY.
  • Grobman, L. (Ed.). (2011). Days in the lives of social workers: 58 professionals tell real-life stories from social work practice (4th ed.). Harrisburg, PA: White House Communications.
  • Grobman, L., & Bourassa, D. (Eds.). (2007). Days in the lives of gerotological social workers: 44 professionals tell stories from real-life social work practice with older adults. Harrisburg, PA: White Hat Communications.
  • Healy, L. (2008). International social work: Professional action in an interdependent world (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Hepworth, D., Rooney, R., Rooney, G., & Strom-Gottfriend, K. (2012). Direct social work practice: Theory and skills (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Higgs, J., & Jones, M. (2000). Clinical reasoning in the health professions. Clinical reasoning in the health professions (2nd ed., pp. 3–14). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Hogarth, R. M. (2001). Educating intuition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Howard, M. O., & Garland, E. L. (2015). Social work research: 2044. Journal of Society for Social Work and Research, 61, 173–200. doi:10.1086/681099
  • Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, slow and fast. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kazi, M. (2000). Contemporary perspectives in the evaluation of practice. British Journal of Social Work, 30, 755–768. doi:10.1093/bjsw/30.6.755
  • Kazi, M. (2003). Realist evaluation for practice. British Journal of Social Work, 33, 803–818. doi:10.1093/bjsw/33.6.803
  • Keller, C., & Keller, J. D. (1996). Thinking and acting with iron. In S. Chaiklin & J. Lave (Eds.), Understanding practice: Perspectives on activity and context (pp. 125–143). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kirk, S. A., & Reid, W. J. (2002). Science and social work: A critical appraisal. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Klein, G. (1998). Sources of power: How people make decisions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Klein, W. C. (1995). Practice wisdom. Social Work, 40, 799–807. doi:10.1093/sw/40.6.799
  • Knight, C. (2015). Social work students’ use of the peer-review literature and engagment in evidence-informed practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 51, 250–269. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012924
  • Lave, J. (1996). The practice of learning. In S. Chaiklin & J. Lave (Eds.), Understanding practice: Perspectives on activity and context (pp. 3–32). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lave, J., Murtaugh, M., & Rocha, O. D. L. (1984). The dialectic of arithmetic in grocery shopping. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.), Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 67–94). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Levinson, S. C. (1995). Interactional biases in human thinking. In E. Goody (Ed.), Social intelligence and interaction (pp. 221–260). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lieberman, M. (2000). Intuition: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 109–137. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.109
  • Lieberman, M. D. (2003). Reflexive and reflective judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. In J. P. Forgas, K. R. Williams, & W. V. Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments in implicit and explicit processes (pp. 44–67). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lindblom, C. E., & Cohen, D. K. (1979). Usable knowledge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Luhrmann, T. M. (2000). Of two minds: The growing disorder in American psychiatry. New York, NY: Knopf.
  • Lynch, M. (1993). Scientific practice and ordinary action. Cambridge, Engalnd: Cambridge University Press.
  • Madjar, I., & Walton, J. A. (1999). Phenomenology and nursing. In I. Madjar & J. A. Walton (Eds.), Nursing and the experience of illness (pp. 1–16). London, England: Routledge.
  • Manen, M. V. (2001). Professional practice and ‘doing phenomenology’. In S. K. Toombs (Ed.), Handbook of phenomenology and medicine (pp. 457–474). Boston, MA: Kluwer.
  • Marino, R., Green, R. G., & Young, E. (1998). Beyond the scientist-practitioner model’s failure to thrive: Social workers’ participation in agency-based research activities. Social Work Research, 22, 188–192. doi:10.1093/swr/22.3.188
  • Marthinsen, E., & Julkunen, I. (Eds.). (2012). Practice research in Nordic social work: Knowledge production in transition. Forest Hill, England: Whiting and Birch.
  • Martinez-Brawley, E. E. (1995). Knowledge diffusion and transfer technology: Conceptual premises and concrete steps for human services innovators. Social Work, 40, 670–682. doi:10.1093/sw/40.5.670
  • Maynard, D. W. (2003). Bad news, good news: Conversational order in everyday talk and clinical settings. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception ( C. Smith, Trans.). London, England: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of will power. Psychological Review, 106, 3–19. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.3
  • Mullen, E. J., & Bacon, W. (2004). Implementation of practice guidelines and evidence-informed treatment: A survey of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers. In A. R. Roberts & K. R. Yeager (Eds.), Evidence-informed pratice manual: Research and outcome measures in health and human services (pp. 210–218). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC: NASW Press.
  • Nurius, P. S., Kemp, S. P., & Gibson, J. W. (1999). Practitioners’ perspectives on sound reasoning: Adding a worker-in-context component. Administration in Social Work, 23, 1–27. doi:10.1300/J147v23n01_01
  • O’Sullivan, T. O. (2005). Some theoretical propositions on the nature of practice wisdom. Journal of Social Work, 5, 221–242. doi:10.1177/1468017305054977
  • Okpych, N. J., & Yu, J. L.-H. (2014). A historical analysis of evidence-informed practice in social work: The unfinished journey toward an empirically grounded profession. Social Service Review, 88, 3–58. doi:10.1086/674969
  • Orme, J. G., Combs-Orme, T., & Orme, J. G. (2011). Outcome-informed evidence-informed practice. New York, NY: Pearson.
  • Orr, J. (1996). Talking about machines: An ethnography of a modern job. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Parrish, D. E., & Oxhandler, H. K. (2015). Social work field instructors’ views and implementation of evidence-informed practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 51, 270–286. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012943
  • Penka, C. E., & Kirk, S. A. (1991). Practitioner involvment in clinical evaluation. Social Work, 36, 513–518. doi:10.1093/sw/36.6.513
  • Pignotti, M., & Thyer, B. A. (2009). Use of novel unsupported and empirically supported therapies by licensed clinical social workers. Social Work Research, 33, 5–17. doi:10.1093/swr/33.1.5
  • Pollio, H. R., Henley, T. B., & Thompson, C. J. (1997). The phenomenology of everyday life: Empirical investigations of human experience. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pollock, J. L. (1991). OSCAR: A general theory of rationality. In J. Cummings & J. L. Pollock (Eds.), Philosophy and AI: Essays at the interface (pp. 189–213). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Reamer, F. G. (1995). Malpractice claims against social workers: First facts. Social Work, 40, 595–601. doi:10.1093/sw/40.5.595
  • Reid, W. J., & Zettergren, P. (1999). A perspective on empirical practice. In I. Shaw & J. Lishman (Eds.), Evaluation and social work practice (pp. 41–62). London, England: Sage Publications.
  • Richey, C. A., Blythe, B. J., & Berlin, S. B. (1987). Do social workers evaluate their practice? Social Work Research and Abstracts, 23, 14–20. doi:10.1093/swra/23.2.14
  • Rubin, A. (2008). Practitioner’s guide to using research for evidence-informed practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons.
  • Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. R. (2017). Research methods for social work (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Brooks Cole.
  • Schatzki, T. R. (2001). Introduction: Practice theory. In T. R. Schatzki, K. K. Cetina, & E. V. Savigny (Eds.), The practice turn in contemporary theory (pp. 1–14). London, England: Routledge.
  • Schon, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Scribner, S. (1984). Studying working intelligence. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.), Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 9–40). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Shapiro, L. (2011). Embodied cognition. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Shaw, I. (1998). Practicing evaluation. In J. Cheetham & M. A. F. Kazi (Eds.), The working of social work (pp. 201–223). London, England: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Shaw, I. (2012a). Logics, qualties and quality of social work research. In I. Shaw, K. Briar-Lawson, J. Orme, & R. Ruckdeschel (Eds.), The Sage handbook of social work research (pp. 246–263). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Shaw, I. (2012b). Places in time: Contextualizing social work research. In I. Shaw, K. Briar-Lawson, J. Orme, & R. Ruckdeschel (Eds.), The Sage handbook of social work research (pp. 210–227). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Shaw, I., & Shaw, A. (1997a). Game plans, buzzes and sheer luck: Doing well in social work. Social Work Research, 21, 69–79. doi:10.1093/swr/21.2.69
  • Shaw, I., & Shaw, A. (1997b). Keeping social work honest: Evaluating as profession and practice. British Journal of Social Work, 27, 847–869.
  • Sheldon, B., & Chilvers, R. (2000). Evidence-informed social care: A study of prospects and problems. Dorset, England: Russell House.
  • Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (2014). Dual-process theories of the social mind. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Sloman, A. S. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3
  • Smith, E. R. (2000). Dual-process theories in social and cogntive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108–131. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01
  • Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Stanovich, K. E. (2003). The fundamental computational biases of human cognition: Heuristics that (sometimes) impair decision making and problem solving. In J. E. Davidson & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of problem solving (pp. 291–342). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000). Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 645–726.
  • Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2014). Rationality, intelligience, and the defining features of type 1 and type 2 processing. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 80–91). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Stein, E. (1996). Without good reason: The rationality debate in philosophy and cognitive science. Oxford, England: Clarendon.
  • Suchman, L. A. (1996). Plans and situated action. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Taylor, C., & White, S. (2000). Practicing reflexivity in health and welfare: Making knowledge. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
  • Taylor, C., & White, S. (2001). Knowledge, truth, and reflexivity: The problem of judgement in social work. Journal of Social Work, 1, 37–59. doi:10.1177/146801730100100104
  • Taylor, S. E. (2002). Tending instinct: How nurturing is essential for who we are and how we live. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
  • Thyer, B. A. (2008). The potentially harmful effects of theory in social work. In B. A. Thyer, K. Sowers, & C. Dulmus (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of social work and social welfare (Vol. 2, pp. 519–538). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons.
  • Thyer, B. A., & Myers, L. L. (2007). A social worker’s guide to evaluating practice outcomes. Alexandria, VA: CSWE Press.
  • Thyer, B. A., & Pignotti, M. G. (2015). Science and pseudoscience in social work practice. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Toombs, S. K. (2001). Introduction: Phenomenology and medicine. In S. K. Toombs (Ed.), Handbook of phenomenology and medicine (pp. 1–26). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Tsui, M. S. (2005). Social work supervision: Contexts and concepts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Vahabzadeh, P. (2003). Articulated experiences: Toward a radical phenomenology of contemporary social movements. New York, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Ventimiglia, J. A., Marschke, J., Carmichael, P., & Loew, R. (2000). How do clinicians evaluate their practice effectiveness? A survey of clinical social workers. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 70, 287–306. doi:10.1080/00377310009517593
  • Vinzant, J. C., & Crothers, L. (1998). Street-level leadership: Discretion and legitimacy in front-line public service. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
  • Weinstein, J., Whittington, C., & Leiba, T. (2007). Collaboration in social work practice. London, England: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Welch, G. (1983). Will graduates use single-subject designs to evaluate their casework practice? Journal of Education in Social Work, 19, 42–47.
  • Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to ourselves. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Zeira, A., & Rosen, A. (2000). Unraveling “tacit knowledge”: What social workers do and why they do it. Social Service Review, 74, 103–123. doi:10.1086/514459

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.