STARS experiential group intervention: a complex trauma treatment approach for survivors of human trafficking

References

• Abu-Ali, A., & Al-Bahar, M. (2011). Understanding child survivors of human trafficking: A micro and macro level analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 791–796. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.154
   Google Scholar
• Arnstein, E. (2014). A trauma-informed psychoeducation program for professionals treating adolescent female victims of human sex trafficking ( Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Information & Learning (Accession Number 2014-99140-592).
   Google Scholar
• Aron, L. Y., Zweig, J. M., & Newmark, L. C. (2006). Comprehensive services for survivors of human trafficking: Findings from clients in three communities. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/43051/411507-Comprehensive-Services-for-Survivors-of-Human-Trafficking.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Azaola, E. (2000). Boy and girl victims of sexual exploitation in Mexico. Retrieved from http://www.oas.org/atip/country%20specific/azaola%20mexico%20child%20sex%20exploitation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. B., Fehrenbacher, A. E., & Eisenman, D. P. (2015). Psychological coercion in human trafficking: An application of Biderman’s framework. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1171–1181. doi:10.1177/1049732314557087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 401–412. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H., Klein, C., Shin, M. S., & Lee, H. J. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) symptoms following prostitution and childhood abuse. Violence Against Women, 15(8), 933–951. doi:10.1177/1077801209335493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, R. (2009). Cultural perspectives on child trafficking, human rights & social justice: A model for psychologists. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 22(1), 85–96. doi:10.1080/09515070902761230
   Google Scholar
• Clark, C., Lewis-Dmello, A., Anders, D., Parsons, A., Nguyen-Feng, V., Henn, L., & Emerson, D. (2014). Trauma-sensitive yoga as an adjunct mental health treatment in group therapy for survivors of domestic violence: A feasibility study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 20(3), 152–158. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2014.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clawson, H. J., Salomon, A., & Grace, L. G. (2008). Treating the hidden wounds: Trauma treatment and mental health recovery for victims of human trafficking. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/treating-hidden-wounds-trauma-treatment-and-mental-health-recovery-victims-human-trafficking
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Ford, J. D., Green, B. L., Alexander, P., Briere, J., & van der Hart, O. (2012). The ISTSS expert consensus treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults. Retrieved from https://www.istss.org/ISTSS_Main/media/Documents/ISTSS-Expert-Concensus-Guidelines-for-Complex-PTSD-Updated-060315.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 1–12. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbina, J. E., & Oselin, S. S. (2011). It’s not only for the money: An analysis of adolescent versus adult entry into street prostitution. Sociological Inquiry, 81(3), 310–332. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2011.00375.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, J., Sprang, G., Lee, R., & Cohen, J. (2016). The trauma of commercial sexual exploitation of youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(1), 122–146. doi:10.1177/0886260514555133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., DeRosa, R., … van der Kolk, B. (2005). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 390–398. doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtois, C. (2008). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychological Trauma, Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, S(1), 86–100. doi:10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.86
   Google Scholar
• Courtois, C., & Ford, J. (2013). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders (adults): Scientific foundations and therapeutic models. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Crews, D., Stolz-Newton, M., & Grant, N. (2016). The use of yoga to build self-compassion as a healing method for survivors of sexual violence. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 35(3), 139–156. doi:10.1080/15426432.2015.1067583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, L. (2013). 101 trauma-informed interventions: Activities, exercises and assignments to move the client and therapy forward. Eau Claire, WI: PESI Publishing and Media.
   Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012). Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187–200. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. J., & Begley, S. (2012). The emotional life of your brain: How its unique patterns affect the way you think, feel, and live- and how you can change them. New York, NY: Hudson Street Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davy, D. (2016). Anti-human trafficking interventions: How do we know if they are working? American Journal of Evaluation, 37(4), 486–504. doi:10.1177/1098214016630615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2017). Handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, D., & Hopper, E. K. (2012). Overcoming trauma through yoga: Reclaiming your body. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic.
   Google Scholar
• Farley, M., Cotton, A., Lynne, J., Zumbeck, S., Spiwak, F., Reyes, M. E., … Sezgin, U. (2008). Prostitution and trafficking in nine countries. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3–4), 33–74. doi:10.1300/J189v02n03_03
   Google Scholar
• Flowers, R. B. (2001). Runaway kids and teenage prostitution. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, D., Hardison Walters, J., Lutnick, A., Miller, S., & Kluckman, M. (2015). Services to domestic minor victims of sex trafficking: Opportunities for engagement and support. Children and Youth Services Review, 54, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R., & Calderon, A. (2012). The use of mindfulness in trauma counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(3), 254–268. doi:10.17744/mehc.34.3.930020422n168322
   Google Scholar
• Goudreau, J. (2012, April 26). The emotional life of the brain. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/04/26/the-emotional-life-of-the-brain/#3511db65391b
   Google Scholar
• Graham, N., & Wish, E. D. (1994). Drug use among female arrestees: Onset, patterns, and relationships to prostitution. Journal of Drug Issues, 24(2), 315–329. doi:10.1177/002204269402400207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, A. (2017). Polyvagal-informed dance/movement therapy for trauma: A global perspective. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 39(1), 43–46. doi:10.1007/s10465-017-9254-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, V. L., Compton, K. D., & McPhatter, V. S. (2013). Domestic minor sex trafficking: Practice implications for mental health professionals. Affilia, 28(1), 8–18. doi:10.1177/0886109912475172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, N. E. (2015). Group art therapy using clay with victims of the sex trade ( Doctoral dissertation). Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations. Retrieved from http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:253084/datastream/PDF/view
   Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Trauma Stress, 5(3), 377–391. doi:10.1002/jts.2490050305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and recovery. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hickle, K. E., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. E. (2014). Putting the pieces back together: A group intervention for sexually exploited adolescent girls. Social Work with Groups, 37(2), 99–113. doi:10.1080/01609513.2013.823838
   Google Scholar
• Hom, K., & Woods, S. (2013). Trauma and its aftermath for commercially sexually exploited women as told by front-line service providers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34(2), 75–81. doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.723300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper, E., & Hidalgo, J. (2006). Invisible chains: Psychological coercion of human trafficking victims. Intercultural Human Rights Law Review, 1, 185.
   Google Scholar
• Hopper, E. K. (2016). Trauma-informed psychological assessment of human trafficking survivors. Women and Therapy, 40, 12–30. doi:10.1080/02703149.2016.1205905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper, E. K. (2017a). The Multimodal Social Ecological (MSE) approach: A trauma-informed framework for supporting trafficking survivors’ psychosocial health. In M. Chisolm-Straker & H. Stocklosa (Eds.), Human trafficking is a public health issue: A paradigm expansion in the United States (pp. 153–183). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hopper, E. K. (2017b). Polyvictimization and developmental trauma adaptations in sex trafficked youth. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 10(2), 161–173. doi:10.1007/s40653-016-0114-z
   Google Scholar
• Hopper, E. K., & Gonzalez, L. (2018). A comparison of psychological symptoms in survivors of sex and labor trafficking. Behavioral Medicine. doi:10.1080/08964289.2018.1432551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hossain, M., Zimmerman, C., Abas, M., Light, M., & Watts, C. (2010). The relationship of trauma to mental disorders among trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2442–2449. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotaling, N., Burris, A., Johnson, B., Bird, Y., & Melbye, K. (2004). Been there done that: SAGE, a peer leadership model among prostitution survivors. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3–4), 255–265. doi:10.1300/J189v02n03_15
   Google Scholar
• Hovitz, H. (2016, June 7). Drama for trauma: A seriously unique approach to therapy. Hopeful Headlines. Retrieved from https://hopefulheadlines.org/2016/06/07/drama-for-trauma-a-seriously-unique-approach-to-therapy/
   Google Scholar
• International Labor Organization. (2017). Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour and forced marriage. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jones, P. (1996). Drama as therapy: Theater as living. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kiss, L., Pocock, N. S., Naisanguansri, V., Suos, S., Dickson, B., Thuy, D., … Zimmerman, C. (2015). Health of men, women, and children in post-trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: An observational cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health, 3(3), E154–E161. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70016-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatt, T., Cavner, D., & Egan, V. (2014). Rationalising predictors of child sexual exploitation and sex-trading. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 252–260. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.08.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, S. C., & Weidinger-Von Der Recke, B. (2009). Traumatised refugees: An integrated dance and verbal therapy approach. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36(5), 289–296. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2009.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, P. (2010). In an unspoken voice: How the body releases trauma and restores goodness. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic.
   Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B. L., Gilbert, L., Camins, J., Pyne, Z., & Dressel, C. (2014). Treating complex trauma survivors. Psychiatric Times, 31(10). Retrieved from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/cme/treating-complex-trauma-survivors
   Google Scholar
• McEachran, R. (2014, February 26). Art in the aftermath: Healing the victims of trafficking and slavery. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2014/feb/26/art-therapy-trafficking-slavery
   Google Scholar
• Nixon, K., Tutty, L., Downe, P., Gorkoff, K., & Ursel, J. (2002). The everyday occurrence: Violence in the lives of girls exploited through prostitution. Violence Against Women, 8(9), 1016–1043. doi:10.1177/107780120200800902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Callaghan, P., McMullen, J., Shannon, C., Rafferty, H., & Black, A. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually exploited, war-affected Congolese girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(4), 359–369. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy (1st ed., Norton series on interpersonal neurobiology). New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in partnership with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights and the Helen Bamber Foundation. (2013). Trafficking in human beings amounting to torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Occasional paper series no. 5. Vienna: Author. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/cthb/103085?download=true
   Google Scholar
• Ottisova, L., Hemmings, S., Howard, L. M., Zimmerman, C., & Oram, S. (2016). Prevalence and risk of violence and the mental, physical and sexual health problems associated with human trafficking: An updated systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 1–25. doi:10.1017/S2045796016000135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, L. (2013). The integrative power of dance/movement therapy: Implications for the treatment of dissociation and developmental trauma. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41, 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2013.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pifalo, T. (2007). Jogging the cogs: Trauma-focused art therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy with sexually abused children. Art Therapy, 24(4), 170–175. doi:10.1080/07421656.2007.10129471
   Google Scholar
• Powell, C., Asbill, M., Louis, E., & Stoklosa, H. (2017). Identifying gaps in human trafficking mental health service provision. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–14. doi:10.1080/23322705.2017.1362936
   Google Scholar
• Price, M., Spinazzola, J., Musicaro, R., Turner, J., Suvak, M., Emerson, D., & van der Kolk, B. (2017). Effectiveness of an extended yoga treatment for women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23(4), 300–309. doi:10.1089/acm.2015.0266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robjant, K., Roberts, J., & Katona, C. (2017). Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of trafficking using narrative exposure therapy: A retrospective audit. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8(63). doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00063
   Google Scholar
• Roe-Sepowitz, D., Hickle, K. E., Dahlstedt, J., & Gallagher, J. (2014). Victim or whore: The similarities and differences between victim’s experiences of domestic violence and sex trafficking. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(8), 883–898. doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.840552
   Google Scholar
• Roe-Sepowitz, D. E. (2012). Juvenile entry into prostitution: The role of emotional abuse. Sage Journals, 18(5), 562–579. doi:10.1177/1077801212453140
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, C., Watson-Ormond, R., English, L., Rubesin, H., Marshall, A., Linton, K., … Eng, E. (2016). Evaluating art therapy to heal the effects of trauma among refugee youth: The Burma art therapy program evaluation. Health Promotion Practice, 18(1), 26–33. doi:10.1177/1524839915626413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saewyc, E. M., MacKay, L. J., Anderson, J., & Drozda, C. (2008). It’s not what you think: Sexually exploited youth in British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia School of Nursing.
   Google Scholar
• Sanar Wellness Institute, & Polaris Project. (2015, November). Promising practices: An overview of trauma-informed therapeutic support for survivors of human trafficking. Retrieved from https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Sanar-Promising-Practices.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Seervai, S. (2016, August 23). Teens work through trauma using theater as therapy. STAT News. Retrieved from https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/23/theater-trauma-teenagers/
   Google Scholar
• Sidun, N., & Hume, D. L. (2018). A feminist perspective on human trafficking of women and girls: Characteristics, commonalities and complexities. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, L. A., Vardaman, S. H., & Snow, M. A. (2009). The national report on domestic minor sex trafficking: America’s prostituted children. Retrieved from https://sharedhope.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/SHI_National_Report_on_DMST_2009.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stoltz, J. M., Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Zhang, R., Montaner, J. S., & Wood, E. (2007). Associations between childhood maltreatment and sex work in a cohort of drug-using youth. Social Science and Medicine, 65, 1214–1221. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Task Force on Trafficking of Women and Girls. (2014). Report of the task force on trafficking of women and girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/trafficking/report.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Regmi, S., & Sharma, B. (2005). Cultural challenges to psychosocial counseling in Nepal. Transcultural Psychiatry, 42(2), 317–333. doi:10.1177/1363461505052670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsutsumi, A., Izutsu, T., Poudyal, A. K., Kato, S., & Marui, E. (2008). Mental health of female survivors of human trafficking in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 1841–1847. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of State. (2012, June). Trafficking in persons report 2012. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/
   Google Scholar
• van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Vance, D. E., Roberson, A. J., McGuinness, T. M., & Fazeli, P. L. (2010). How neuroplasticity and cognitive reserve protect cognitive functioning. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 48(4), 23–30. doi:10.3928/02793695-20100302-01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, B., & Butler, L. D. (2014). Running a gauntlet: A review of victimization and violence in the pre-entry, post-entry, and peri-/post-exit periods of commercial sexual exploitation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 494–504. doi:10.1037/a0032977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakushko, O. (2009). Human trafficking: A review for mental health professionals. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 31(3), 158–167. doi:10.1007/s10447-009-9075-3
   Google Scholar
• Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2008). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, C., Hossain, M., & Watts, C. (2011). Human trafficking and health: A conceptual model to inform policy, intervention and research. Social Science & Medicine, 73(2), 327–335. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, C., Hossain, M., Yun, K., Roche, B., Morison, L., & Watts, C. (2006). Stolen smiles: A summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe. Retrieved from http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3732/
   Google Scholar
• Zucker, M., Spinazzola, J., Pollack, A. A., Pepe, L., Barry, S., Zhang, L., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2010). Getting teachers in on the act: Evaluation of a theater- and classroom-based youth violence prevention program. Journal of School Violence, 9(2), 117–135. doi:10.1080/15388220903479628
   Google Scholar