References

• Royer DL, McElwain JC, Adams JM, et al. Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate within Acer rubrum and Quercus kelloggii. New Phytol. 2008;179(3):808–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian M, Yu G, He N, et al. Leaf morphological and anatomical traits from tropical to temperate coniferous forests: mechanisms and influencing factors. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):19703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlichting CD. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S. 1986;17(1):667–693.
   Google Scholar
• Dong N, Prentice IC, Wright IJ, et al. Components of leaf‐trait variation along environmental gradients. New Phytol. 2020;228(1):82–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteucci SD. Las zonas áridas y semiáridas de Venezuela [The arid and semi-arid zones of Venezuela]. Zonas áridas 1986; 4:39–48. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Vila MS. Las sequías en Venezuela [Droughts in Venezuela]. Caracas: Fondo Editorial Común; 1975. ( Spanish).
   Google Scholar
• Cervigón F. Las Dependencias Federales [The Federal Dependencies]. Caracas: Exlibris; 1992. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez L. Data from: corografía municipal del estado Sucre[dataset]. 2012. In: Cumaná, Repositorio institucional de la Universidad de Oriente [Internet]. [cited 2018 Mar 12]. Available from: http://ri2.bib.udo.edu.ve:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/184 2006
   Google Scholar
• Cumana LJ. Caracterización de las formaciones vegetales de la península de Araya, Estado Sucre, Venezuela [Characterization of the plant formations of the Araya peninsula, Sucre State, Venezuela]. Saber. 1999;11(1): 7–16. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Valerio R, De Franco I, Cumana J. Anatomía foliar comparada de dos subespecies de Capparis flexuosa L. (Capparidaceae) [Comparative leaf anatomy of two subspecies of Capparis flexuosa L. (Capparidaceae).]. Saber. 1998;10(2): 7–13. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• García M, Lapp M. Morfoanatomía foliar en tres biotipos de Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Bentham creciendo en distintas comunidades vegetales [Leaf morphoanatomy in three biotypes of Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Bentham growing in different plant communities]. Phyton. 2001;2001: 147–158. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Torrecilla P, Castro M, Lapp M. Morfoanatomía foliar en especímenes de Capparis flexuosa (L.) L. (Capparaceae) creciendo en tres localidades distintas del estado Aragua (Venezuela) [Leaf morphoanatomy in specimens of Capparis flexuosa (L.) L. (Capparaceae) growing in three different localities of the Aragua state (Venezuela)]. Ernstia. 2008;19: 35–54. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyos J. Flora de la Isla Margarita, Venezuela [Flora of the Margarita Island, Venezuela]. Caracas: Sociedad y Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales; 1985. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Ståhl B. On the identity of Jacquinia armillaris (Theophrastaceae) and related species. Brittonia. 1992;44(1):54–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delascio F, González A. Flórula del monumento natural Tetas de María Guevara. Isla de Margarita, Estado Nueva Esparta [Florule of the natural monument Tetas of María Guevara. Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta State]. Caracas: Instituto Nacional de Parques, Jardín Botánico de Caracas, LITOPAR, C.A; 1988. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Steyermark J. Dicotiledóneas: theophrastaceae. In: Manara B, editor. Flora del Parque Nacional Morrocoy. Caracas: Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela-Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional; 1994. p. 357–359.
   Google Scholar
• Valerio R, Franco-Salazar V, Véliz J. Adaptaciones epidérmicas foliares de cuatro especies siempreverdes, isla La Tortuga, Venezuela [Leaf epidermal adaptations of four evergreen species, La Tortuga Island, Venezuela]. Acta Bot Venez. 2013;36(1):39–59.
   Google Scholar
• Kuster VC, Da Silva Campos L, Possatti L, et al. Leaf morphology and anatomy of Jacquinia armillaris Jacq. (Primulaceae) from two coastal restinga environments. Iheringia Ser Bot. 2018;73(3):240–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong H, Gao J. Soil and climatic drivers of plant SLA (specific leaf area). Glob Ecol Conserv. 2019;20:e00696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luna BN, Freitas MDF, da Silva KMM, et al. Are the glandular trichomes in Jacquinia armillaris (Theophrastoideae—Primulaceae) salt glands? Protoplasma. 2020;257(3):863–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuster VC, da Silva LC, Meira RMSA. Anatomical and histochemical evidence of leaf salt glands in Jacquinia armillaris Jacq. (Primulaceae). Flora. 2020;262:151493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilabert de Brito J, López I, Pérez R. Manual de métodos y procedimientos de referencias [Reference methods and procedures manual]. Maracay: Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; 1990. ( Spanish).
   Google Scholar
• Roth I. Microtecnia vegetal [Plant micro-technique]. Caracas: Ediciones de la Biblioteca, Imprenta Universitaria, Universidad Central de Venezuela; 1964. ( Spanish).
   Google Scholar
• Dilcher DL. Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Bot Rev. 1974;40(1):1–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey L. Classification of architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. Am J Bot. 1973;60(1):17–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram M, Nayyar V. A rapid method of obtaining epidermal peel in plants treatment with cupric sulphate and hydrochloric acid. Stain Technol. 1974;49(2):114–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diane N, Jacob C, Hilger HH. Leaf anatomy and foliar trichomes in Heliotropiaceae and their systematic relevance. Flora. 2003;198(6):468–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto TM, Anjos MR, Martins NM, et al. Structural analysis of Castanea sativa Mill. leaves from different regions in the tree top. Braz Arch Biol Techn. 2011;54(1):117–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dörken VM, Lepetit B. Morpho-anatomical and physiological differences between sun and shade leaves in Abies alba Mill (Pinaceae, Coniferales): a combined approach. Plant Cell Environ. 2018;41(7):1683–1697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos VDT, de Lucena EMP, Bonilla OH, et al. Ecological anatomy of Eugenia luschnathiana (O.Berg) Klotzsch ex B.D.Jacks. (Myrtaceae) leaves in the Restinga region, state of Ceara. Rev Bras Frutic. 2018;40(4):e–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Zheng Q, Shen Q, et al. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(4):7370–7390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Nahar K, et al. Potassium: a vital regulator of plant responses and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Agronomy. 2018;8(3):31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K, Nah SY, Kim ES. Micromorphology and development of the epicuticular structure on the epidermal cell of ginseng leaves. J Ginseng Res. 2015;39(2):135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosma DK, Bourdenx B, Bernard A, et al. The impact of water deficiency on leaf cuticle lipids of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2009;151(4):1918–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reina-Pinto JJ, Yephremov A. Surface lipids and plant defenses. Plant Physiol Bioch. 2009;47(6):540–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onoda Y, Richards L, Westoby M. The importance of leaf cuticle for carbon economy and mechanical strength. New Phytol. 2012;196(2):441–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgault R, Matschi S, Vasquez M, et al. Constructing functional cuticles: analysis of relationships between cuticle lipid composition, ultrastructure and water barrier function in developing adult maize leaves. Ann Bot. 2020;125(1):79–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson AC. Structure-function relations of warm desert plants. Berlin: Spring-Verlag; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Cuttler JM, Rains DW, Loomis RS. The importance of cell size in the water relations of plants. Physiol Plant. 1977;40(4):255–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boughalleb F, Denden M, Tiba BB. Anatomical changes induced by increasing NaCl salinity in three fodder shrubs, Nitraria retusa, Atriplex halimus and Medicago arborea. Acta Physiol Plant. 2009;31(5):947–960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luna BN, Freitas MF, Baas P, et al. Leaf Anatomy of Five Neotropical Genera of Primulaceae. Int J Plant Sci. 2017;178(5):362–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni M, Borse T, Chaphalkar S. Mining anatomical traits: a Novel modelling approach for increased water use efficiency under drought conditions in plants. Czech J Genet Plant. 2008;44: 11–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García M, Lapp M. Anatomía foliar en especimenes de Oyedaea verbesinoides dc. (Asteraceae) creciendo en tres ambientes distintos [Leaf anatomy in specimens of Oyedaea verbesinoides dc. (Asteraceae) growing in three different environments]. Ernstia. 2005;15: 129–143. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Xi JJ, Chen HY, Bai WP, et al. Sodium-Related Adaptations to Drought: new Insights From the Xerophyte Plant Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çavuşoğlu K, Kılıç S, Kabar K. Some morphological and anatomical observations during alleviation of salinity (NaCl) stress on seed germination and seedling growth of barley by polyamines. Acta Physiol Plant. 2007;29(6):551–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameed M, Ashraf M, Ahmad MSA, et al. Structural and functional adaptations in plants for salinity tolerance. In: Ashraf M, Ozturk M, Amhad MSAeditors. Plant adaptation and phytoremediation. Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media B.V; 2010. p. 151–170.
   Google Scholar
• Ely F, Torres F, Gaviria J. Relación entre la morfoanatomia foliar de tres especies de Miconia (Melastomataceae) con su hábitat y distribución altitudinal en el Parque nacional Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela [Relationship between the foliar morphoanatomy of three Miconia species (Melastomataceae) with their habitat and altitudinal distribution in the Sierra Nevada de Mérida National Park, Venezuela]. Acta Bot Venez. 2005;28:275–299.
   Google Scholar
• Du ZC, Yang Z. Comparative study on the characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration in Aneurolepidium chinense of different soil types. Acta Bot Sin. 1995;37:66–73.
   Google Scholar
• Jaramillo-Pérez AT, Quintanar-Isaías A, Fraile-Ortega ME, et al. Morfoanatomía foliar de Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. del estado de Morelos, México [Leaf morphoanatomy of Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. from the state of Morelos, Mexico]. Polibotánica. 2015;40:79–98, Spanish
   Google Scholar
• Jáuregui D, Castro M, Ruiz-Zapata T, et al. Anatomía de los órganos vegetativos de dos especies de Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) de Venezuela [Anatomy of the vegetative organs of two species of Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) from Venezuela]. Rev Biol Trop. 2014;62(4):1625–1636. Spanish.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsamo RA, Bauer AM, Davis SD, et al. Leaf biomechanics, morphology, and anatomy of the deciduous mesophyte Prunus serrulata (Rosaceae) and the evergreen sclerophyllous shrub Heteromeles arbutifolia (Rosaceae). Am J Bot. 2003;90(1):72–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhizopoulou S, Meletiou-Christou MS, Diamantoglou S. Water relations for sun and shade leaves of four Mediterranean evergreen sclerophylls. J Exp Bot. 1991;42(238):627–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragonese AM. Caracteres xeromorfos foliares de Nassauvia langascae (Compositae) [Xeromorphic foliar characters of Nassauvia langascae (Compositae)]. Darwiniana. 1990;30: 1–10. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Leroux O. Collenchyma: a versatile mechanical tissue with dynamic cell walls. Ann Bot. 2012;110(6):1083–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jáuregui D, Cardozo A. Anatomía foliar de dos especies de Chrysobalanaceae presentes en el Parque Nacional Henry Pittier [Leaf anatomy of two species of Chrysobalanaceae present in Henry Pittier National Park]. Acta Bot Venez. 2000;23:9–18. Spanish.
   Google Scholar