How American-based Television Commercials Portray Convicts, Correctional Officials, Carceral Institutions, and the Prison Experience

References

• Allan, K., & Coltrane, S. (1996). Gender displaying television commercials: A comparative study of television commercials in the 1950s and 1980s. Sex Roles, 35(3/4), 185–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althusser, L. (1971). Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In L. Althuser (Ed.), Lenin and philosophy and other essays (pp. 121–176). (Translated by B. Brewster). New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, D. (1995). Crime and the politics of hysteria: How the Willie Horton story changed American justice. New York, NY: Times Books.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. (n.d.) Statistics and facts about the advertising industry in the United States. Statista. Retrieved from April 21, 2017 from http://www.statista.com/topics/1979/advertising-in-the-us/.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous (2010). Research study shows TV viewers really do watch commercials. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from www.nielson.com/US/en/insights/news/2010/research-study-shows-tv-viewers-really-do-watch-commercials.html.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous (2016). Big data + analytics: Television watching statistics. Statistics Brain. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from www.statisticsbrain.com/television-watching-statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, J. G., Liang, A., & Lee, W. N. (2009). Representation of African Americans in direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical commercials: A content analysis with implications for health disparities. Health Marketing Quarterly, 26(4), 372–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barak, G. (Ed.). (1991). Crimes by the capitalist state: An introduction to state criminality. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bardwick, J., & Schumann, S. (1967). Portrait of American men and women in TV commercials. Psychology, 4(4), 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Baumann, S., & Ho, L. (2014). Cultural schemas for racial identity in Canadian television advertising. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 51(2), 152–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett, K., & Murakawa, N. (2012). Mapping the shadow carceral state: Toward an institutionally capacious approach to punishment, Theoretical Criminology. 16(2), 221–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretl, D. J., & Cantor, J. (1988). The portrayal of men and women in U.S. television commercials: A recent content analysis and trend over 15 years. Sex Roles, 18(9/10), 595–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M. (2009). The culture of punishment: Prison, society, and spectacle. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). American time use survey summary (USDL-15-1236). Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, E. A. (2015). Prisoners in 2014 (NCJ 248955) Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p14.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Comstock, G. (1991). Television in America. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Courtney, A. E., & Whipple, T. W. (1985). Female role portrayals in advertising and communication effectiveness: A review. Journal of Advertising, 14, 4–8, 16–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T. & Gendreau, P. (1989). The effectiveness of correctional rehabilitation: reconsidering the ‘nothing works’ debate. In L. Goodstein & MacKenzie (Eds.), American prisons: Issues in research and policy (pp. 23–44). New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Dominick, J. R., & Rauch, G. E. (1972). The image of women in network TV commercials. Journal of Broadcasting, 16(1), 259–265.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, S. (1995, May 9). Advertising. New York Times, p. D7.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2016, April 23) BOP statistics: Staff ethnicity/race. Retrieved from https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_staff_ethnicity_race.jsp.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrante, C. L., Haynes, A. M., & Kingsley, S. M. (1988). Image of women in television advertising. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 3(2), 231–237.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., & Young, J. (2008). Cultural criminology. London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G. (1998). Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Communication and Society, 1(3/4), 175–194.
   Google Scholar
• Geis, F. L., Brown, V., Jennings, J., & Porter, N. (1984). TV commercials as achievement scripts for women. Sex Roles, 10(7/8), 513–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilly, M. C. (1988). Sex roles in advertising: A comparison of television advertisements in Australia, Mexico and the United States. Journal of Marketing, 52(2), 75–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, M. (2010). Cell blocks & red ink: Mass incarceration, the great recession & penal reform. Daedalus, 139(1), 62–73.
   Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, M. (2011). The past, present, and future of mass incarceration in the United States. Criminology & Public Policy, 10(3), 483–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, M. (2014). Caught: The prison state and the lockdown of American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graig, R. S. (1992). Women as home caregivers: Gender portrayal in OTC drug commercials. Journal of Drug Education, 22(4), 303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramsci, A. (2012). Selections from the prison notebooks. (Q. Hoare & G. Nowell Smith, Eds. and Trans.). New York, NY: International Publishers (Original work published 1971).
   Google Scholar
• Hacker, K. L., & Swan, W. O. (1992). Content analysis of the Bush and Dukakis 1988 presidential election campaign television commercials. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 7(3), 367–374.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. I., & Crum, M. J. (1994). Women and bodyisms in television beer commercials. Sex Roles, 31(5/6), 329–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, K. (2009). Visual criminology: Cultural criminology-style, Criminal Justice Matters, 78(1), 12–14.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, K., & Presdee, M. (2010). Framing crime: Cultural criminology and the image. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hetsroni, A. (2010). Violence in mainstream TV advertising: A comparison of the representation of physical aggression in American and Israeli commercials. Communications, 35(1), 29–44.
   Google Scholar
• Hetsroni, A. (2011). Violence in television advertising: Content analysis and audience attitudes. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 19(2), 97–112.
   Google Scholar
• Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H. (1989). Context and the creation of meaning in the advertising of the 1988 presidential campaign. American Behavioral Scientist, 32(4), 415–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner, D. (1990). Television and the crisis of democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Knill, B. J., Pesch, M., Pursey, G., Gilpin, P., & Perloff, R. M. (1981). Still typecast after all these years? Sex role portrayals in television advertising. International Journal of Women’s Studies, 4(5), 497–506.
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, K. (1981). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire, B., Sandage, D., & Weatherby, G. A. (2000). Violence, morality, and television commercials. Sociological Spectrum, 20(1), 121–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastro, D. E., & Stern, S. R. (2003). Representations of race in television commercials: A content analysis of prime-time advertising. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(4), 638–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelberg, T. (1988). Executing Hortons: Racial crime in the 1988 presidential campaign. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 134–157.
   Google Scholar
• Murakawa, N. (2014). The first civil right: How liberals built prison America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perreault, W.D., & Leigh, L.E. (1989). Reliability of nominal data based on qualitative judgments. Journal of Marketing, 26, 135–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, J., Brown, D., Brown, M., Hallsworth, S., & Morrison, W. (Eds.). (2013). The new punitiveness. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Riff, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberger, J., & Callanan, V. (2011). The influence of media on penal attitudes. Criminal Justice Review, 36(4), 435–455.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, J. I. (Ed.). (2000). Controlling state crime: An introduction. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. (Original work published 1995)
   Google Scholar
• Ross, J. I. (2000a). Making news of police violence: Comparing Toronto and New York City. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, J. I. (Ed.). (2000b). Varieties of state crime and its control. Monsey, NJ: Criminal Justice Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, J. I. (2003). (Mis)representing corrections: The role of our cultural industries. In J. I. Ross & S. C. Richards (Eds.), Convict criminology (pp. 37–58). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, J. I. (2012). Debunking the myths of American corrections. Critical Criminology: An International Journal, 20(4), 409–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothe, D. L. (2009). State criminality: The crime of all crimes. Latham, MD: Lexington/Roman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Scharrer, E., Bergstrom, A., Paradise, A., & Ren, Q. (2006). Laughing to keep from crying: Humor and aggression in television commercial content. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(4), 615–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller, H. (1989). Culture Inc., the corporate takeover of public expression. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Signorielli, N. (1991). A sourcebook on children and television. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Signorielli, N., & Lears, M. (1992). Children, television, and conceptions about chores: attitudes and behaviors. Sex Roles, 27(1), 157–170.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, J. (2000). The “society of captives” in the era of hyper-incarceration. Theoretical Criminology, 4(1), 285–308.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, J. (2010). Do these prisons make me look fat? Moderating the USA’s consumption of punishment. Theoretical Criminology, 14(3), 257–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamburro, R. F., Gordon, P. L., D’Apolito, J. P., & Howard, S. C. (2004). Unsafe and violent behavior in commercials aired during televised major sporting events. Pediatrics, 114(60), 694–698.
   Google Scholar
• Tribune News Service. (1998, March 18). Spending on commercials exceeds $32 billion. Chicago Tribune, Section 12, p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. (2001). Deadly symbiosis when ghetto and prison meet and mesh. Punishment & Society, 3(1), 95–133.
   Google Scholar
• Walstad, D. (1997, October 6). The incredible shrinking 1-hour show. Chicago Tribune, Section 2, p. 4.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, V. M., & Lerman, A. E. (2010). Political consequences of the carceral state. American Political Science Review, 104(4), 817–833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, J. (1994) Decoding advertisements. New York, NY: Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd..
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. Z. (2008). Prison: Cultural memory and dark tourism. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, P. L. (2000). The cultural commodification of prisons. Social Justice. 27(3), 15–21.
   Google Scholar