Reading the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (2000-2021): geoeconomics, governance, and embedding ‘creative involvement’

REFERENCES

• Acker, K., Brautigam, D., & Huang, Y. (2020). Debt relief with Chinese characteristics (Working Paper No. 2020/39). China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5652847de4b033f56d2bdc29/t/606722cfd446556b949e39be/1617371855759/PB+46+-+Acker%2C+Brautigam%2C+Huang+-+Debt+Relief.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aidoo, R., & Hess, S. (2015). Non-interference 2.0: China’s evolving foreign policy towards a changing Africa. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 44(1), 107–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400105
   Google Scholar
• Alden, C., Large, D., & Oliveira, R. S. (2008). China returns to Africa: A rising power and a continent embrace. Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Alden, C., & Alves, A. C. (2016). China’s regional forum diplomacy in the developing world: Socialisation and the ‘Sinosphere’. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(103), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1206276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alden, C., & Jiang, L. (2019). Brave new world: Debt, industrialization and security in China–Africa relations. International Affairs, 95(3), 641–657. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altheide, D. L. (1996). Qualitative media analysis. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Anguelov, D. (2021). Banking ‘development’: The geopolitical–economy of infrastructure financing. Area Development and Policy, 6(3), 271–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2020.1799717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolopoulou, E. (2021). A novel geographical research agenda on Silk Road urbanisation. The Geographical Journal, 187(4), 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, B. (2018). China’s security policy in Africa: A new or false dawn for the evolution of the application of China’s non-interference principle. South African Journal of International Affairs, 25(3), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2018.1526707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benabdallah, L. (2020). Shaping the future of power: Knowledge production and network-building in China–Africa relations. University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brautigam, D. (1998). Chinese aid and African development: Exporting green revolution. St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brautigam, D. (2009). The dragon’s gift: The real story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brautigam, D. (2020). A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: The rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazys, S., Elkink, J. A., & Kelly, G. (2017). Bad neighbors? How co-located Chinese and world bank development projects impact local corruption in Tanzania. The Review of International Organizations, 12(2), 227–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-017-9273-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmody, P. (2011). The new scramble for Africa. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, P. (2020). Dependence not debt-trap diplomacy. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1702471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi, S., Fues, T., & Sidiropoulos, E. (Eds.). (2012). Development cooperation and emerging powers: New partners or old patterns? Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, T. (2016a). What happened to China Development Bank’s $3 billion loan to Ghana? Policy Brief No 10. China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5652847de4b033f56d2bdc29/t/56d64a9e01dbaef868231233/1456884389759/CARI_PolicyBrief_10_Feb2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Z. (2016b). China debates the non-interference principle. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 9(3), 349–374. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pow010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. (2019, March 19). Mine in Congo attacked, two Chinese killed by militants. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1142693.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Chin, J. (2015, November 21). Three China railway executives among dead in Mali attacks. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/three-china-railways-executives-among-dead-in-mali-attacks-1448072193
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, D. (2013). China and the insecurity of development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). International Peacekeeping, 20(5), 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2013.853950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBoom, M. J. (2020). Who is afraid of ‘debt-trap diplomacy’? Geopolitical narratives, agency and the multiscalar distribution of risk. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1703556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessen, M. (2019). Tales of hope, tastes of bitterness: Chinese road builders in Ethiopia. Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duchâtel, M., Bräuner, O., & Zhou, H. (2014). Protecting China’s overseas interests: The slow shift away from non-interference. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Dunford, M., & Liu, W. (2018). Chinese perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative. Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society, 12(1), 145–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsy032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunford, M. (2020). Chinese and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) development cooperation and development finance: Implications for the BRI and international governance. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1716821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder, T. (2018). Mapping the Belt and Road Initiative. Mercator Institute for China Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Eguegu, O. (2021, September 21). Does Guinea’s coup matter to China? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/does-guineas-coup-matter-to-china/
   Google Scholar
• Fessehaie, J., & Morris, M. (2013). Value chain dynamics of Chinese copper mining in Zambia: Enclave or linkage development? The European Journal of Development Research, 25(4), 537–556. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2013.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOCAC. (2015, March 30). Zhongfei qingnian lingdaoren luntan zhaokai [China–Africa Young Leaders’ Forum opens]. www.fmprc.gov.cn/zfhzlt2018/chn/ljhy/dwjbzzjh_1/hycb/t1249970.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gettleman, J., & Knowlton, B. (2007, April 24). Rebels kill workers at Chinese oil company in Ethiopia. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/world/africa/24iht-addis.5.5427283.html
   Google Scholar
• Gong, J., & Li, Y. (2021). Overseas economic interest perspective in foreign policy – A case study of China. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2021.1966386
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2015). The limits to China’s non-interference foreign policy: Pro-state interventionism and the rescaling of economic governance. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 69(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2014.978740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2019). Make development great again? Accumulation regimes, spaces of sovereign exception and the elite development paradigm of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Business and Politics, 21(4), 487–513. https://doi.org/10.1017/bap.2019.20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm, S. (2012). The Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) – Political rationale and functioning (Policy Briefing, May 2012). Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University. http://www.sun.ac.za/ccs
   Google Scholar
• Hale, T., Liu, C., & Urpelainen, J. (2020). Belt and Road decision-making in China and recipient countries: How and to what extent does sustainability matter? ISEP, BSG, and ClimateWorks Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D., & Paik, N. (2016). How capital operates and where the world and China are going. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 18(2), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2017.1309501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirono, M., Jiang, Y., & Lanteigne, M. (2019). China’s new roles and behaviour in conflict-affected regions: Reconsidering non-interference and non-intervention. The China Quarterly, 239(September), 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741018001741
   Google Scholar
• Hu, B. (2021). Belt and Road boost sustainable development. China Daily, March 2. https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202103/02/WS603dad8c498e7a02c6f697f5/belt-and-road-boost-sustainable-development.html
   Google Scholar
• Jakóbowski, J. (2018). Chinese-led regional multilateralism in Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America: 16+1, FOCAC, and CCF. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(113), 659–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1458055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L. (2019). Does China’s Belt and Road Initiative challenge the liberal, rules-based order? Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(1), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-019-00252-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L., & Hameiri, S. (2020). Debunking the myth of ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: How recipient countries shape China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Chatham House.
   Google Scholar
• Kenderdine, T., & Ling, H. (2018). International capacity cooperation – Financing China’s export of industrial overcapacity. Global Policy, 9(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragelund, P. (2019). South-South development. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, L., & Huang, E. (2016, July 11). China reacts to the death of two peacekeepers in South Sudan with grief and rage. Quartz. https://qz.com/africa/728566/china-reacts-to-the-death-of-two-peacekeepers-in-south-sudan-with-grief-and-rage/
   Google Scholar
• Kurita, M. (2021). How far away from non-interference? A case study of China’s development initiative in Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary China, 31(134), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2021.1945740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuus, M. (2013). Foreign policy and ethnography: A skeptical intervention. Geopolitics, 18(1), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.706759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry, D. (2021). Making it rain? Comparing the determinants of Chinese and Western FDI flows to Africa. Global Policy, 12(4), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanteigne, M. (2019). China’s UN peacekeeping in Mali and comprehensive diplomacy. The China Quarterly, 239(September), 635–655. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574101800173X
   Google Scholar
• Large, D. (2008). China and the contradictions of ‘non-interference’ in Sudan. Review of African Political Economy, 35(115), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240802011568
   Google Scholar
• Large, D., & Patey, L. A. (Eds.). (2011). Sudan looks east: China, India and the politics of Asian alternatives. James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. K. (2017). The specter of global China: Politics, labor, and foreign investment in Africa. The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, A., Liu, H., & Pan, H. (2012). FOCAC twelve years later: Achievements, challenges and the way forward. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z. (2015). Guifang zhenglun yu xieshan jieru: Zhongguo dui bu ganshe neizheng guifang de chongsu [Norm contestation and deliberate involvement: China’s remolding of the non-interference norm]. Dangdai Yatai, 3, 146–154.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X. (2017). Does conditionality still work? China’s development assistance and democracy in Africa. Chinese Political Science Review, 2(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0050-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippolis, N., & Verhoeven, H. (2022). Politics by default: China and the global governance of African debt. Survival, 64(3), 153–178. 10.1080/00396338.2022.2078054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H. (2015). FOCAC VI: African initiatives toward a sustainable Chinese relationship (The China Monitor). Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University. http://www.sun.ac.za/ccs
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W., & Dunford, M. (2016). Inclusive globalization: Unpacking China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Area Development and Policy, 1(3), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2016.1232598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W. (2017). Yidai yilu yinling baorongxing quanqiuhua [The Belt and Road Initiative leads inclusive globalisation]. The Commercial Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative: A pathway towards inclusive globalization. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Zhang, Y., & Xiong, W. (2020). Financing the Belt and Road Initiative. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1716822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Schindler, S., & Liu, W. (2020). Demystifying Chinese overseas investment in infrastructure: Port development, the Belt and Road Initiative and regional development. Journal of Transport Geography, 87, 102812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W. (Ed.). (2021). Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative: Case study perspectives. The Commercial Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, S. (2013). Zhuazhu jiyu, yingnan ershang, tuidong zhongfei guanxi xin fazhan [Seize the opportunity, rise to the occasion, and promote the new development of China–Africa relations]. International Studies, 2, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mawdsley, E. (2012). The changing geographies of foreign aid and development cooperation: Contributions from gift theory. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(2), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00467.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawdsley, E. (2013). From recipients to donors: The emerging powers and the changing development landscape. Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mawdsley, E. (2017). Development geography 1: Cooperation, competition and convergence between ‘North’ and ‘South’. Progress in Human Geography, 41(1), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132515601776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawdsley, E. (2019). South–South cooperation 3.0? Managing the consequences of success in the decade ahead. Oxford Development Studies, 47(3), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2019.1585792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawdsley, E., & Taggart, J. (2022). Rethinking d/Development. Progress in Human Geography, 46(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211053115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, M., & Zhang, X. (2020). Theorizing China–world integration: Sociospatial reconfigurations and the modern Silk Roads. Review of International Political Economy, 28(4), 974–1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1741424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meservey, J. (2018, December 12). Implications of China’s presence and investment in Africa. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, United States Senate. www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Meservey_12-12-181.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Monroe, B. L., & Schrodt, P. A. (2008). Introduction to the special issue: The statistical analysis of political text. Political Analysis, 16(4), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munyi, E. N. (2020). Growing actorness and clientelist success in African summit diplomacy. In E. N. Munyi, E. N. D. Mwambari, & A. Ylönen (Eds.), Beyond history: African agency in development, diplomacy, and conflict resolution (pp. 45–61). Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Okeowo, A. (2013, October 9). China, Zambia, and a clash in a coal mine. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/china-zambia-and-a-clash-in-a-coal-mine
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Z., & Du, P. (2015). The logic of contingency in China’s insistence on the non-interference principle. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(4), 597–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-015-0087-6
   Google Scholar
• Power, M., Mohan, G., & Tan-Mullins, M. (2012). China’s resource diplomacy in Africa: Powering development? Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Sarpong, A. (2013, March 27). Ghana arrests Chinese suspects in illegal mining crackdown. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-21960772
   Google Scholar
• Schindler, S., & Kanai, J. M. (2021). Getting the territory right: Infrastructure-led development and the re-emergence of spatial planning strategies. Regional Studies, 51(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1661984
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. (2009, July 3). The foot rush: Rising demand in China and West sparks African land grab. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jul/03/africa-land-grab
   Google Scholar
• Snow, P. (1995). China and Africa: Consensus and camouflage. In T. Robinson & D. Shambaugh (Eds.), Chinese foreign policy: Theory and practice (pp. 283–321). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen, C. T. N. (2019). That is not intervention; that is interference with Chinese characteristics: New concepts, distinctions and approaches developing in the Chinese debate and foreign and security policy practice. The China Quarterly, 239(September), 594–613. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741018001728
   Google Scholar
• Soulé, F. (2020). ‘Africa+1’ summit diplomacy and the ‘new scramble’ narrative: Recentering African agency. African Affairs, 119(477), 633–646. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, J. C. (2009). The past in the present: Historical and rhetorical lineages in China’s relations with Africa. The China Quarterly, 199(September), 777–795. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741009990208
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Y. (2016, April 26). China’s pains over Zimbabwe’s indigenization plan. Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2016/04/26/chinas-pains-over-zimbabwes-indigenization-plan/
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Y. (2020, April 20). China and Africa’s debt: Yes to relief, no to blanket forgiveness. Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/04/20/china-and-africas-debt-yes-to-relief-no-to-blanket-forgiveness/
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, I. (2009). China’s new role in Africa. Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, I. (2011). The Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tull, D. M. (2006). China’s engagement in Africa: Scope, significance and consequences. Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X06001856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadell, J. (2022). China’s bilateral and minilateral relationship with Latin America and the Caribbean: The case of China–CELAC Forum. Area Development and Policy, 7(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2021.1974907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ness, P. (2018). China and the Third World: Patterns of engagement and indifference. In S. S. Kim (Ed.), China and the world (pp. 151–168). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoeven, H. (2014). Is Beijing’s non-interference policy history? How Africa is changing China. The Washington Quarterly, 37(2), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2014.926209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vines, A. (2020). China’s Southern Africa debt deals reveal a wider plan. Chatham House. www.chathamhouse.org/2020/12/chinas-southern-africa-debt-deals-reveal-wider-plan
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. (2011). Chuanzaoxing jieru: Zhongguo waijiao de xinquxiang [Creative involvement: A new direction in China’s diplomacy]. Peking University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J. (2013). Bu ganshe neizheng yuanze he zhongguo de gonggong waijiao [The principle of non-interference and China’s public diplomacy]. Henan Shifan Daxue Xuebao, 1, 25–27.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, M. (2021). Undermining conditionality? The effect of Chinese development assistance on compliance with World Bank project agreements. The Review of International Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-021-09443-z
   Google Scholar
• Weinland, D. (2019, July 18). China to tackle corruption in Belt and Road projects. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/a5815e66-a91b-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04
   Google Scholar
• Wiig, A., & Silver, J. (2019). Turbulent presents, precarious futures: Urbanisation and the deployment of global infrastructure. Regional Studies, 53(6), 912–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1566703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Y. (2010). Bu ganshe de kunjin [The dilemma of non-interference]. Nanfang Chuang, 1, 42–44.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, L. (2018). China’s expanding security involvement in Africa: A pillar for China–Africa community of common destiny. Global Policy, 9(4), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J. (2022). China’s private security companies and the protection of Chinese economic interests abroad. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 33(1–2), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2021.1940646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajontz, T. (2022). The Chinese infrastructural fix in Africa: Lessons from the Sino-Zambian ‘road bonanza’. Oxford Development Studies, 50(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2020.1861230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, A., & Shu, Z. (2018). Origin, achievements, and the prospects of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation. China International Studies, 72(September/October), 88–108. http://ciisjournal.com/Admin/UploadFile/Issue/iab1zyc0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zha, D. (2020, August 16). Zhongguo guoji fazhan huanjing de bianju yu tiaozhan yingdui [Responding to change and challenges in China’s international development environment]. Peking University National School of Development. www.nsd.pku.edu.cn/sylm/gd/504733.htm
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. (2012). Zhongfei Hezuo Luntan Yanjiu. The study of FOCAC. World Knowledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. (2017). Chinese capitalism and the maritime silk road: A world-systems perspective. Geopolitics, 22(2), 310–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2017.1289371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H. (2020). The aid-contracting nexus: The role of the international contracting industry in China’s overseas development engagements. China Perspectives, 4(4), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.11124
   Google Scholar
• Zou, Y., & Jones, L. (2020). China’s response to threats to its overseas economic interests: Softening non-interference and cultivating hegemony. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(121), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1621532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar