1,989
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

“Standing in the Gap”: The Continued Importance of Culturally Competent Therapeutic Interventions for Black Youth

ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Ahn, H. N., & Wampold, B. E. (2001). Where oh where are the specific ingredients? A meta-analysis of component studies in counseling and psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(3), 251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.3.251
  • American Psychological Association, Task Force on Resilience and Strength in Black Children and Adolescents. (2008). Resilience in African American children and adolescents: A vision for optimal development. Author. http://www.apa.org/pi/cyf/resilience.html
  • Anderson, R. E. (2018). And still WE rise: Parent–child relationships, resilience, and school readiness in low-income urban Black families. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000348
  • Anderson, R. E., McBride Murry, V., & McKenny, M. (2018). Racial and ethnic identity. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development (pp. 1803–1805). SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Anderson, R. E., Jones, S. C. T., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). The initial development and validation of the racial socialization competency scale: Quality and quantity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000316
  • Anderson, R. E., McKenny, M., & Stevenson, H. (2019). EMBRace: Developing a racial socialization intervention to reduce racial stress and enhance racial coping with Black parents and adolescents. Family Process, 58, 53–67. doi:10.1111/famp.12412
  • Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74(1), 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392
  • Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Farmer, E. M. Z., Fairbank, J. A., Burns, B. J., Keeler, G., & Costello, E. J. (2002). Psychiatric disorder, impairment, and service use in rural African American and white youth. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(10), 893–904. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.893
  • Assari, S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2017). Mental health service utilization among Black youth; psychosocial determinants in a national sample. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 4(5), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4050040
  • Bannon, W. M., Jr, McKay, M. M., Chacko, A., Rodriguez, J. A., & Cavaleri, M., Jr. (2009). Cultural pride reinforcement as a dimension of racial socialization protective of urban African American child anxiety. Families in Society, 90(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3848
  • Bowen, M. (1966). The use of family theory in clinical practice. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 7(5), 345–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(66)80065-2
  • Bowman, P. J. (2013). A strengths-based social psychological approach to resiliency: Cultural diversity, ecological, and life span issues. In S. Prince-Embury & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults (pp. 299–324). Springer.
  • Boyd-Franklin, N. (2013). Black families in therapy: Understanding the African American experience. Guilford Press.
  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Bell, C. C., Burriss, A., & Poole, H. K., & AAKOMA Project Adult Advisory Board. (2012). The significance of strategic community engagement in recruiting African American youth & families for clinical research. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(2), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9472-1
  • Bridge, J. A., Asti, L., Horowitz, L. M., Greenhouse, J. B., Fontanella, C. A., Sheftall, A. H., Kelleher, K. J., & Campo, J. V. (2015, May 18). Suicide trends among elementary school–aged children in the United States from 1993 to 2012. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(7), 673. Published online. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0465
  • Brody, G. H., Lei, M., Chae, D. H., Yu, T., Kogan, S. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2014). Perceived discrimination among African American adolescents and allostatic load: A longitudinal analysis with buffering effects. Child Development, 85(3), 989–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12213
  • Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2015). Discrimination, racial identity, and cytokine levels among African-American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 496–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.017
  • Brown, D. L., Blackmon, S. K., Schumacher, K., & Urbanski, B. (2013). Exploring clinicians’ attitudes toward the incorporation of racial socialization in psychotherapy. Journal of Black Psychology, 39(6), 507–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412461806
  • Brown, J., Barbarin, O., & Scott, K. (2013). Socioemotional trajectories in black boys between kindergarten and the fifth grade: The role of cognitive skills and family in promoting resiliency. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12027
  • Buikstra, E., Ross, H., King, C. A., Baker, P. G., Hegney, D., McLachlan, K., & Rogers‐Clark, C. (2010). The components of resilience—Perceptions of an Australian rural community. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(8), 975–991. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20409
  • Caldwell, C. H., Zimmerman, M. A., Bernat, D. H., Sellers, R. M., & Notaro, P. C. (2002). Racial identity, maternal support, and psychological distress among African American adolescents. Child Development, 73(4), 1322–1336. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00474
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019). 1991-2017 high school youth risk behavior survey data. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/
  • Chang, E. C., & Downey, C. A. (2012). Handbook of race and development in mental health. Springer.
  • Coard, S., Wallace, S., Stevenson, H., & Miller Brotman, L. (2004). Towards culturally competent preventive interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCFS.0000022035.07171.f8
  • Coard S. I., Herring M. H., Watkins M. H., Foy-Watson S. A., McCoy S. Z. (2013). Black Parents Strengths and Strategies (BPSS) program: A cultural adaptation of the strong-willed child program. In Clauss-Ehlers C., Serpell Z., Weist M. (Eds.), Handbook of Culturally Responsive School Mental Health. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4948-5_6
  • Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., & Mannarino, A. (2004). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for sexually abused children. Psychiatric Times, 21(10), 109–121. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/trauma-focused-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-sexually-abused-children
  • Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Trauma‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and parents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(4), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00502.x
  • Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2010). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for traumatized children.
  • Davis, G. Y., & Stevenson, H. C. (2006). Racial socialization experiences and symptoms of depression among Black youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(3), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9039-8
  • Deblinger, E., Pollio, E., Runyon, M. K., & Steer, R. A. (2017). Improvements in personal resiliency among youth who have completed trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: A preliminary examination. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.014
  • DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Smith, J. C. (2014). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2013. Resource document. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf
  • Elmore, C. A., & Gaylord-Harden, N. (2013). The influence of supportive parenting and racial socialization messages on African American youth behavioral outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9653-6
  • English, D., Lambert, S. F., Tynes, B. M., Bowleg, L., Zea, M. C., & Howard, L. C. (2020). Daily multidimensional racial discrimination among Black US American adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 66, 101068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101068
  • Forehand, R., & McMahon, R. (2005). Helping the noncompliant child: A clinician’s guide to parent training. Guilford.
  • García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vázquez García, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.
  • Gutierrez, I. A., Goodwin, L. J., Kirkinis, K., & Mattis, J. S. (2014). Religious socialization in African American families: The relative influence of parents, grandparents, and siblings. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 779. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035732
  • Gutman, L. M., & Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 223–249. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005108700243
  • Gutman, L. M., Sameroff, A. J., & Eccles, J. S. (2002). The academic achievement of African American students during early adolescence: An examination of multiple risk, promotive, and protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(3), 367–399. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015389103911
  • Hale, J. E., & Hale, J. E. (1982). Black children: Their roots, culture, and learning styles. JHU Press.
  • Hall, G. C., Ibaraki, A. Y., Huang, E. R., Marti, C. N., & Stice, E. (2016). A meta-analysis of cultural adaptations of psychological interventions. Behavior Therapy, 47(6), 993–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.09.005
  • Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism‐related stress: Implications for the well‐being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722
  • Hollingsworth, L. D. (2013). Resilience in Black families.
  • Hook, J. N., & Davis, D. E. (2017). Cultural humility. In The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication (pp. 1–5).
  • Hope, E. C., Hoggard, L. S., & Thomas, A. (2015). Emerging into adulthood in the face of racial discrimination: Physiological, psychological, and sociopolitical consequences for african american youth. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1(4), 342–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tps0000041
  • Huey, S. J., & Polo, A. J. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for ethnic minority youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 262–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701820174. 1
  • Huey, S. J., Tilley, J. L., Jones, E. O., & Smith, C. A. (2014). The contribution of cultural competence to evidence-based care for ethnically diverse populations. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153729
  • Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
  • Hurd, N., & Zimmerman, M. (2010). Natural mentors, mental health, and risk behaviors: A longitudinal analysis of African American adolescents transitioning into adulthood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1–2), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9325-x
  • Hwang, W. (2006). The psychotherapy adaptation and modification framework: Application to Asian Americans. American Psychologist, 61(7), 702–715. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.702
  • Jackson, K. F., Hodge, D. R., & Vaughn, M. G. (2010). A meta-analysis of culturally sensitive interventions designed to reduce high-risk behaviors among African American youth. Journal of Social Service Research, 36(3), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488371003697780
  • Jones, S. C. T., Anderson, R. E., Gaskin-Wasson, A. L., Sawyer, B. A., Teitter, K. A., & Metzger, I. (2020). From “crib to coffin”: Navigating coping from racism-related stress throughout the lifespan of Black Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 90(2), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000430
  • Jones, S. C. T., & Neblett, E. W. (2016). Racial-ethnic protective factors in psychosocial prevention and intervention: Identifying mediators and mechanisms of change. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(2), 134–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0201-6
  • Jones, S. C. T., & Neblett, E. W. (2017). Future directions in research on racism-related stress and racial-ethnic protective factors for Black youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(5), 754–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1146991
  • Karen, C., & Karolyn, S. (2013). Strengthening family resilience through spiritual and religious resources. Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Lau, A. S. (2006). Making the case for selective and directed cultural adaptations of evidence‐based treatments: Examples from parent training. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13(4), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00042.x
  • Lesane-Brown, C. L. (2006). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26(4), 400–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.001
  • Lesane-Brown, C. L., Brown, T. N., Caldwell, C. H., & Sellers, R. M. (2005). The comprehensive race socialization inventory. Journal of Black Studies, 36(2), 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934704273457
  • Lindsey, M. A., Sheftall, A. H., Xiao, Y., & Joe, S. (2019). Trends of suicidal behaviors among high school students in the United States: 1991–2017. Pediatrics, 144(5), e20191187. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1187
  • Liu, S., Quinn, P. C., Wheeler, A., Xiao, N., Ge, L., & Lee, K. (2011). Similarity and difference in the processing of same-and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4-to 9-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(1), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.008
  • Mattis, J. S., & Mattis, J. H. (2011). Religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African American children. In N. E. Hill, T. L. Mann, & H. E. Fitzgerald (Eds.), African American children and mental health (pp. 125–149). Praeger/ABC-CLIO.
  • Mattis, J. S., Grayman-Simpson, N., Powell-Hammond, W., Anderson, R. E., Mattis, J. H., & Kimbro, L. (2016). African American positive psychology. In E. Chang & N. Lin (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in racial and ethnic minority groups: Theory, research, assessment, and practice (pp. 83–107). APA Press.
  • McAdoo, H. P. (2002). Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments. Sage.
  • McAdoo, H. P., & Younge, S. N. (2009). Black families. In H. A. Neville, B. M. Tynes, & S. O. Utsey (Eds.), Handbook of African American psychology (pp. 103–115). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
  • McCabe, K. M., & Clark, R. (1999). Family protective factors among urban African American youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2802_2
  • McCubbin, H. I., Thompson, E. A., Thompson, A. I., & Futrell, J. A. (1999). The dynamics of resilient families. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Mello, Z. R. (2009). Racial/ethnic group and socioeconomic status variation in educational and occupational expectations from adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.029
  • Metzger, I., Anderson, R., Are, F., & Ritchwood, T. (2020). Healing interpersonal and racial trauma: Integrating racial socialization into TF-CBT for African American youth. Child Maltreatment, 107755952092145. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520921457
  • Metzger, I., Cooper, S. M., Zarrett, N., & Flory, K. (2013). Culturally sensitive risk behavior prevention programs for African American adolescents: A systematic analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0133-3
  • Mueller, A. S., James, W., Abrutyn, S., & Levin, M. L. (2015). Suicide ideation and bullying among US adolescents: Examining the intersections of sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. American Journal of Public Health, 105(5), 980–985. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302391
  • Murry, V. M., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Mayo‐Gamble, T. L., & Inniss‐Thompson, M. N. (2018). Excavating new constructs for family stress theories in the context of everyday life experiences of Black American families. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 384–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12256
  • Neblett, E. W., Banks, K. H., Cooper, S. M., & Smalls-Glover, C. (2013). Racial identity mediates the association between ethnic-racial socialization and depressive symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(2), 200. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032205
  • Neblett, E. W., White, R. L., Ford, K. R., Philip, C. L., Nguyên, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2008). Patterns of racial socialization and psychological adjustment: Can parental communications about race reduce the impact of racial discrimination? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 477–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00568.x
  • Neville, H. A., & Lilly, R. L. (2000). The relationship between racial identity cluster profiles and psychological distress among African American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 28(4), 194–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2000.tb00615.x
  • Nicolas, G., Helms, J. E., Jernigan, M. M., Sass, T., Skrzypek, A., & DeSilva, A. M. (2008). A conceptual framework for understanding the strengths of Black youths. Journal of Black Psychology, 34(3), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798408316794
  • Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G. (2009). Racism and child health: A review of the literature and future directions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP, 30(3), 255. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181a7ed5a
  • Patterson, J. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00349.x
  • Prince-Embury, S. (2008). The resiliency scales for children and adolescents, psychological symptoms, and clinical status in adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573508316592
  • Quintana, S. M. (1998). Children’s developmental understanding of ethnicity and race. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(98)80020-6
  • Reese, L. E., & Vera, E. M. (2007). Culturally relevant prevention programs: Scientific and practical considerations. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 763–778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007304588 6
  • Rivas‐Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., Quintana, S., Syed, M., Lee, R. M., Schwartz, S. J., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., French, S., & Yip, T., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12200
  • Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Xing, Y. (2006). Prevalence of youth-reported DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among African, European, and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(11), 1329–1337. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000235076.25038.81
  • Rowley, S. J., Sellers, R. M., Chavous, T. M., & Smith, M. A. (1998). The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 715. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.715
  • Saleem, F., Anderson, R., & Williams, M. (2020). Addressing the “myth” of racial trauma: Developmental and ecological considerations for youth of color. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1
  • Sanders-Phillips, K., Settles-Reaves, B., Walker, D., & Brownlow, J. (2009). Social inequality and racial discrimination: Risk factors for health disparities in children of color. Pediatrics, 124(Suppl. 3), S176–S186. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1100E
  • Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519781
  • Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. A. (1997). Multidimensional inventory of Black identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 805. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.805
  • Smith, C., & Carlson, B. E. (1997). Stress, coping, and resilience in children and youth. Social Service Review, 71(2), 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1086/604249
  • Stevenson, H. C., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002). Development of the teenager experience of racial socialization scale: Correlates of race-related socialization frequency from the perspective of Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(2), 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798402028002002
  • Stevenson, H. C., Winn, D., Walker-Barnes, C., & Coard, S. I. (2005). Style matters: Toward a culturally relevant framework for interventions with African American families. In V. C. McLoyd, N. E. Hill, & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), African American family life: Ecological and cultural diversity (pp. 311–334). Guilford Press.
  • Urdan, T., Solek, M., & Schoenfelder, E. (2007). Students’ perceptions of family influences on their academic motivation: A qualitative analysis. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 22(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173686
  • Weist, M. D., Freedman, A. H., Paskewitz, D. A., Proescher, E. J., & Flaherty, L. T. (1995). Urban youth under stress: Empirical identification of protective factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(6), 705–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01536952
  • Worrell, F. C. (2009). Psychological health in school-age populations. In H. A. Neville, B. M. Tynes, S. O. Utsey, H. A. Neville, B. M. Tynes, & S. O. Utsey (Eds.), Handbook of African American psychology (pp. 351–362). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Xiao, W., Quinn, P., Pascalis, O., & Lee, K. (2014). Own‐and other‐race face scanning in infants: Implications for perceptual narrowing. Developmental Psychobiology, 56(2), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21196
  • Yip, T., Seaton, E.K. and Sellers, R.M. (2006), African American racial identity across the lifespan: Identity status, identity content, and depressive symptoms. Child Development, 77: 1504–1517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00950.x
  • Zimmerman, M. A., Ramirez-Valles, J., & Maton, K. I. (1999). Resilience among urban African American male adolescents: A study of the protective effects of sociopolitical control on their mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 733–751. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022205008237

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.