Communication About End-of-Life Health Decisions

References

• Abbott, K. H., Sago, J. G., Breen, C. M., Abernethy, A. P., & Tulsky, J. A. (2001). Families looking back: One year after discussion of withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining support. Critical Care Medicine, 29, 197–201. doi:10.1097/00003246-200101000-00040
   Google Scholar
• Aging With Dignity. (2013). Five Wishes. Retrieved from www.agingwithdignity.org/five-wishes.php
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, T., Yancey, V., & Kollef, M. (2003). Improving family communication at the end of life: Implications for length of stay in the intensive care unit and resource use. American Journal of Critical Care, 12, 317–324.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, S. C., Keitz, S. A., Sloane, R., & Tulsky, J. A. (2006). A controlled trial of a short course to improve residents’ communication with patients at the end of life. Academic Medicine, 81, 1008–1012. doi:10.1097/01.ACM.0000242580.83851.ad
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association, Working Group on Assisted Suicide and End-of-Life Decisions. (2000). Report of the APA Working Group on Assisted Suicide and End-of-Life Decisions. Retrieved from www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/aseol-full.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ayalon, L., Bachner, Y. G., Dwolatzky, T., & Heinik, J. (2012). Preferences for end-of-life treatment: Concordance between older adults with dementia or mild cognitive impairment and their spouses. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 1798–1804. doi:10.1017/S1041610212000877
   Google Scholar
• Babcock, C. W., & Robinson, L. E. (2011). A novel approach to hospital palliative care: An expanded role for counselors. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14, 493–500. doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.0432
   Google Scholar
• Back, A. L., Anderson, W. G., Bunch, L., Marr, L. A., Wallace, J. A., Yang, H. B., & Arnold, R. M. (2008). Communication about cancer near the end of life. Cancer, 113, 1897–1910. doi:10.1002/cncr.23653
   Google Scholar
• Back, A. L., Arnold, R. M., Baile, W. F., Fryer-Edwards, K. A., Alexander, S. C., Barley, G. E., . . . Tulsky, J. A. (2007). Efficacy of communication skills training for giving bad news and discussing transitions to palliative care. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 453–460. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.5.453
   Google Scholar
• Baile, W., Buckman, R., Lenzi, R., Blober, G., Beale, E., & Kudelka, A. (2000). SPIKES—a six step protocol for delivering bad news: Application to the patient with cancer. Oncologist, 5, 302–311. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.5-4-302
   Google Scholar
• Barrio-Cantalejo, I., Molina-Ruiz, A., Simon-Lorda, P., Camara-Medina, C., Lopez, I. T., del Aguila, M. M. R., . . . Bailon-Gomez, R. M. (2009). Advance directives and proxies’ predictions about patients’ treatment preferences. Nursing Ethics, 16, 93–109. doi:10.1177/0969733008097995
   Google Scholar
• Berger, C. R. (2005). Interpersonal communication: Theoretical perspectives, future prospects. Journal of Communication, 55, 415–447. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02680.x
   Google Scholar
• Billings, J. A. (2011). The end-of-life family meeting in intensive care part I: Indications, outcomes, and family needs. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14, 1042–1050. doi:10.1089/jpm.2011.0038
   Google Scholar
• Biola, H., Sloane, P. D., Williams, C. S., Daaleman, T. P., Williams, S. W., & Zimmerman, S. (2007). Physician communication with family caregivers of long-term care residents at the end of life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 846–856. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01179.x
   Google Scholar
• Black, B. S., Fogarty, L. A., Phillips, H., Finucane, T., Loreck, D. J., Baker, A., . . . Rabins, P. V. (2009). Surrogate decision makers’ understanding of dementia patients’ prior wishes for end-of-life care. Journal of Aging and Health, 21, 627–650. doi:10.1177/0898264309333316
   Google Scholar
• Bonnaud-Antignac, A., Campion, L., Pottier, P., & Supiot, S. (2010). Videotaped simulated interviews to improve medical students’ skills in disclosing a diagnosis of cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 9, 975–981. doi:10.1002/pon.1649
   Google Scholar
• Boquet, J. R., Oliver, D. P., Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Doorenbos, A. Z., & Demiris, G. (2011). Taking care of a dying grandparent: Case studies of grandchildren in the hospice caregiver role. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 28, 564–568. doi:10.1177/1049909111405644
   Google Scholar
• Brauner, D. J. (2010). Reconsidering default medicine. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58, 599–601. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02743.x
   Google Scholar
• Brock, D. W. (1992). What is the moral basis of the authority of family members to act as surrogates for incompetent patients? Journal of Clinical Ethics, 3, 121–123. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage.
   Google Scholar
• New York: Cambridge University Press. Byock, I. (1997). Dying well: Peace and possibilities at the end of life. New York: Riverhead Books.
   Google Scholar
• Byock, I. (2012). A physician’s quest to transform care through the end of life: The best care possible. New York: Penguin Group.
   Google Scholar
• Cardenas-Turanzas, M., Gaeta, S., Ashoori, A., Price, K. J., & Nates, J. L. (2011). Demographic and clinical determinants of having do not resuscitate orders in the intensive care unit of a comprehensive cancer center. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14, 45–50. doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.0165
   Google Scholar
• Carr, D., & Khodyakov, D. (2007). Health care proxies: Whom do young old adults choose and why? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48, 180–194. doi:10.1177/002214650704800206
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright, C., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Williams, G., Faisst, K., Mortier, F., Nils-tun, T., . . . Miccinesi, G. (2007). Physician discussions with terminally ill patients: A cross-national comparison. Palliative Medicine, 21, 295–303. doi:10.1177/0269216307079063
   Google Scholar
• Caughlin, J. P. (2010). A multiple goals theory perspective of personal relationships: Conceptual integration and program overview. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 824–848. doi:10.1177/0265407510373262
   Google Scholar
• Caughlin, J. P., & Afifi, T. D. (2004). When is topic avoidance unsatisfying? Examining moderators of the association between avoidance and satisfaction. Human Communication Research, 30, 479–513. doi:10.1093/hcr/30.4.479
   Google Scholar
• Caughlin, J. P., Mikucki-Enyart, S. L., Middleton, A. V., Stone, A. M., & Brown, L. E. (2011). Being open without talking about it: A rhetorical/normative approach to understanding topic avoidance in families after a lung cancer diagnosis. Communication Monographs, 78, 409–436. doi:10.1080/03637751.2011.618141
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.-Y., & Youngner, S. J. (2008). “Allow natural death” is not equivalent to “do not resuscitate”: A response. Journal of Medical Ethics, 34, 887–888. doi:10.1136/jme.2008.024570
   Google Scholar
• Chittenden, E. H., Clark, S. T., & Pantilat, S. Z. (2006). Discussing resuscitation preferences with patients: Challenges and rewards. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1, 231–240. doi:10.1002/jhm.110
   Google Scholar
• Chochinov, H. M. (2002). Dignity-conserving care: A new model for palliative care: Helping the patient feel valued. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 2253–2260. doi:10.1001/jama.287.17.2253
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, K., Haroun, A., Schneiderman, L. J., & Jeste, D. V. (1995). Decision-making capacity for informed consent in the older population. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 23, 353–365.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, R. A., & Delia, J. G. (1979). Topoi and rhetorical competence. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 65, 187–206. doi:10.1080/00335637909383470
   Google Scholar
• Considine, J. M., & Miller, K. (2010). The dialectics of care: Communicative choices at the end of life. Health Communication, 25, 165–174. doi:10.1080/10410230903544951
   Google Scholar
• Dainton, M., & Stafford, L. (1993). Routine maintenance behaviors: A comparison of relationship type, partner similarity, and sex differences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 255–271. doi:10.1177/026540759301000206
   Google Scholar
• Danis, M., Garrett, J., Harris, R., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Stability of choices about lifesustaining treatments. Annals of Internal Medicine, 120, 567–573.
   Google Scholar
• Deep, K. S., Green, S. F., Griffith, C. H., & Wilson, J. F. (2007). Medical residents’ perspectives on discussions of advanced directives: Can prior experience affect how they approach patients? Journal of Palliative Medicine, 10, 712–720. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.0220
   Google Scholar
• Deep, K. S., Griffith, C. H., & Wilson, J. F. (2008a). Communication and decision making about life-sustaining treatment: Examining the experiences of resident physicians and seriously-ill hospitalized patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23, 1877-1882. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0779-6
   Google Scholar
• Deep, K. S., Griffith, C. H., & Wilson, J. F. (2008b). Discussing preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: What do resident physicians and their hospitalized patients think was decided? Patient Education and Counseling, 72, 20–25. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.10.017
   Google Scholar
• DeFanti, T. R. (2010). Changing the cultural view and coverage of end-of-life care. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 27, 365–368. doi:10.1177/1049909110361732
   Google Scholar
• Degenholtz, H. B., Arnold, R. A., Meisel, A., & Lave, J. R., (2002). Persistence of racial/ethnic disparities in advance care plan documents among nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 378–381. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50073.x
   Google Scholar
• DesHarnais, S., Carter, R. E., Hennessy, W., Kurent, J. E., & Carter, C. (2007). Lack of concordance between physician and patient: Reports on end-of-life care discussions. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 10, 728–740. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.2543
   Google Scholar
• Detering, K. M., Hancock, A. D., Reade, M. C., & Silvester, W. (2010). The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 340, c1345. doi:1136/bmj.c1345
   Google Scholar
• Dickson, R. P., Engelberg, R. A., Back, A. L., Ford, D. W., & Curtis, J. R. (2012). Internal medicine trainee self-assessments of end-of-life communication skills do not predict assessments of patients, families, or clinician-evaluators. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 15, 418–426. doi:10.1089/jpm.2011.0386
   Google Scholar
• Dindia, K. (2003). Definitions and perspectives on relational maintenance communication. In D. J. Canary & M. Dainton (Eds.), Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations (pp. 1–28). Mah-wah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H. (2009). What would Terri want? In J. L. Werth & D. Blevins (Eds.), Decision making near the end of life: Issues, developments, and future directions (pp. 209–229). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., Smucker, W. D., Bookwala, J., Coppola, K. M., Dresser, R., . . . Zyzanski, S. (2001). Advance directives as acts of communication: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 421–430. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.3.421
   Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., Jacobson, J. A., Smucker, W. D., Danks, J. H., & Fagerlin, A. (2006). Context changes choices: A prospective study of the effects of hospitalization on life-sustaining treatment preferences. Medical Decision-Making, 26, 313–322. doi:10.1177/0272989X06290494
   Google Scholar
• Donovan-Kicken, E., & Caughlin, J. P. (2010). A multiple goals perspective on topic avoidance and relationship satisfaction in the context of breast cancer. Communication Monographs, 77, 231–256. doi:10.1080/03637751003758219
   Google Scholar
• Downey, L., Engelberg, R. A., Curtis, J. R., Lafferty, W. E., & Patrick, D. L. (2009). Shared priorities for the end-of-life period. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 37, 175–188. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.02.012
   Google Scholar
• Drane, J. F. (1984). Competency to give an informed consent: A model for making clinical assessments. Journal of the American Medical Association, 252, 925–927. doi:10.1001/jama.252.7.925
   Google Scholar
• Eggly, S., Penner, L. A., Greene, M., Harper, F. W., Ruckdeschel, J. C., & Albrecht, T. L. (2006). Information seeking during “bad news” oncology interactions: Question asking by patients and their companions. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 2974–2985. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.012
   Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J., Prince-Paul, M., Root, B. L., Peereboom, K. S., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2012). Forgiveness, depressive symptoms, and communication at the end of life: A study with family members of hospice patients. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 15, 1113–1119. doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.0138
   Google Scholar
• Fagerlin, A., Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., Houts, R. M., & Smucker, W. D. (2001). Projection in surrogate decisions about life-sustaining medical treatments. Health Psychology, 20, 166–175. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.3.166
   Google Scholar
• Fagerlin, A., Ditto, P. H., Hawkins, N. A., Schneider, C. E., & Smucker, W. D. (2002). The use of advance directives in end-of-life decision making. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 268–283. doi:10.1177/000276402236678
   Google Scholar
• Field, M. J., & Cassel, C. K. (Eds.). (1997). Approaching death: Improving care at the end of life. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Fine, E., Reid, M. C., Shengelia, R., & Adelman, R. D. (2010). Directly observed patient-physician discussions in palliative and end-of-life care: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 13, 595–603. doi:10.1089/jpm.2009.0388
   Google Scholar
• Fineberg, I. C., Kawashima, M., & Asch, S. M. (2011). Communication with families facing life-threatening illness: A research-based model for family conferences. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14, 421–427. doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.0436
   Google Scholar
• Freeborne, N., Lynn, J., & Desbiens, N. A. (2000). Insights about dying from the SUPPORT project. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 48, S199-S205. Furman, C. D., Head, B., Lazor, B., Casper, B., & Ritchie, C. S. (2006). Evaluation of an educational intervention to encourage advance directive discussions between medicine residents and patients. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 964–967. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.9.964
   Google Scholar
• Givens, J. L., Lopez, R. P., Mazor, K. M., & Mitchell, S. L. (2012). Sources of stress for family members of nursing home residents with advanced dementia. Alzheimer Disease andAssociatedDisorders, 26, 254–259. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e31823899e4
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J. (2001). A normative approach to the study of uncertainty and communication. Journal of Communication, 51, 514–533. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02894.x
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Communicating social support. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J., & Domann, K. (2013). The meanings of “open communication” among couples coping with a cardiac event. Journal of Communication, 63, 266–286. doi:10.1111/jcom.12021
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J., Lindholm, K. A., & Bute, J. J. (2006). Dilemmas of talking about lifestyle changes among couples coping with a cardiac event. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 2079–2090. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.005
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, J., Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Ragan, S., & Nussbaum, J. F. (2011). Life span and end-of-life health communication. In T. L. Thompson, R. Parrott, & J. F. Nussbaum (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of health communication (2nd ed., pp. 441–454). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gready, R. M., Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., Coppola, K. M., Lockhart, L. K., & Smucker, W. D. (2000). Actual and perceived stability of preferences for life-sustaining treatment. Journal of Clinical Ethics, 11, 334–346.
   Google Scholar
• Hickman, S. E. (2002). Improving communication near the end of life. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 252–267. doi:10.1177/000276402236677
   Google Scholar
• Hinds, P. S., Oakes, L. L., Hicks, J., Powell, B., Srivastava, D. K., Baker, J. N., . . . Fur-man, W. L. (2012). Parent-clinician communication intervention during end-of-life decision making for children with incurable cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 15, 916–922. doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.0006
   Google Scholar
• Hines, S. C., Glover, J. J., Babrow, A. S., Holley, J. L., Badzek, L. A., & Moss, A. H. (2001). Improving advance care planning by accommodating family preferences. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 4, 481–489. doi:10.1089/109662101753381629
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, P., Thomas, T., Quinn, K., & Aranda, S. (2009). Family meetings in palliative care: Are they effective? Palliative Medicine, 23, 150–157. doi:10.1177/0269216308099960
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, V. A., Mack, J., Matsuyama, R., Lakoma, M. D., Sullivan, A. M., Arnold, R. M., . . . Block, S. D. (2008). A qualitative study of oncologists’ approaches to end-of-life care. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11, 893–906. doi:10.1089/jpm.2007.2480
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, S.J.T., Stiggelbout, A. M., Nooij, M. A., Noordijk, E. M., & Kievit, J. (2000). Response shift in quality of life measurement in early-stage breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Quality of Life Research, 9, 603–615. doi:10.1023/A:1008928617014
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, D.J.A., Engelberg, R. A., Wouters, E.F.M., & Curtis, J. R. (2012). Advance care planning for patients with COPD: Past, present and future. Patient Education and Counseling, 86, 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.pec.1011.01.007
   Google Scholar
• Karasz, A., Dyche, L., & Selwyn, P. (2003). Physicians’ experiences of caring for late-stage HIV patients in the post-HAART era: Challenges and adaptations. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1609–1620. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00013-3
   Google Scholar
• Keeley, M. P. (2007). “Turning toward death together”: The functions of messages during final conversations in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 225–253. doi:10.1177/0265407507075412
   Google Scholar
• Keeley, M., & Baldwin, P. (2012). Final conversations, phase 2: Children and everyday communication. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17, 376–387. doi:10.1002/pon.3107
   Google Scholar
• King, D. A., & Quill, T. (2006). Working with families in palliative care: One size does not fit all. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 704–715. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.9.704
   Google Scholar
• Kirchhoff, K. T., Hammes, B. J., & Kehl, K. A., Briggs, L. A., & Brown, R. L. (2010). Effect of a disease-specific planning intervention on surrogate understanding of patient goals for future medical treatment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58, 1233–1240. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02760.x
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, B. J., Kavanaugh, M., Trentham-Dietz, A., Walsh, M., & Yonker, J. A. (2010). Predictors of family conflict at the end of life: The experience of spouses and adult children of persons with lung cancer. The Gerontologist, 50, 215–225. doi:10.1093/geront/gnp121
   Google Scholar
• Lahn M., Friedman, B., Bijur, P., Haughey, M., & Gallagher, E. J. (2001). Advance directives in skilled nursing facility residents transferred to emergency departments. Academic Emergency Medicine, 8, 1158–1162. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01133.x
   Google Scholar
• Lamba, S., Murphy, P., McVicker, S., Smith, J. H., & Mosenthal, A. C. (2012). Changing end-of-life care practice for liver transplant service patients: Structured palliative care intervention in the surgical intensive care unit. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 44, 508–519. doi:10.1016/j/jpainsymman.2011.10.018
   Google Scholar
• Larson, D. G., & Tobin, D. R. (2000). End-of-life conversations: Evolving practice and theory. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 1573–1578. doi:10.1001/jama.284.12.1573
   Google Scholar
• Lautrette, A., Darmon, M., Megarbane, B., Joly, L. M., Chevret, S., Adrie, C., . . . Azou-lay, E. (2007). A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 469–478. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa 063446
   Google Scholar
• Lelorain, S., Bredart, A., Dolbeault, S., & Sultan, S. (2012). A systematic review of the associations between empathy measures and patient outcomes in cancer care. Psycho-Oncology, 21, 1255–1264. doi:10.1002/pon
   Google Scholar
• Levin, T. T., Moreno, B., Silvester, W., & Kissane, D. W. (2010). End-of-life communication in the intensive care unit. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 433–442. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.04.007
   Google Scholar
• Libbus, K. M., & Russell, C. (1995). Congruence of decisions between patients and their potential surrogates about life-sustaining therapies. IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2, 135–140. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1995.tb00837.x
   Google Scholar
• Limerick, M. (2002). Communicating with surrogate decision-makers in end-of-life situations: Substitutive descriptive language for the healthcare provider. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 19, 376–380. doi:10.1177/104990910201900606
   Google Scholar
• Lingler, J. H., Hirschman, K. B., Garand, L., Dew, M. A., Becker, J. T., Schulz, R., & DeKosky, S. T. (2008). Frequency and correlates of advance planning among cog-nitively impaired older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 643649. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31816b7324
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, R. P., & Guarino, A. J. (2011). Uncertainty and decision making for residents with dementia. Clinical Nursing Research, 20, 228–240. doi:10.1177/1054773811405521
   Google Scholar
• Lynn, J., Arkes, H. R., Stevens, M., Cohn, F., Koenig, B., Fox, E., . . . Tsevat, J. (2000). Rethinking fundamental assumptions: SUPPORT’s implications for future reform. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, S214-S221. McFarland, K. F., & Rhoades, D. R. (2006). End-of-life care: A retreat format for residents. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 82–89. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.9.82
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, M. L. (1984). Conversation: How talk is organized. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. McQuellon, R. P., & Cowan, M. A. (2000). Turning toward death together: Conversation in mortal time. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 17, 312–318. doi:10.1177/104990910001700508
   Google Scholar
• Melhado, L., & Bushy, A. (2011). Exploring uncertainty in advance care planning in African Americans: Does low health literacy influence decision making preferences at end of life. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 28, 495–500. doi:10.1177/1049909110398005
   Google Scholar
• Menikoff, J. (2001). Law and bioethics: An introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moorman, S. M. (2011a). Older adults’ preferences for independent or delegated end-of-life medical decision making. Journal of Aging and Health, 23, 135–157. doi:10.1177/0898264310385114 Moorman, S. M., (2011b). The importance of feeling understood in marital conversations about end-of-life health care. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 100–116. doi:10.1177/0265407510386137
   Google Scholar
• Moorman, S. M., Hauser, R. M., & Carr, D. (2009). Do older adults know their spouses’ end-of-life treatment preferences? Research on Aging, 31, 463–491. doi:10.1177/0164027509333683
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, M. F. (1998). Obstacles to doctor-patient communication at the end of life. In M. D. Steinberg & S. J. Youngner (Eds.), End-of-life decisions: A psychosocial perspective (pp. 109–136). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Natan, M. B., Garfinkel, D., & Shachar, I. (2010). End-of-life needs as perceived by terminally ill older adult patients, family and staff. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 14, 299–303. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2010.05.002
   Google Scholar
• Norris, K., Merriman, M. P., Curtis, J. R., Asp, C., Tuholske, L., & Byock, I. R. (2007). Next of kin perspectives on the experience of end-of-life care in a community setting. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 10, 1101–1115. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.2546
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, B. J., & Delia, J. G. (1982). Impression formation and message production. In M. E. Roloff & C. R. Berger (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 33–72). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Palecek, E. J., Teno, J. M., Casarett, D. J., Hanson, L. C., Rhodes, R. L., & Mitchell, S. L. (2010). Comfort feeding only: A proposal to bring clarity to decision-making regarding difficulty with eating for persons with advanced dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58, 580–584. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02740.x
   Google Scholar
• Parks, S. M., Winter, L., Santana, A. J., Parker, B., Diamond, J. J., Rose, M., & Myers, R. E. (2011). Family factors in end-of-life decision-making: Family conflict and proxy relationship. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14, 179–184. doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.0353
   Google Scholar
• Patient Self-Determination Act, U.S. P.L. 101–508 (1990). Washington, DC: US Code. Pautex, S., Herrmann, F. R., & Zulian, G. B. (2008). Role of advance directives in palliative care units: A prospective study. Palliative Medicine, 22, 835–841. doi:10.1177/0269216308094336
   Google Scholar
• Pecchioni, L. L. (2001). Implicit decision-making in family caregiving. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18, 219–237. doi:10.1177/0265407501182004
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2006). Strong public support for right to die: More Americans discussing—and planning—end-of-life treatment. Retrieved from www.people-press.org/2006/01/05/strong-public-support-for-right-to-die/Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment. (2013). Retrieved from www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/LnC/Documents/MDS30-ApprovedP0LSTForm.pdf
   Google Scholar
• President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1983). Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment: Ethical, medical, and legal issues in treatment decisions. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/past_commissions/deciding_to_forego_tx.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Proulx, K., & Jacelon, C. (2004). Dying with dignity: The good patient versus the good death. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 21, 116–120. doi:10.1177/104990910402100209
   Google Scholar
• Quin, J. R., Schmitt, M., Baggs, J. G., Norton, S. A., Dombeck, M. T., & Sellers, C. R. (2012). Family members’ informal roles in end-of-life decision making in adult intensive care units. American Journal of Critical Care, 21, 43–51. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2012520
   Google Scholar
• Rady, M. Y., & Johnson, D. J. (2004). Admission to intensive care unit at the end-of-life: Is it an informed decision? Palliative Medicine, 18, 705–711. doi:10.1191/0269216304pm959oa
   Google Scholar
• Rich, S. E., Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Quinn, C. C., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2009). Discussion as a factor in racial disparity in advance directive completion at nursing home admission. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 146–152. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02090.x
   Google Scholar
• Schneiderman, L. J., Kronick, R., Kaplan, R. M., Anderson, J. P., & Langer, R. D. (1992). Effects of offering advance directives on medical treatments and costs. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, 599–606.
   Google Scholar
• Schonfeld, T. L., Stevens, E. A., Lampman, M. A., & Lyons, W. L. (2012). Assessing challenges in end-of-life conversations with elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 29, 260–267. doi:10.1177/1049909111418778
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A. M. & Caughlin, J. P. (2011, November). Enacted and perceived goal attention in family conversations about end-of-life decisions. Paper presented at the annual convention of the National Communication Association, New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A. M., & Caughlin, J. P. (2012). Managing multiple goals in family discourse about end-of-life health decisions. Research on Aging, 34, 670–691. doi:10.1177/0164027512446942
   Google Scholar
• Sessums, L. L., Zembrzuska, H., & Jackson, J. L. (2011). Does this patient have medical decision-making capacity? Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 420–427. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1023
   Google Scholar
• Seymour, J., Gott, M., Bellamy, G., Ahmedzai, S. H., & Clark, D. (2004). Planning for the end of life: The views of older people about advance care statements. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 57–68. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.005
   Google Scholar
• Shalowitz, D. I., Garrett-Mayer, E., & Wendler, D. (2006). The accuracy of surrogate decision makers. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 493–497. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.5.493
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, R. K., Hughes, M. T., Nolan, M. T., Tudor, C., Kub, J., Terry, P. B., & Sulmasy, D. P. (2011). Family understanding of seriously-ill patient preferences for family involvement in healthcare decision making. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26, 881-886. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1717-6
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. (2012). A direct advance on advance directives. Bioethics, 26, 267–274. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01853.x
   Google Scholar
• Sillars, A. L., & Kalbfleisch, P. J. (1989). Implicit and explicit decision-making styles in couples. In D. Brinberg & J. Jaccard (Eds.), Dyadic decision making (pp. 179–215). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Silveira, M. J., Kim, S.Y.H., & Langa, K. M. (2010). Advance directives and outcomes of surrogate decision making before death. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 1211–1218. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0907901
   Google Scholar
• Siminoff, L. A., Rose, J. H., Zhang, A., & Zyzanski, S. J. (2006). Measuring discord in treatment decision-making: Progress toward development of a cancer communication and decision-making assessment tool. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 528–540. doi:10.1002/pon.989
   Google Scholar
• Singer, P. A., Martin, D. K., & Kelner, M. (1999). Quality end-of-life care: Patients’ perspectives. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 263–268. doi:10.1001/jama.281.2.163
   Google Scholar
• Slort, W., Schweitzer, B.P.M., Blankenstein, A. H., Abarshi, E. A., Riphagen, I. I., Echteld, M. A., . . . Deliens, L. (2012). Perceived barriers and facilitators for general practitioner-patient communication in palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 25, 613–629. doi:10.1177/0269216310395987
   Google Scholar
• Steinhauser, K. E., Christakis, N. A., Clipp, E. C., McNeilly, M., McIntyre, L., & Tul-sky, J. A. (2000). Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, family, physicians, and other care providers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 2476–2482. doi:10.1001/jama.284.19.2476
   Google Scholar
• Suhl, J., Simons, P., Reedy, T., & Garrick, T. (1994). Myth of substituted judgment: Surrogate decision making regarding life support is unreliable. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154, 90–96. doi:10.1001/archinte.154.1.90
   Google Scholar
• Sulmasy, D. P., & Snyder, L. (2010). Substituted interests and best judgments: An integrated model of surrogate decision making. Journal of the American Medical Association, 304, 1946–1947. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1595
   Google Scholar
• SUPPORT Principal Investigators. (1995). A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT). Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 1591–1598. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200027032
   Google Scholar
• Swigart, V., Lidz, C., Butterworth, V., & Arnold, A. (1996). Letting go: Family willingness to forgo life support. Heart and Lung, 25, 483–494. doi:10.1016/S0147–9563(96)80051–3
   Google Scholar
• Tarzian, A. J., Neal, M. T., & O’Neil, J. A. (2005). Attitudes, experiences, and beliefs affecting end-of-life decision-making among homeless individuals. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 8, 36–48. doi:10.1089/jpm.2005.8.36
   Google Scholar
• Teno, J. M., Gruneir, A., Schwartz, Z., Nanda, A., & Wetle, T. (2007). Association between advance directives and quality of end-of-life care: A national study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 189–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01045.x
   Google Scholar
• Teno, J., Lynn, J., Wenger, N., Phillips, R. S., Murphy, D. P., Connors, A. F., Jr., . . . Knaus, W. A. (1997). Advance directives for seriously ill hospitalized patients: Effectiveness with the Patient Self-Determination Act and the SUPPORT intervention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45, 500–507.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, T. (2011). Hope and the act of informed dialogue: A delicate balance at end of life. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 30, 177–192. doi:10.1177/0261927X10397150 Tilden, V. P., Tolle, S. W., Nelson, C. A., & Fields, J. (2001). Family decision-making to withdraw life-sustaining treatments from hospitalized patients. Nursing Research, 50, 105–115. doi:10.1097/00006199-200103000-00006
   Google Scholar
• Travis, S. S., Loving, G. L., McClanahan, L., & Bernard, M. A. (2001). Hospitalization patterns and palliation in the last year of life among residents in long-term care. The Gerontologist, 41, 153–160. doi:10.1093/geront/41.2.153
   Google Scholar
• Trice, E. D., & Prigerson, H. G. (2009). Communication in end-stage cancer: Review of the literature and future research. Journal of Health Communication, 14, 95–108. doi:10.1080/10810730902806786
   Google Scholar
• Tulsky, J. A. (2005). Beyond advance directives: Importance of communication skills at the end of life. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 359–65. doi:10.1001/jama.294.3.359
   Google Scholar
• Turan, B., Goldstein, M. K., Garber, A. M., & Carstensen, L. J. (2011). Knowing loved ones’ end-of-life health care wishes: Attachment security predicts caregivers’ accuracy. Health Psychology, 30, 814–818. doi:10.1037/a0025664
   Google Scholar
• Venneman, S. S., Narnor-Harris, P., Perish, M., & Hamilton, M. (2008). “Allow natural death” versus “do not resuscitate”: Three words that can change a life. Journal of Medical Ethics, 34, 2–6. doi:10.1136/jme.2006.018317
   Google Scholar
• Villagran, M., Goldsmith, J., Wittenberg-Lyles, E., & Baldwin, P. (2010). Creating COMFORT: A communication-based model for breaking bad news. Communication Education, 59, 220–234. doi:10.1080/03634521003624031
   Google Scholar
• Volandes, A. E., Paasche-Orlow, M., Gillick, M. R., Cook, E. F., Shaykevich, S., Abbo, E. D., & Lehmann, L. (2008). Health literacy not race predicts end-of-life care preferences. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11, 754–762. doi:10.1089/jpm.2007.0224
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, S. K., Martin, C. G., Shaw, A. D., & Price, K. J. (2001). Influence of an advance directive on the initiation of life support technology in critically ill cancer patients. Critical Care Medicine, 29, 2294–2298. doi:10.1097/00003246-200112000-00010
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, J. S., & Roth, J. (2006). Avoiding iatrogenic harm to patient and family while discussing goals of care near the end of life. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 451463. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.9.451
   Google Scholar
• Weissman, D. E., Quill, T. E., & Arnold, R. M. (2010). The family meeting: End-of-life goal setting and future planning. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 13, 462–463. doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.9846
   Google Scholar
• Wenger, N. S., Kanouse, D. E., Collins, R. L., Liu, H., Schuster, M. A., Gifford, A. L., . . . Shapiro, M. F. (2001). End-of-life discussions and preferences among persons with HIV. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2880–2887. doi:10.1001/jama.285.22.2880
   Google Scholar
• Wenger, N. S., Phillips, R. S., Teno, J. M., Oye, R. K., Dawson, N. V., Liu, H., . . . Lynn, J. (2000). Physician understanding of patient resuscitation preferences: Insights and clinical implications. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, S44–S51.
   Google Scholar
• Wentlandt, K., Burman, D., Swami, N., Hales, S., Rydall, A., Rodin, G., . . . Zimmerman, C. (2012). Preparation for the end of life in patients with advanced cancer and association with communication with professional caregivers. Psycho-Oncology, 21, 868–876. doi:10.1002/pon.1995
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. R., & Feng, H. (2007). Interaction goals and message production: Conceptual and methodological developments. In D. R. Roskos-Ewoldsen & J. L. Monahan (Eds.), Communication and social cognition: Theories and methods (pp. 71–95). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, L., & Parks, S. M. (2008). Family discord and proxy decision makers’ end-of-life treatment decisions. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11, 1109–1114. doi:10.1089/jpm.2008.0039
   Google Scholar
• Winter, L., & Parks, S. M. (2012). The reluctance to burden others as a value in end-of-life decision making: A source of inaccuracy in substituted judgment. Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 179–188. doi:10.1177/1359105311414956
   Google Scholar
• Winter, L., Parks, S. M., & Diamond, J. J. (2010). Ask a different question, get a different answer: Why living wills are poor guides to care preferences at the end of life. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 13, 567–572. doi:10.1089/jpm.2009.0311
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E. (2005). Information sharing in interdisciplinary team meetings: An evaluation of hospice goals. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 1377–1391. doi:10.1177/1049732305282857
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Goldsmith, J., Ferrell, B., & Ragan, S. L. (2013). Communication in palliative nursing. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Goldsmith, J., & Ragan, S. (2010). The COMFORT Initiative: Palliative nursing and the centrality of communication. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 12, 282–292. doi:10.1097/NJH.0b013e3181ebb45e
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Goldsmith, J., & Ragan, S. (2011). The shift to early palliative care: A typology of illness journeys and the role of nursing. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15, 304–310. doi:10.1188/11.CJON.304-310
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Goldsmith, J., Ragan, S., & Sanchez-Reilly, S. (2010). Medical students’ views and ideas about palliative care communication training. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 27, 38–49. doi:10.1177/1049909109347327
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Goldsmith, J., Richardson, B., Hallett, J. S., & Clark, R. (2013). The practical nurse: A case for COMFORT communication training. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 30, 162–166. doi:10.1177/1049909112446848
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Goldsmith, J., Sanchez-Reilly, S., & Ragan, S. (2008). Communication a terminal prognosis in a palliative care setting: Deficiencies in current communication training protocols. Social Science and Medicine, 66, 2356–2365. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.042
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Oliver, D. P., Demiris, G., & Baldwin, P. (2010). The ACTive Intervention in hospice interdisciplinary team meetings: Exploring family caregiver and hospice team communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15, 465–481. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01502.x
   Google Scholar
• Wright, A. A., Zhang, B., Ray, A., Mack, J. W., Trice, E., Balboni, T., . . . Prigerson, H. G. (2008). Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 1665–1673. doi:10.1001/jama.300.14.1665
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, J. W., Nakagawa, S., & Kim, S. (2012). Integrative palliative care, advance directives, and hospital outcomes of critically ill older adults. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 29, 655–662. doi:10.1177/1049909111435813
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, A. Y., & Siminoff, L. A. (2003). Silence and cancer: Why do families and patients fail to communicate? Health Communication, 15, 415–429. doi:10.1207/S15327027HC1504_03
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., Wright, A. A., Huskamp, H. A., Nilsson, M. E., Maciejewski, M. L., Earle, C. C., . . . Prigerson, H. G., (2009). Health care costs in the last week of life: Associations with end of life conversations. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169, 480–488. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.587
   Google Scholar