Unpacking Engagement: Convergence and Divergence in Transportation and Identification

References

• Appel, M. (2011). A story about a stupid person can make you act stupid (or smart): Behavioral assimilation (and contrast) as narrative impact. Media Psychology, 14(2), 144–167. doi:10.1080/15213269.2011.573461
   Google Scholar
• Appel, M., & Richter, T. (2010). Transportation and need for affect in narrative persuasion: A mediated moderation model. Media Psychology, 13(2), 101–135. doi:10.1080/15213261003799847
   Google Scholar
• Appel, M., Gnambs, T., Richter, T., & Green, M. C. (2015). The Transportation Scale–Short Form (TS–SF). Media Psychology, 18(2), 243–266. doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.987400
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265–299. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03
   Google Scholar
• Banjo, O., Appiah, O., Wang, Z. J., Brow, C., Walther, W., Tchernev, J., & Pierman, E. (2013, June). Coviewing effects of ethnic-oriented programming: An examination of in-group bias and racial comedy exposure. Paper presented at the meeting of ICA, London.
   Google Scholar
• Bilandzic, H., & Busselle, R. W. (2011). Enjoyment of films as a function of narrative experience, perceived realism and transportability. Communications, 36(1), 29–50. doi:10.1515/comm.2011.002
   Google Scholar
• Braverman, J. (2008). Testimonials versus informational persuasive messages: The moderating effect of delivery mode and personal involvement. Communication Research, 35(5), 666–694. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650208321785
   Google Scholar
• Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2009). Measuring narrative engagement. Media Psychology, 12(4), 321–347. doi:10.1080/15213260903287259
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. (1961). Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(3), 713. doi:10.1037/h0044721
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. (1969). Attitudes and attraction. Advances in experimental social psychology, 4, 35–89.
   Google Scholar
• Chory-Assad, R. M., & Cicchirillo, V. (2005). Empathy and affective orientation as predictors of identification with television characters. Communication Research Reports, 22(2), 151–156. doi:10.1080/00036810500130786
   Google Scholar
• Chung, A. H., & Slater, M. D. (2013). Reducing stigma and out-group distinctions through perspective-taking in narratives. Journal of Communication, 63(5), 894–911. doi:10.1111/jcom.12050
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication and Society, 4(3), 245–264. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_01
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (2009). Mediated relationships and media effects: Parasocial interaction and identification. In R. L. Nabi, & M. B. Oliver (Eds.). The Sage handbook of media processes and effects (pp. 223–236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., & Mazor Tregerman, M. (2012). Medium effects: Love hurt. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Tal-Or, N., & Mazor-Tregerman, M. (2015). The tempering effect of transportation: Exploring the effects of transportation and identification during exposure to controversial two-sided narratives. Journal of Communication, 65, 237–258. doi:10.1111/jcom.12144
   Google Scholar
• Costabile, K. A., & Terman, A. W. (2013). Effects of film music on psychological transportation and narrative persuasion. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(3), 316–324. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.785398
   Google Scholar
• Dal Cin, S., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (2004). Narrative persuasion and overcoming resistance. In E. S. Knowles, & J. A. Linn (Eds.). Resistance and persuasion (pp. 175–191). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• de Graaf, A. (2014). The effectiveness of adaptation of the protagonist in narrative impact: Similarity influences health beliefs through self-referencing. Human Communication Research, 40, 73–90. doi:10.1111/hcre.12015
   Google Scholar
• de Graaf, A., Hoeken, H., Sanders, J., & Beentjes, H. (2009). The role of dimensions of narrative engagement in narrative persuasion. Communications, 34(4), 385–405. doi:10.1515/COMM.2009.024
   Google Scholar
• de Graaf, A., Hoeken, H., Sanders, J., & Beentjes, J. W. J. (2012). Identification as a mechanism of narrative persuasion. Communication Research, 39(6), 802–823. doi:10.1177/0093650211408594
   Google Scholar
• Dunlop, S. M., Wakefield, M., & Kashima, Y. (2010). Pathways to persuasion: Cognitive and experiential responses to health-promoting mass media messages. Communication Research 37(1) 133–164. doi:10.1177/0093650209351912
   Google Scholar
• Escalas, J. E. (2004). Imagine yourself in the product: Mental simulation, narrative transportation, and persuasion. Journal of advertising, 33(2), 37–48. doi:10.1080/00913367.2004.10639163
   Google Scholar
• Escalas, J. E. (2007). Self-referencing and persuasion: narrative transportation versus analytical elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(4), 421–429. doi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/510216
   Google Scholar
• Eyal, K., & Rubin, A. M. (2003). Viewer aggression and homophily, identification, and parasocial relationships with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(1), 77–98. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4701_5
   Google Scholar
• Frey, K. P., & Eagly, A. H. (1993). Vividness can undermine the persuasiveness of messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 32–44. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.32
   Google Scholar
• Gerrig, R. J. (1993). Experiencing narrative worlds: On the psychological activities of reading. New York, NY: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Green, M. C. (2004). Transportation into narrative worlds: The role of prior knowledge and perceived realism. Discourse Processes, 38(2), 247–266. doi:10.1207/s15326950dp3802_5
   Google Scholar
• Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701
   Google Scholar
• Green, M. C., Rozin, P., & Aldao, A., (2004, August). Effect of story details on transportation into narrative worlds and identification with characters. Paper presented in IGEL, Edmonton.
   Google Scholar
• Green, M. C., Kass, S., Carrey, J., Herzig, B., Feeney, R., & Sabini, J. (2008). Transportation across media: Repeated exposure to print and film. Media Psychology, 11(4), 512–539. doi:10.1080/15213260802492000
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, D. N., & Long, C. R. (2009). Psychological predictors of media involvement: Solitude experiences and the need to belong. Communication Research, 36(5), 637–654. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650209338906
   Google Scholar
• Hall, A. E., & Bracken, C. C. (2011). “I really liked that movie”: Testing the relationship between trait empathy, transportation, perceived realism, and movie enjoyment. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 23(2), 90–99. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000036
   Google Scholar
• Himelowsky, J., Jain, P., Cohen, J., & Ewoldsen, D. (2014, May). Looking deeper into the narrative interpretation process: Exploring the determinants and dynamics of reacting to and interpreting media stories. Paper presented to annual meeting of the Mass Communication Division of the International Communication Association Conference, Seattle, WA.
   Google Scholar
• Hefner, D., Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P. (2007). Identification with the player character as determinant of video game enjoyment. In L. Ma, M. Rauterberg, & R. Nakatsu (Eds.), Entertainment computing – International Conference of Entertainment Computing (pp. 39–48). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeken, H., & Sinkeldam, J. (2014). The role of identification and perception of just outcome in evoking emotions in narrative persuasion. Journal of Communication, 64, 935–955. doi:10.1111/jcom.12114
   Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C. (1996) Children’s wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 40(3), 389–402. doi:10.1080/08838159609364360
   Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 325–351. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0704_2
   Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C., & Cantor, J. (1991). Perceiving and responding to mass media characters. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 63–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Igartua, J. J., & Barrios, I. (2012). Changing real-world beliefs with controversial movies: Processes and mechanisms of narrative persuasion. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 514–531. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01640.x
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., King, A. J., Carcioppolo, N., & Davis, L. (2012). Why are tailored messages more effective? A multiple mediation analysis of a breast cancer screening intervention. Journal of Communication, 62(5), 851–868. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01668.x
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, G. F., & Libby, L. K. (2012). Changing beliefs and behavior through experience-taking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(1), 1–19. doi:10.1037/a0027525
   Google Scholar
• Keveney, B. (2005, November 25). Shades of “Grey’s Anatomy”: Mix of comedy, drama, personality types—and a little sex—makes quirky hospital show a hit. USA Today, D1.
   Google Scholar
• Krakowiak, K. M., & Oliver, M. B. (2012). When good characters do bad things: Examining the effect of moral ambiguity on enjoyment. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 117–135. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01618.x
   Google Scholar
• Kuijpers, M. M. (2014). Absorbing stories: The effects of textual devices on absorption and evaluative responses. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzocco, P. J., Green, M. C., Sasota, J. A., & Jones, N. W. (2010). This story is not for everyone: Transportability and narrative persuasion. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(4), 361–368. doi:10.1177/1948550610376600
   Google Scholar
• McKinley, C. (2010). Examining dimensions of character involvement as contributing factors in television viewers’binge drinking perceptions. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
   Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, E. (2008). Toward a theory of entertainment persuasion: Explaining the persuasive effects of entertainment-education messages. Communication Theory, 18(3), 407–425. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00328.x
   Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, E., & Nabi, R. L. (2010). Explaining the effects of narrative in an entertainment television program: Overcoming resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 26–52. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01367.x
   Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, E., Chung, A. H., & Jain, P. (2011). Identification with characters and discussion of taboo topics after exposure to an entertainment narrative about sexual health. Journal of Communication, 61(3), 387–406. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01551.x
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, S. T., Frank, L. B., Chatterjee, J. S., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2013). Narrative versus nonnarrative: The role of identification, transportation, and emotion in reducing health disparities. Journal of Communication, 63(1), 116–137. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12007
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, S. T., Frank, L. B., Moran, M. B., & Patnoe-Woodley, P. (2011). Involved, transported, or emotional? Exploring the determinants of change in knowledge, Unpacking Engagement 65 attitudes, and behavior in entertainment-education. Journal of Communication, 61(3), 407–431. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01554.x
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, S. T., Hether, H. J., Felt, L. J., & de Castro Buffington, S. (2012). Public diplomacy in prime time: Exploring the potential of entertainment education in international public diplomacy. American journal of media psychology, 5(1–4), 5–32.
   Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L., Stitt, C. R., Halford, J., & Finnerty, K. L. (2006). Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 8(4), 421–447. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0804_5
   Google Scholar
• Oatley, K. (1999). Meetings of minds: Dialogue, sympathy, and identification, in reading fiction. Poetics, 26(5), 439–454. doi:10.1016/S0304-422X(99)00011-X
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. B., Shade, D., Ferchaud, A., Bailey, E., Yang, C., Bilandzic, H., & Cohen, J. (2014). The effects of direct address in House of Cards. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Ophir, Y. (2013). Pursuing the vividness effect— textual vividness, identification, transportation and the change of attitudes and behavioral intentions in the context of health communication. (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
   Google Scholar
• Quintero, J. M., Harrison, K., & Quick, B. L. (2013). Understanding the effectiveness of the entertainment-education strategy: An investigation of how audience involvement, message processing, and message design influence health information recall. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives, 18(2), 160–178. doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.688244
   Google Scholar
• Semmler, S. M., Loof, T., & Berke, C. (2015). The influence of audio-only character narration on character and narrative engagement. Communication Research Reports, 32(1). doi:10.1080/08824096.2014.989976
   Google Scholar
• Sestir, M., & Green, M. C. (2010). You are who you watch: Identification and transportation effects on temporary self-concept. Social Influence, 5(4), 272–288. doi:10.1080/15534510.2010.490672
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (2002). Entertainment-education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12(2), 173–191. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00265.x
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., Rouner, D., & Long, M. (2006). Television dramas and support for controversial public policies: Effects and mechanisms. Journal of Communication, 56(2), 235–252. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00017.x
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., Buller, D. B., Waters, E., Archibeque, M., & LeBlanc, M. (2003). A test of conversational and testimonial messages versus didactic presentations of nutrition information. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 35(5), 255–259. doi:10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60056-0
   Google Scholar
• So, J., & Nabi, R. (2013). Reduction of perceived social distance as an explanation for media’s influence on personal risk perceptions: A test of the risk convergence model. Human Communication Research, 39(3), 317–338. doi:10.1111/hcre.12005
   Google Scholar
• Tal-Or, N. (in press). How co-viewing affects attitudes through transportation and identification. Media Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Tal-Or, N., & Cohen, J. (2010). Understanding audience involvement: Conceptualizing and manipulating identification and transportation. Poetics, 38, 402–418. doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2010.05.004
   Google Scholar
• Tal-Or, N., & Tsfati, Y. (2015). When Arabs and Jews watch TV together: Combining direct and mediated intergroup contact. Manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Tal-Or, N., & Tsfati, Y. (in press). Does the co-viewing of sexual material affect rape myth acceptance? The role of the co-viewer’s reactions and gender. Communication Research.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., & Thompson, S. C. (1982). Stalking the elusive “vividness” effect. Psychological Review, 89(2), 155. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.89.2.155
   Google Scholar
• Till, B., Vitouch, P., Herberth, A., Sonneck, G., & Niederkrotenthaler, T. (2013). Personal suicidality in reception and identification with suicidal film characters. Death Studies, 37(4), 383–392. doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.673531
   Google Scholar
• Tsao, J. (1996). Compensatory media use: An exploration of two paradigms. Communication Studies, 47(1–2), 89–109. doi:10.1080/10510979609368466
   Google Scholar
• Tsay-Vogel, M., & Oliver, M. B. (2014). Is watching others self-disclose enjoyable? An examination of the effects of information delivery in entertainment media. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 26(3), 111–124. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000116
   Google Scholar
• Tukachinsky, R., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2013). The effects of engagement with entertainment. In E. L. Cohen (Ed.). Communication Yearbook 37 (pp. 287–321).
   Google Scholar
• van Laer, T., de Ruyter, K., Visconti, L. M., & Wetzels, M. (2014). The extended transportation-imagery model: A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of consumers’ narrative transportation. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(5), 797–817. doi:10.1086/673383
   Google Scholar
• Vaughn, L. A., Hesse, S. J., Petkova, Z., & Trudeau, L. (2009). “This story is right on”: The impact of regulatory fit on narrative engagement and persuasion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(3), 447–456. doi:10.1002/ejsp.570
   Google Scholar
• Weinmann, C., Löb, C., Mattheiß, T., & Vorderer, P. (2013). Approaching science by watching TV: What do entertainment programs contribute to viewers’ competence in genetic engineering? Educational Media International, 50(3), 149–161. doi:10.1080/09523987.2013.839152
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K. D. (2010). The effects of homophily, identification, and violent video games on players. Mass Communication and Society, 14(1), 3–24. doi:10.1080/15205430903359701
   Google Scholar