Addressing a statistical power-alpha level blind spot in political- and health-related media research: discontinuous criterion power analyses

References

• Aguinis, H., Beaty, J. C., Boik, R., & Pierce, C. A. (2005). Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: A 30-year review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 94–107. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpan, L. M., & Nabi, R. L. (2011). Exploring anger in the hostile media process: Effects on news preferences and source evaluation. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(1), 5–22. doi: 10.1177/107769901108800101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala, G. X., Ibarra, L., Horton, L., Arredondo, E. M., Slymen, D. J., Engelberg, M., … Elder, J. P. (2015). Evidence supporting a Promotora-delivered entertainment education intervention for improving mothers’ dietary intake: The Entre Familia: Reflejos de Salud study. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 165–176. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2014.917747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam, M. A. (2014). Automating the news: How personalized news recommender system design choices impact news reception. Communication Research, 41(8), 1019–1041. doi: 10.1177/0093650213497979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudoin, C. E. (2011). News effects on bonding and bridging social capital: An empirical study relevant to ethnicity in the United States. Communication Research, 38, 155–178. doi: 10.1177/0093650210381598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin, D. J., Berger, J. O., Johannesson, M., Nosek, B. A., Wagenmakers, E-J., Berk, R., … Johnson, V. E. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nature Human Behavior, 2, 6–10. doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Porath, E. N., & Shaker, L. K. (2010). News images, race, and attribution in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 466–490. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01493.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiarsky, G., Rouner, D., & Long, M. (2013). Effects of responsibility attribution and message source on young adults’ health attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Health Communication, 18, 881–894. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2012.757389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, S. B., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016). P-curve and p-hacking in observational research. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0149144. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, C. J., & Boster, F. J. (2013). The relationship between message recall and persuasion: More complex than it seems. Journal of Communication, 63(4), 661–681. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champely, S., Ekstrom, C., Dalgaard, P., Gill, J., Weibelzahl, S., Anandkumar, A., … de Rosario, H. (2017, March). Package ‘pwr’. Available https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pwr/pwr.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cheong, J. (2011). Accuracy of estimates and statistical power for testing mediation in latent growth curve modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18, 195–211. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2011.557334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., & Leshner, G. (2015). The uncanny valley: The effects of rotoscope animation on motivational processing of depression drug messages. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59, 57–75. doi: 10.1080/08838151.2014.998227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1990). Things I have learned (so far). American Psychologist, 45, 1304–1312. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.45.12.1304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round, p < .05. American Psychologist, 49, 997–1003. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comello, M. L. G. (2011). Characterizing drug non-users as distinctive in preventive messages: Implications of optimal distinctiveness theory. Health Communication, 26, 313–322. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2010.550022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, H., & Findley, M. (1982). Expected effect sizes: Estimates of statistical power analysis in social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 168–173. doi: 10.1177/014616728281026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowles, M., & Davis, C. (1982). On the origins of the .05 level of statistical significance. American Psychologist, 37, 553–558. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.37.5.553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crider, D. (2012). A public sphere in decline: The state of localism in talk radio. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(2), 225–244. doi: 10.1080/08838151.2012.678514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, P., Henry, A., Srivastava, J., Orcena, J., & Thrush, J. (2012). Reactance to a tailored multimedia intervention encouraging teachers to promote cover-the-cough. Journal of Health Communication, 17, 915–928. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.650826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. C., Nonnemaker, J., Duke, J., & Farrelly, M. C. (2013). Perceived effectiveness of cessation advertisements: The importance of audience reactions and practical implications for media campaign planning. Health Communication, 28, 461–472. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2012.696535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, A., & van Asten, R. (2014). The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing procedure prevents defensive processing in health persuasion. Health Communication, 29, 542–551. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2013.779558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilliplane, S. (2011). All the news you want to hear: The impact of partisan news exposure on political participation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(2), 287–316. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfr006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvir Gvirsman, S., Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., Landau, S. F., Shikaki, K., & Boxer, P. (2014). The effects of mediated exposure to ethnic-political violence on Middle East youth’s subsequent post-traumatic stress symptoms and aggressive behavior. Communication Research, 41(7), 961–990. doi: 10.1177/0093650213510941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgerly, S., Vraga, E. K., McLaughlin, B., Alvarez, G., Yang, J., & Kim, Y. M. (2014). Navigational structures and information selection goals: A closer look at online selectivity. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(4), 542–561. doi: 10.1080/08838151.2014.966360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekström, M., & Östman, J. (2015). Information, interaction, and creative production: The effects of three forms of internet use on youth democratic engagement. Communication Research, 42(6), 796–818. doi: 10.1177/0093650213476295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esarey, J., & Sumner, J. L. (2017). Marginal effects in interaction models: Determining and controlling the false positive rate. Comparative Political Studies, 57. doi: 10.1177/0010414017730080
   Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., & Schmitt, J. B. (2015). Communication content and knowledge content matters: Integrating manipulation and observation in studying news and discussion learning effects. Journal of Communication, 65(1), 170–191. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. doi: 10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, L. (2011). The effects of journalist opinionation on learning from the news. Journal of Communication, 61(6), 1183–1201. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01602.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 532–538. doi: 10.1037/a0015808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, M. J., & Altman, D. G. (1986). Confidence intervals rather than p values: Estimation rather than hypothesis testing. British Medical Journal, 292, 746–750. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6522.746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K., Nisbet, E. C., & Lynch, E. K. (2013). Undermining the corrective effects of media based political fact checking? The role of contextual cues and naïve theory. Journal of Communication, 63(4), 617–637. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K., & Stroud, N. J. (2014). Partisan paths to exposure diversity: Differences in pro and counterattitudinal news consumption. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 680–701. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastil, J., & Xenos, M. (2010). Of attitudes and engagement: Clarifying the reciprocal relationship between civic attitudes and political participation. Journal of Communication, 60(2), 318–343. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01484.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geer, J. G., & Vavreck, L. (2014). Negativity, information, and candidate position-taking. Political Communication, 31(2), 218–236. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2013.828140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Walter, N., Shir-Raz, Y., & Green, M. S. (2015). Voluntary and mandatory? The valance framing effect of attitudes regarding HPV vaccination. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 1287–1293. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1018642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer, G., Krauss, S., & Vitouch, O. (2004). The null ritual: What you always wanted to know about significance testing but were afraid to ask. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 391–408). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, S. N., & Berlin, J. A. (2004). The use of predicted confidence intervals when planning experiments and the misuse of power when interpreting results. Annals of Internal Medicine, 121, 200–206. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-121-3-199408010-00008
   Google Scholar
• Han, J. Y., Shah, D. V., Kim, E., Namkoong, K., Lee, S., Moon, T. J., … Gusafson, D. H. (2011). Empathetic exchanges in online cancer support groups: Distinguishing message expression and reception effects. Health Communication, 26, 185–197. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2010.544283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, T. R., Morgan, S. E., Chewning, L. V., Williams, E. A., Barbour, J. B., Di Corcia, M. J., & Davis, L. A. (2011). Revisiting the worksite in worksite health campaigns: Evidence from a multisite organ donation campaign. Journal of Communication, 61, 535–555. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01553.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser, S. I., Goldberg, J. P., Wilde, P., Bers, M., Ioannone, L., & Economos, C. D. (2010). Comparison of online and face-to-face dissemination of a theory-based after school nutrition and physical activity training and curriculum. Journal of Health Communication, 15, 859–879. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2010.522225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, M. L., Holman, L., Lanfear, R., Kahn, A. T., & Jennions, M. D. (2015). The extent and consequences of p-hacking in science. PLOS Biology, 13, e1002106. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoenig, J. M., & Heisey, D. M. (2001). The abuse of power: The pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis. The American Statistician, 55, 19–24. doi: 10.1198/000313001300339897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbert, R. L., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2011). Secondary analysis in political communication viewed as a creative act. In E. P. Bucy & R. L. Holbert (Eds.), The sourcebook for political communication research: Methods, measures, and analytical approaches (pp. 81–95). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Holbert, R. L., Tchernev, J. M., Walther, W. O., Esralew, S. E., & Benski, K. (2013). Young voter perceptions of political satire as persuasion: A focus on perceived influence, persuasive intent, and message strength. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(2), 170–186. doi: 10.1080/08838151.2013.787075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, H. (2011). An extension of the extended parallel process model (EPPM) in television health news: The influence of health consciousness on individual message processing and acceptance. Health Communication, 26, 343–353. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2010.551580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, M., Tan, A. S. L., Brennan, E., Gibson, L., & Hornik, R. C. (2015). Talking about quitting: Interpersonal communication as a mediator of campaign effects on smokers’ quit behaviors. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 1196–1205. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1018620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufhold, K., Valenzuela, S., & de Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Citizen journalism and democracy: How user-generated news use relates to political knowledge and participation. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87, 515–529. doi: 10.1177/107769901008700305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kealey, E., & Berkman, C. S. (2010). The relationship between health information sources and mental models of cancer: Findings from the 2005 health information national trends survey. Journal of Health Communication, 15, 236–251. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2010.522693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., Bigman, C. A., Leader, A. E., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J. N. (2012). Narrative health communication and behavior change: The influence of exemplars in the news on intention to quit smoking. Journal of Communication, 62, 473–492. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01644.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. J., & Niederdeppe, J. (2014). Emotional expressions in antismoking television advertisements: Consequences of anger and sadness framing on pathways to persuasion. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 692–709. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2013.837550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. S., & Kelly, J. D. (2010). Public reactions toward an ethical dilemma faced by photojournalists: Examining the conflict between acting as a dispassionate observer and acting as a “Good Samaritan”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), 23–40. doi: 10.1177/107769901008700102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, S. R., McCaffrey, D. J., Bentley, J. P., Bouldin, A., Hallam, J., & Wilkin, N. E. (2012). The influence of symbols on the short-term recall of pharmacy-generated prescription medication information in a low health literate sample. Journal of Health Communication, 17, 280–293. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2012.712620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Mothes, C., Johnson, B. K., Westerwick, A., & Donsbach, W. (2015). Political online information searching in Germany and the United States: Confirmation bias, source credibility, and attitude impacts. Journal of Communication, 65(3), 489–511. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, T., & Ichifuji, Y. (2015). Tweets that matter: Evidence from a randomized field experiment in Japan. Political Communication, 32(4), 574–593. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2317517 doi: 10.1080/10584609.2014.986696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer, H. C., & Blasey, C. (2016). How many subjects? Statistical power analysis in research (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kreps, G. L., & Thornton, B. C. (1992). Health communication: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). Long grove, IL: Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landreville, K. D., Holbert, R. L., & LaMarre, H. L. (2010). The influence of late-night TV comedy viewing on political talk: A moderated-mediation model. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15, 482–498. doi: 10.1177/1940161210371506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., & Yegiyan, N. (2014). Mediated substance cues: Motivational reactivity and use influence responses to pictures of alcohol. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 1216–1231. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2013.872728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. (2014). The role of social capital in health communication campaigns: The case of the national youth anti-drug media campaign. Communication Research, 41, 208–235. doi: 10.1177/0093650212446332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., & Kam, J. A. (2015). Why does social capital matter in health communication campaigns? Communication Research, 42, 459–481. doi: 10.1177/0093650214534968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, L. H., & Coleman, R. (2012). Source credibility and evidence format: Examining the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS messages for young African Americans. Journal of Health Communication, 17, 515–531. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.635771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsaganis, M. D., & Wilkin, H. A. (2015). Communicative social capital and collective efficacy as determinants of access to health-enhancing resources in residential communities. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 377–386. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2014.927037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthes, J., Hayes, A. F., Rojas, H., Shen, F., Min, S. J., & Dylko, I. B. (2012). Exemplifying a dispositional approach to cross-cultural spiral of silence research: Fear of social isolation and the inclination to self-censor. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(3), 287–305. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/eds015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure, K. J., & Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2011). Obesity in the news: Do photographic images of obese persons influence antifat attitudes? Journal of Health Communication, 16, 359–371. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2010.535108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeever, R. (2015). Vicarious experience: Experimentally testing the effects of empathy for media characters with severe depression and the intervening role of perceived similarity. Health Communication, 30, 1122–1134. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2014.921969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeks, L. (2013). All the gender that’s fit to print: How The New York Times covered Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin in 2008. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(3), 520–539. doi: 10.1177/1077699013493791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minozzi, W. (2014). Conditions for dialogue and dominance in political campaigns. Political Communication, 31(1), 73–93. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2012.747191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer-Guse, E., Chung, A. H., Jain, P. (2011). Identification with characters and discussion of taboo topics after exposure to an entertainment narrative about sexual health. Journal of Communication, 61, 387–406. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01551.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. R., & Myors, B. (2004). Statistical power analysis: A simple and general model for traditional and modern hypothesis testing (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. R., Myors, B., & Wolach, A. (2014). Statistical power analysis: A simple and general model for traditional and modern hypothesis tests. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, S., & Foster, T. M. (2004). The case against retrospective statistical power analyses with an introduction to power analysis. Acta Ethologica, 7, 103–108. doi: 10.1007/s10211-004-0095-z
   Google Scholar
• Oh, J., & Sundar, S. (2015). How does interactivity persuade? An experimental test of interactivity on cognitive absorption, elaboration, and attitudes. Journal of Communication, 65, 213–236. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J. (2007). Post hoc power, observed power, a priori power, retrospective power, prospective power, achieved power: Sorting out appropriate uses of statistical power analysis. Communication Methods and Measures, 1, 291–299. doi: 10.1080/19312450701641375
   Google Scholar
• Ostfeld, M., & Mutz, D. (2014). Revisiting the effects of case reports in the news. Political Communication, 31(1), 53–72. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2013.799106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paek, H., Hove, T., Kim, M., & Jeong, H. J. (2011). Mechanisms of child abuse public service announcement effectiveness: Roles of emotional response and perceived effectiveness. Health Communication, 26, 534–545. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.558334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff, R. M. (2014). The dynamics of political communication: Media and politics in a digital age. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Popova, L. (2014). Scaring the snus out of smokers: Testing effects of fear, threat, and efficacy on smokers’ acceptance of novel smokeless tobacco products. Health Communication, 29, 924–936. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2013.824063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prajapati, B., Dunne, M., & Armstrong, R. (2010). Sample size estimation and statistical power analyses. (Ot) Optometry Today Peer Reviewed. Accessed May 8, 2017 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Dunne3/publication/265399772_Sample_size_estimation_and_statistical_power_analyses/links/551407dc0cf2eda0df303bd7.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu, W. (2013, April). <Package “powerMediation” R packages. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/powerMediation/.
   Google Scholar
• Quick, B. L., Scott, A. M., & Ledbetter, A. M. (2011). A close examination of trait reactance and issue involvement as moderators of psychological reactance theory. Journal of Health Communication, 16, 660–679. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.551989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiring, O., & Weber, M. (2012). Between usefulness and legitimacy: Media coverage of governmental intervention during the financial crisis and selected effects. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(3), 294–315. doi: 10.1177/1940161212442957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rains, S. A., & Tukachinsky, R. (2015). Information seeking in uncertainty management theory: Exposure to information about medical uncertainty and information-processing orientation as predictors of uncertainty management success. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 1275–1286. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1018641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richey, S. (2012). Campaign advertising and the stimulation and activation of the authoritarian personality. Political Communication, 29(1), 24–43. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2011.616874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richey, S., & Zhu, J. (2015). Internet access does not improve political interest, efficacy, and knowledge for late adopters. Political Communication, 32(3), 396–413. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2014.944324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, N. W., Zeng, C., & Holbert, R. L. (in press). The stubborn pervasiveness of television news in the digital age and the field's attention to the medium, 2010–2014. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, A. M., Ven der Pol, B., Fortenberry, J. D., Dodge, B., Reece, M., Certo, D., & Zimet, G. D. (2015). The impact of brief messages on HSV-2 screening uptake among female defendants in a court setting: A randomized controlled trial utilizing prospect theory. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 230–236. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2014.920062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuck, A. R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2012). When good news is bad news: Explicating the moderated mediation dynamic behind the reversed mobilization effect. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 57–77. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01624.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Cappella, J. N., & Neuman, W. R. (2015). Big data, digital media, and computational social science. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659, 6–13. doi: 10.1177/0002716215572084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, F., & Eveland, W. P. (2010). Testing the intramedia interaction hypothesis: The contingent effects of news. Journal of Communication, 60(2), 364–387. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01486.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L. (2010). The effect of message frame in anti-smoking public service announcements on cognitive response and attitude toward smoking. Health Communication, 25, 11–21. doi: 10.1080/10410230903473490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L., & Kollar, L. M. M. (2015). Testing moderators of message framing effects: A motivational approach. Communication Research, 42, 626–648. doi: 10.1177/0093650213493924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359–1366. doi: 10.1177/0956797611417632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2012). A 21 word solution. Dialogue: The Official Newsletter of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 4–7.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2013, January). Life after p-hacking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of society for personality and social psychology, New Orleans, LA. https://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstractr_id=2205186.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, J. P., & Simonsohn, U. (2017). Power posing: P-curving the evidence. Psychological Science, 28(5), 687–693. doi: 10.1177/0956797616658563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014a). P-curve: A key to the file drawer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 534–547. doi: 10.1037/a0033242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014b). P-curve and effect size: Correcting for publication bias using only significant results. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 666–681. doi: 10.1177/1745691614553988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. A. (2012). An experimental test of stigma communication content with a hypothetical infectious disease alert. Communication Monographs, 79, 522–538. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2012.723811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, L. B., Hamilton, M. A., Mitchell, E. W., Kiwanuka-Tondo, J., Fleming-Milici, F., & Proctor, D. (2004). A meta-analysis of the effect of mediated health communication campaigns on behavior change in the United States. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 71–96. doi: 10.1080/10810730490271548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout, C. T., & Kline, R. (2015). Racial salience, viability, and the wilder effect evaluating polling accuracy for black candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 79, 994–1014. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfv037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, D., Jensen, J., & Coe, K. (2011). Video news releases and the public: The impact of source labeling on the perceived credibility of television news. Journal of Communication, 61(2), 328–348. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01542.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vining, Jr, R. L., & Marcin, P. (2014). An economic theory of supreme court news. Political Communication, 31(1), 94–111. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2012.747189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E., & Sheafer, T. (2013). Social media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 115–137. doi: 10.1177/1940161212471716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Bae, S. (2014). Pornography consumption and US adults’ attitudes toward gay individuals’ civil liberties, moral judgments of homosexuality, and support for same-sex marriage: Mediating and moderating factors. Communication Monographs, 81(1), 79–107. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2013.871048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, J. (2002). The statistical power of election studies to detect media exposure effects in political campaigns. Electoral Studies, 21, 297–329. doi: 10.1016/S0261-3794(01)00023-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Peterson, E. B., Kim, W., & Rolfe-Redding, J. (2014). Effects of self-affirmation on daily versus occasional smokers’ responses to graphic warning labels. Communication Research, 41, 1137–1158. doi: 10.1177/0093650212465433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar