References
- Lugaresi A, Di Ioia M, Travaglini D, et al. Risk-benefit considerations in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:893–914.
- Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83(3):278–286.
- Patti F. Treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21(11):1679–1699.
- Derfuss T. Personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis: hope or reality? BMC Med. 2012;10:116.
- Ingwersen J, Aktas O, Hartung HP. Advances in and algorithms for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(1):47–57.
- De Gasperis-Brigante CD, Parker JL, O’Connor PW, et al. Reducing clinical trial risk in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;5:81–88.
- Gnanapavan S, Giovannoni G. Developing biomarkers for MS. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2015;26:179–194.
- Van den Broek M, Visser K, Allaart CF, et al. Personalized medicine: predicting responses to therapy in patients with RA. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13(3):463–469.
- Steinberg SC, Faris RJ, Chang CF, et al. Impact of adherence to interferons in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a non-experimental, retrospective, cohort study. Clin Drug Investig. 2010;30(2):89–100.
- Kappos L, Kuhle J, Multanen J, et al. Factors influencing long-term outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: PRISMS-15. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(11):1202–1207.
- Ruet A, Arrambide G, Brochet B, et al. Early predictors of multiple sclerosis after a typical clinically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler. 2014;20(13):1721–1726.
- Gajofatto A, Calabrese M, Benedetti MD, et al. Clinical, MRI, and CSF markers of disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Dis Markers. 2013;35(6):687–699.
- Rotstein DL, Healy BC, Malik MT, et al. Evaluation of no evidence of disease activity in a 7-year longitudinal multiple sclerosis cohort. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(2):152–158.
- Giovannoni G, Turner B, Gnanapavan S, et al. Is it time to target no evident disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(4):329–333.
- Ghezzi A, Karlsson G, Hearing D, et al. Effect of fingolimod on no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-4) and safety in young adult patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2015;84(14):3–277.
- Bergamaschi R, Quaglini S, Trojano M, et al. Early prediction of the long term evolution of multiple sclerosis: the Bayesian risk estimate for multiple sclerosis (BREMS) score. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:757–759.
- Sormani MP, De Stefano N. Defining and scoring response to IFN-β in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(9):504–512.
- Duquette P, Giacomini PS, Bhan V, et al. Balancing early aggression against risk of progression in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016;43(1):33–43.
- Comabella M, Vandenbroeck K. Pharmacogenomics and multiple sclerosis: moving toward individualized medicine. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2011;11:484–491.
- Xavier RJ, Rioux JD. Genome-wide association studies: a new window into immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(8):631–643.
- Hindorff LA, Sethupathy P, Junkins HA, et al. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:9362–9367.
- Welter D, MacArthur J, Morales J, et al. The NHGRI GWAS catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associations. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42:1001–1006.
- Farh KKH, Marson A, Zhu J, et al. Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants. Nature. 2014;518:337–343.
- Harris VK, Sadiq SA. Biomarkers of therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis: current status. Mol Diagn Ther. 2014;18(6):605–617.
- Rudick RA, Simonian NA, Alam JA, et al. Incidence and significance of neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Neurology. 1998;50(5):1266–1267.
- Namaka M, Pollitt-Smith M, Gupta A, et al. The clinical importance of neutralizing antibodies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(2):223–239.
- Rudick RA, Lee JC, Simon J, et al. Defining interferon beta response status in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(4):548–555.
- Sorensen PS, Koch-Henriksen N, Ross C, et al. Appearance and disappearance of neutralizing antibodies during interferon-beta therapy. Neurology. 2005;65(1):33–39.
- Bertolotto A, Deisenhammer F, Gallo P, et al. Immunogenicity of interferon beta: differences among products. J Neurol. 2004;251(S2):15–24.
- Calabresi PA, Giovannoni G, Confavreux C, et al. The incidence and significance of anti-natalizumab antibodies: results from AFFIRM and SENTINEL. Neurology. 2007;69(14):1391–1403.
- Oliver B, Fernandez O, Orpez T, et al. Kinetics and incidence of anti-natalizumab antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients on treatment for 18 months. Mult Scler. 2011;17(3):368–371.
- Sorensen PS, Jensen PE, Haghikia A, et al. Occurrence of antibodies against natalizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Mult Scler. 2011;17(9):1074–1078.
- Vennegoor A, Rispens T, Strijbis EM, et al. Clinical relevance of serum natalizumab concentration and anti-natalizumab antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2013;19(5):593–600.
- Bloomgren G, Richman S, Hotermans C, et al. Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1870–1880.
- Harris VK, Donelan N, Yan QJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid fetuin-A is a biomarker of active multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2013;19(11):1462–1472.
- Defer G, Mariotte D, Derache N, et al. CD49d expression as a promising biomarker to monitor natalizumab efficacy. J Neurol Sci. 2012;314(1–2):138–142.
- Lehmensiek V, Sussmuth SD, Tauscher G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid proteome profile in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2007;13(7):840–849.
- Tumani H, Lehmensiek V, Rau D, et al. CSF proteome analysis in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS): candidate markers for conversion to definite multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett. 2009;452(2):214–217.
- Ottervald J, Franzen B, Nilsson K, et al. Multiple sclerosis: identification and clinical evaluation of novel CSF biomarkers. J Proteomics. 2010;73(6):1117–1132.
- Sellebjerg F, Bornsen L, Khademi M, et al. Increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of the chemokine CXCL13 in active MS. Neurology. 2009;73(23):2003–2010.
- Axelsson M, Malmestrom C, Gunnarsson M, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy reduces axonal damage in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2014;20(1):43–50.
- Gunnarsson M, Malmestrom C, Axelsson M, et al. Axonal damage in relapsing multiple sclerosis is markedly reduced by natalizumab. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(1):83–89.
- Romme Christensen J, Ratzer R, Bornsen L, et al. Natalizumab in progressive MS: results of an open-label, phase 2A, proof-of-concept trial. Neurology. 2014;82(17):1499–1507.
- Muller AM, Jun E, Conlon H, et al. Cerebrospinal hepatocyte growth factor levels correlate negatively with disease activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2012;251(1–2):80–86.
- Bornsen L, Khademi M, Olsson T, et al. Osteopontin concentrations are increased in cerebrospinal fluid during attacks of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2011;17(1):32–42.
- Khademi M, Bornsen L, Rafatnia F, et al. The effects of natalizumab on inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis: prospects for treatment-sensitive biomarkers. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(4):528–536.
- Chabas D, Baranzini SE, Mitchell D, et al. The influence of the proinflammatory cytokine, osteopontin, on autoimmune demyelinating disease. Science. 2001;294(5547):1731–1735.
- Iaffaldano P, Ruggieri M, Viterbo RG, et al. The improvement of cognitive functions is associated with a decrease of plasma osteopontin levels in natalizumab treated relapsing multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;35:176–181.
- Shimizu Y, Ota K, Ikeguchi R, et al. Plasma osteopontin levels are associated with disease activity in the patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;263(1–2):148–151.
- Khademi M, Kockum I, Andersson ML, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 in multiple sclerosis: a suggestive prognostic marker for the disease course. Mult Scler. 2011;17(3):335–343.
- Brettschneider J, Czerwoniak A, Senel M, et al. The chemokine CXCL13 is a prognostic marker in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). PLoS One. 2010;5(8):11986.
- Ragheb S, Li Y, Simon K, et al. Multiple sclerosis: BAFF and CXCL13 in cerebrospinal fluid. Mult Scler. 2011;17(7):819–829.
- Linden M, Khademi M, Lima Bomfim I, et al. Multiple sclerosis risk genotypes correlate with an elevated cerebrospinal fluid level of the suggested prognostic marker CXCL13. Mult Scler. 2013;19(7):863–870.
- Alvarez E, Piccio L, Mikesell RJ, et al. CXCL13 is a biomarker of inflammation in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and other neurological conditions. Mult Scler. 2013;19(9):1204–1208.
- Axelsson M, Mattsson N, Malmestrom C, et al. The influence of disease duration, clinical course, and immunosuppressive therapy on the synthesis of intrathecal oligoclonal IgG bands in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;264(1–2):100–105.
- Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(7):676–688.
- Naismith RT, Piccio L, Lyons JA, et al. Rituximab add-on therapy for breakthrough relapsing multiple sclerosis: a 52-week phase II trial. Neurology. 2010;74(23):1860–1867.
- Piccio L, Naismith RT, Trinkaus K, et al. Changes in B- and T-lymphocyte and chemokine levels with rituximab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(6):707–714.
- Cross AH, Klein RS, Piccio L. Rituximab combination therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2012;5(6):311–319.
- Katsavos S, Anagnostouli M. Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: an up-to-date overview. Mult Scler Int. 2013;2013:1–20.
- Petzold A. Neurofilament phosphoforms: surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss. J Neurol Sci. 2005;233(1–2):183–198.
- Thounaojam MC, Kaushik DK, Basu A. MicroRNAs in the brain: it’s regulatory role in neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;47(3):1034–1044.
- Gandhi R. miRNA in multiple sclerosis: search for novel biomarkers. Mult Scler J. 2015;21(9):1095–1103.
- Guerau-de-Arellano M, Alder H, Ozer HG, et al. miRNA profiling for biomarker discovery in multiple sclerosis: from microarray to deep sequencing. J Neuroimmunol. 2012;248:32–39.
- Junker A, Krumbholz M, Eisele S, et al. MicroRNA profiling of multiple sclerosis lesions identifies modulators of the regulatory protein CD47. Brain. 2009;132:3342–3352.
- Du C, Liu C, Kang J, et al. MicroRNA miR-326 regulates TH-17 differentiation and is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Immunol. 2009;10:1252–1259.
- Hecker M, Thamilarasan M, Koczan D, et al. MicroRNA expression changes during interferon-beta treatment in the peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(8):16087–16110.
- Waschbisch A, Atiya M, Linker RA, et al. Glatiramer acetate treatment normalizes deregulated microRNA expression in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):24604.
- Gajofatto A, Turatti M, Monaco S, et al. Clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fingolimod for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2015;7:157–167.
- Phillips JT, Hutchinson M, Fox R, et al. Management strategies for flushing and gastrointestinal events associated with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate): expert panel recommendations. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2014;3(4):513–519.
- Bigaud M, Guerini D, Billich A, et al. Second generation S1P pathway modulators: research strategies and clinical developments. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1841(5):745–758.
- Traboulsee A, Simon JH, Stone L, et al. Revised recommendations of the consortium of MS centers task force for a standardized MRI protocol and clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and follow-up of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(3):394–401.
- Limmroth V. Treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: current and future algorithms. Eur Neurol. 2014;72(s1):35–38.
- Freedman MS, Ben-Amor AF, Issard D, et al. Assessing a tool to predict disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a post-hoc analysis of clinical trial data on patients treated with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a. Neurology. 2014;82(10):3.178.
- Cohen M, Maillart E, Papeix C, et al. Switching from natalizumab to fingolimod: risk of disease reactivation during the washout period is due to the previous activity of the disease. Follow-up of the ENIGM survey. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(4):436–441.
- Kappos L, Radue EW, O’Connor P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:387–401.
- Walther EU, Hohlfeld R. Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management. Neurology. 1999;53:1622–1627.
- Havrdova E, Horakova D, Kovarova I. Alemtuzumab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: key clinical trial results and considerations for use. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2015;8(1):31–45.
- Filippi M, Rocca MA, Pagani E, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence of an effect on brain tissue damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;8:851–858.
- Comi G, Jeffery D, Kappos L, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1000–1009.
- Kappos L, Li D, Calabresi PA, et al. Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9805):1779–1787.
- Khan O, Rieckmann P, Boyko A, et al. Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013;73:705–713.
- Calabresi PA, Kieseier BC, Arnold DL, et al. Pegylated interferon β-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(7):657–665.
- Arnold DL, Calabresi PA, Kieseier BC, et al. Effect of peginterferon beta-1a on MRI measures and achieving no evidence of disease activity: results from a randomized controlled trial in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:240.