199
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Palaeobotany

Tyloses in fossil plants: New data from a Mississippian tree, with a review of previous records

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 510-526 | Received 30 Mar 2022, Accepted 04 Jul 2022, Published online: 15 Jul 2022

References

  • Agrios, GN. 2005. Plant Pathology. Burlington (MA): Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Anonymous (Schuh OH, née Freiin von Reichenbach). 1845. Untersuchungen über die zellenartigen Ausfüllungen der Gefässe [Studies on the cell-like fillings of the vessels]. Botanische Zeitung. 3:225–231 and 241–253.
  • Araujo, L, WM Bispo, IS Cacique, WR Moreira, FÁ Rodrigues. 2014. Resistance in Mango against infection by. Phytopathology. 104:820–833. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-11-13-0316-R.
  • Bechtel, A, M Widera, RF Sachsenhofer, R Gratzer, A Lücke, M Woszczyk. 2007. Biomarker and stable carbon isotope systematics of fossil wood from the second Lusatian lignite seam of the Lubstów deposit (Poland). Org Geochem. 38:1850–1864. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.06.018.
  • Beckman, CH. 1964. Host responses to vascular infection. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2:231–252. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.001311.
  • Bierhorst, DW. 1960. Observations on tracheary elements. Phytomorphology. 10:249–305.
  • Blanchette, RA. 1992. Anatomical responses of xylem to injury and invasion by fungi. In R A Blanchette, A R Biggs, editors. Defense mechanisms of woody plants against fungi. Springer Series in Wood Science. Berlin (Heidelberg): Springer; p. 76–95.
  • Boddy, L. 2016. Interactions between fungi and other microbes. In S C Watkinson, L Boddy, N P Money, editors. The Fungi. Oxford (UK): Academic Press; Elsevier; p. 337–360.
  • Bonsen, KJM, LJ Kučera. 1990. Vessel occlusions in plants: morphological, functional and evolutionary aspects. IAWA J. 11:393–399. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000528.
  • Bonsen, KJM. 1991. Gefässverschluss-Mechanismen in Laubbäumen. [Mechanisms of vessel occlusion in deciduous trees]. Vierteljahresschr Naturforsch Ges Zürich. 136:13–50. In German.
  • Boucot, AJ, C Xu, CR Scotese, RJ Morley. 2013. Phanerozoic paleoclimate: an atlas of lithologic indicators of climate. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology.
  • Boura, A, D Pons, C Vozenin-Serra, MB Phú. 2013. Mesozoic fossil wood of Kiên Giang Province, southwestern Vietnam. Palaeontogr Abt B. 290:11–40. doi:10.1127/palb/290/2013/11.
  • Carlquist, S. 1996. Wood, bark and stem anatomy of New World species of. Gnetum Bot J Linn Soc. 120:1–19.
  • Cascales-Miñana, B, P Gerrienne, B Sirjacq, and P Steemans. 2019. On the hydraulic conductance of three woody Devonian plants. IAWA J. 40(3):446–465. doi:10.1163/22941932-40190232.
  • Césari, SN, C Álvarez-Vázquez, I Méndez-Bedia, D Álvarez-Laó, P Turrero, M Arbizu. 2015. First report of permineralised plants in the Stephanian of Arnao (Asturias, northwestern Spain). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 440:475–486. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.028.
  • Chattaway, MM. 1949. The Development of tyloses and secretion of gum in heartwood formation. Aus J Biol Sci. 2:227–240. doi:10.1071/BI9490227.
  • Chin, K, E Estrada-Ruiz, EA Wheeler, GR Upchurch, and DG Wolfe. 2019. Early angiosperm woods from the mid-Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Mexico, USA: Paraphyllanthoxylon, two new taxa, and unusual preservation. Cretaceous Res. 98:292–304. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.01.017.
  • Chrysler, MA. 1908. Tyloses in tracheids of conifers. 1. New Phytol. 7:198–204. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1908.tb06087.x.
  • Chrysler, MA. 1932. A new cycadeoid from New Jersey. Am J Bot. 19:679–692. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1932.tb08852.x.
  • Cichan, MA. 1985. Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. II. Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum Williamson and Scott (Sphenophyllales). Bot Gaz. 146:395–403.
  • Cichan, MA. 1986a. Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. III. Arthropitys (Equisetales, Calamitaceae). Can J Bot. 64:688–695. doi:10.1139/b86-087.
  • Cichan, MA. 1986b. Conductance in the wood of selected Carboniferous plants. Paleobiology. 12:302–310. doi:10.1017/S0094837300013804.
  • Cohen, KM, DAT Harper, PL Gibbard 2022. ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2022/02. International Commission on Stratigraphy, IUGS. Accessed 2022 Mar 02. www.stratigraphy.org
  • De Micco, V, A Balzano, EA Wheeler, P Baas. 2016. Tyloses and gums: a review of structure, function and occurrence of vessel occlusions. IAWA J. 37:186–205. doi:10.1163/22941932-20160130.
  • Decombeix, A-L, B Meyer-Berthaud, J Galtier, J Talent, R Mawson. 2011. Diversity of arborescent lignophytes in the Tournaisian vegetation of Queensland (Australia): paleoecological and paleogeographical significance. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 301:39–55. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.12.017.
  • Decombeix, A-L, J Galtier, C Prestianni. 2015. The Early Carboniferous progymnosperm Protopitys: new data on vegetative and fertile structures, and on its geographic and stratigraphic distribution. Hist Biol. 27:345–354. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.905554.
  • Decombeix, A-L, A Boura, AMF Tomescu. 2019. Plant hydraulic architecture through time: lessons and questions on the evolution of vascular systems. IAWA J. 40:387–420. doi:10.1163/22941932-40190254.
  • Dufraisse, A, S Coubray, O Girardclos, A Dupin, M Lemoine. 2018. Contribution of tyloses quantification in earlywood oak vessels to archaeological charcoal analyses: estimation of a minimum age and influences of physiological and environmental factors. Quat Int. 463:250–257. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.070.
  • Edwards, D. 2003. Xylem in early tracheophytes. Plant Cell Environ. 26:57–72. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00878.x.
  • Eggert, DA, TN Taylor. 1966. Studies of Paleozoic ferns: on the genus Tedelea gen. nov. Palaeontogr Abt B. 118:52–73.
  • Esau, K. 1965. Plant anatomy. 2 ed. New York (London, Sydney): Wiley & Sons.
  • Feng, Z, J Wang, R Rößler, H Kerp, H-B Wei. 2013. Complete tylosis formation in a latest Permian conifer stem. Ann Bot. 111:1075–1081. doi:10.1093/aob/mct060.
  • Fisher, JB, FW Ewers. 1991. Structural responses to stem injury in vines. In F E Putz, H A Mooney, editors. The biology of vines. New York: Cambridge University Press; p. 99–124.
  • Fourie, G, ET Steenkamp, RC Ploetz, TR Gordon, and A Viljoen. 2011. Current status of the taxonomic position of Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis cubense within the Fusarium oxysporum complex. Infect Genet Evol. 11:533–542. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.01.012.
  • Franco, MJ, E Moya, M Brea, CM Martínez. 2020. Astroniumxylon, Schinopsixylon, and Parametopioxylon n. gen. fossil woods from the upper Cenozoic of Argentina: taxonomic revision, new taxon and new records. J Paleontol. 94:185–201. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.97.
  • Galtier, J, TL Phillips. 1999. The acetate peel technique. In T Jones, N P Rowe, editors. Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. London: Geol Soc London; p. 67–70.
  • Galtier, J, FM Hueber. 2001. How early ferns became trees. Proc R Soc Lond B. 268:1955–1957. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1785.
  • Galtier, J, CJ Harper, R Rößler, E Kustatscher, M Krings. 2018. Enigmatic, structurally preserved stems from the Triassic of central Europe: a fern or not a fern. In M Krings, C J Harper, N R Cuneo, G W Rothwell, editors. Transformative paleobotany: papers to commemorate the life and legacy of Thomas N. Taylor. Cambridge (MA): Academic Press; p. 187–209.
  • Gerrienne, P, PG Gensel, C Strullu-Derrien, H Lardeux, P Steemans, C Prestianni. 2011. A simple type of wood in two Early Devonian plants. Nature. 333:837.
  • Gerry, E. 1914. Tyloses; their occurrence and practical significance in some American woods. Agric Res. 1:445–469.
  • Greppi, CD, JL Garcia Massini, RR Pujana, SA Marenssi. 2018. Fungal wood-decay strategies in Nothofagaceae woods from Miocene deposits in southern Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa. 42:427–440. doi:10.1080/03115518.2018.1471736.
  • Gryc, V, H Vavrčík, J Sakala. 2009. Cenomanian angiosperm wood from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic. IAWA J. 30:319–329. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000221.
  • Harper, CJ, B Bomfleur, A-L Decombeix, EL Taylor, TN Taylor, M Krings. 2012. Tylosis formation and fungal interactions in an Early Jurassic conifer from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 175:25–31. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.02.006.
  • Harper, CJ, A-L Decombeix, TN Taylor, EL Taylor, M Krings. 2017. Fungal decay in Permian glossopteridalean stem and root wood from Antarctica. IAWA J. 38:29–48. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170155.
  • Harper, CJ, M Krings. 2021. Fungi as parasites: a conspectus of the fossil record. In The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism. Cham: Springer; p. 69–108.
  • Hass, H, NP Rowe. 1999. Thin sections and wafering. In T Jones, N P Rowe, editors. Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. London: Geol Soc London; p. 76–81.
  • He, XY, SJ Wang, J Hilton, J Galtier, HG Jiang. 2020. An advanced species of the fern Botryopteris Renault from the Permian of southwestern China. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 273:104136. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104136.
  • Hillbrand-Grill, F. 1998. Schuh, (Ottone) Hermine; geb. Freiin von Reichenbach (1819-1902), Botanikerin. In Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon (ÖBL) 1815–1950. Vol. 11. p. 310. (part 53). In German.
  • Hoffman, LA, and AMF Tomescu. 2013. An early origin of secondary growth: Franhueberia gerriennei gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Devonian of Gaspé (Quebec, Canada). Am J Bot. 100:754–763. doi:10.3732/ajb.1300024.
  • Holden, HS. 1925. On the occurrence of cavity parenchyma and tyloses in ferns. J Linn Soc Bot. 47:141–153.
  • Holden, HS. 1930. ”On the structure and affinities of Ankyropteris corrugata. Phil Trans R Soc London. 218B:79–113.
  • IAWA [Commitee on Nomenclature, International Association of Wood Anatomists]. 1964. Multilingual glossary of terms used in wood anatomy. Winterthur: Verlagsanstalt Buchdruckerei Konkordia; p. 186.
  • IAWA Committee [International Association of Wood Anatomists]. 1989. IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bull. 10:219–332.
  • Jud, NA, MD D’Emic, SA Williams, JC Mathews, KM Tremaine, J Bhattacharya. 2018. A new fossil assemblage shows that large angiosperm trees grew in North America by the Turonian (Late Cretaceous). Sci Adv. 4:eaar8568. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar8568.
  • Kashyap, A, M Planas-Marquès, M Capellades, M Valls, NS Coll. 2021. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. J Exp Bot. 72:184–198. doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa444.
  • Kenrick, P, PR Crane. 1997. The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
  • Khan, MA, M Bera, RA Spicer, TEV Spicer, S Bera. 2018. Evidence of simultaneous occurrence of tylosis formation and fungal interaction in a late Cenozoic angiosperm from the eastern Himalaya. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 259:171–184. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.10.004.
  • Klein, G. 1923. Zur Aetiologie der Thyllen [On the etiology of the thylles]. Z Bot. 15:418–439. In German.
  • Leroux, O, JP Knox, B Masschaele, A Bagniewska-Zadworna, SE Marcus, M Claeys, L van Hoorebeke, RL Viane. 2011. An extensin-rich matrix lines the carinal canals in Equisetum ramosissimum, which may function as water-conducting channels. Ann Bot. 108:307–319. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr161.
  • Leśniewska, J, D Öhman, M Krzesłowska, S Kushwah, M Barciszewska-Pacak, LA Kleczkowski, B Sundberg, T Moritz, EJ Mellerowicz. 2017. Defense responses in Aspen with altered pectin methylesterase activity reveal the hormonal inducers of tyloses. Plant Physiol. 173(2):1409–1419. doi:10.1104/pp.16.01443.
  • Mace, ME, AA Bell, CH Beckman. 1981. Fungal wilt diseases of plants. New York/ London: Academic Press.
  • Malpighi, M. 1686–87. Opera omnia [The works]. London: Apud R. Littlebury. In Latin.
  • Marguerier, J. 1968. Révision du genre Calamodendron Brongniard 1849 d’après l’étude de la structure de Calamodendron punctatum (Renault) 1896 [Revision of the genus Calamodendron Brongniard 1849 based on the study of the structure of Calamodendron punctatum (Renault) 1896]. C R 93e Congr Nat Soc Sav Tours Tome. 3:39–66. In French.
  • Mawson, R, JA Talent. 1997. Famennian–Tournaisian conodonts and Devonian-Early Carboniferous transgressions and regressions in north-eastern Queensland. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap. 321:189–233.
  • Mawson, R, JA Talent. 1999. Early Carboniferous (mid-Tournaisian) conodonts from north-eastern Queensland (Ruxton and Teddy Mountain Formations): age implications and stratigraphic alignments. Boll Soc Paleontol Ital. 37:407–425.
  • McNicol, M. 1908. On cavity parenchyma and tyloses in ferns. Ann Bot. 22:401–413. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089180.
  • Medlyn, DA, and WA Tidwell. 1975. Conifer wood from the Upper Jurassic of Utah. Part I: Xenoxylon morrisonense sp. nov. Am J Bot. 62:203–208.
  • Mickle, JE. 1980. Ankyropteris from the Pennsylvanian of Eastern Kentucky. Bot Gaz. 141(2):230–243. doi:10.1086/337149.
  • Miller, CJ, JG Duckett. 1979. A study of stelar ultrastructure in the heterosporous water fern Marsilea quadrifolia L. Ann Bot. 44:231–238. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085723.
  • Mindell, RA, RA Stockey, GW Rothwell, G Beard. 2006. Gleichenia appianensis sp. nov. (Gleicheniaceae): a permineralized rhizome and associated vegetative remains from the Eocene of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Int J Plant Sci. 167:639–647. doi:10.1086/500997.
  • Molisch, H. 1889. Zur Kenntniss der Thyllen, nebst Beobachtungen über Wundheilung in der Pflanze. [Concerning the knowledge of tyloses, with observations on wound healing in plants]. Sitzungsber K Akad Wiss Wien Math-Naturw Cl Abt I. 97:264–299. In German.
  • Morris, H, C Brodersen, FW Schwarze, S Jansen. 2016. The parenchyma of secondary xylem and its critical role in tree defense against fungal decay in relation to the CODIT model. Front Plant Sci. 7:1665. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01665.
  • Nunes, CI, RR Pujana, IH Escapa, MA Gandolfo, NR Cúneo. 2018. A new species of Carlquistoxylon from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia (Chubut province, Argentina): the oldest record of angiosperm wood from South America. IAWA J. 39:406–426. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170206.
  • Oh, C, M Philippe, S McLoughlin, J Woo, M Leppe, T Torres, T-YS Park, H-G Choi. 2020. New fossil woods from lower Cenozoic volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, and the implications for the trans-Antarctic Peninsula Eocene climatic gradient. Pap Palaeontol. 6:1–29. doi:10.1002/spp2.1256.
  • Orlova, OA, A Jurina. 2011. Genus Callixylon Zalessky (Archaeopteridophyta): main criteria for distinguishing its species and revision of its species composition. Paleontol J. 45(5):580–589. doi:10.1134/S0031030111050108.
  • Pearce, RB. 1996. Antimicrobial defences in the wood of living trees. New Phytol. 132:203–233. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01842.x.
  • Phillips, TL, J Galtier. 2005. Evolutionary and ecological perspectives of late Paleozoic ferns. Part I. Zygopteridales. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 135(3–4):165–203. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.03.006.
  • Phillips, TL, J Galtier. 2011. Evolutionary and ecological perspectives of late Paleozoic ferns: part II. The genus Ankyropteris and the Tedeleaceae. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 164(1–2):1–29. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.07.004.
  • Phipps, PM. 1976. Histopathology of mimosa infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. perniciosum. Phytopathology. 66(7):839–843. doi:10.1094/Phyto-66-839.
  • Pigg, KB, GW Rothwell. 1983. Chaloneria Gen. Nov.; Heterosporous Lycophytes from the Pennsylvanian of North America. Bot Gaz. 144(1):132–144. doi:10.1086/337354.
  • Raatz, W. 1892. Ueber Thyllenbildung in den Tracheïden der Coniferenhölzer [On the formation of tyloses in the tracheids of conifer wood]. Ber Deutsch Bot Ges. 10:183–191. In German.
  • Renault, B. 1893–1896. Bassin Houiller et Permien d’Autun et d’Epinac. Flore Fossile, 2e partie. [Coal and Permian Basin of Autun and Epinac. Fossil Flora, part 2]. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 578. In French.
  • Rioux, D, H Chamberland, M Simard, GB Ouellette. 1995. Suberized tyloses in trees: an ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Planta. 196:125–140. doi:10.1007/BF00193226.
  • Rioux, D, M Nicole, M Simard, GB Ouellette. 1998. Immunocytochemical evidence that secretion of pectin occurs during gel (gum) and tylosis formation in trees. Phytopathology. 6:494–505. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.6.494.
  • Roberts, D, E Barghoorn. 1952. Medullosa olseniae: a Permian Medullosa from north central Texas. Bot Mus Leafl Harv Univ. 15:191–200. doi:10.5962/p.168478.
  • Rößler, R, R Noll. 2007. Calamitea Cotta, the correct name for calamitean sphenopsids currently classified as Calamodendron Brongniart. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 144:157–180. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.08.001.
  • Rößler, R, R Noll. 2010. Die Calamiten der Gattung Arthropitys Goeppert 1864 im Versteinerten Wald von Chemnitz. [Calamites of the genus Arthropitys Goeppert in the petrified forest of Chemnitz]. Veröff Mus Naturkunde Chemnitz. 33:89–112. In German.
  • Rößler, R, R Noll. 2012. Anatomy and branching of Arthropitys bistriata (Cotta) Goeppert – new observations from the petrified forest of Chemnitz, Germany. Int J Coal Geol. 83:103–124. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.011.
  • Rößler, R, Z Feng, and R Noll. 2012. The largest calamite and its growth architecture — Arthropitys bistriata from the Early Permian Petrified Forest of Chemnitz. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 185:64–78. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.07.018.
  • Scheckler, SE, and J Galtier. 2003. Tyloses and Ecophysiology of the Early Carboniferous Progymnosperm Tree Protopitys buchiana. Ann Bot. 91:739–747. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg068.
  • Schmitt, U, and W Liese. 1994. Wound Tyloses in Robinia pseudoacacia L. IAWA J. 15:157–160. doi:10.1163/22941932-90001357.
  • Schneider, CA, WS Rasband, KW Eliceiri. 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 9:671–675. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2089.
  • Schopf, JM. 1975. Modes of fossil preservation. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 20:27–53. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(75)90005-6.
  • Schwarze, FWMR, S Baum. 2000. Mechanisms of reaction zone penetration by decay fungi in wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica). New Phytol. 146(1):129–140. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00624.x.
  • Schweingruber, FH, A Börner. 2018. The plant stem. A microscopic aspect. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73524-5.
  • Scott, AC. 1990. Preservation, evolution, and extinction of plants in Lower Carboniferous volcanic sequences in Scotland. In M G Lockley, A Rice, editors. Volcanism and fossil biotas. Boulder CO: Geological Society of America; special paper 244.
  • Shi, X, J Yu, Y Sun. 2020. Tyloses in the Lopingian cordaitalean root from Xinjiang, Northwest China. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 273:104134. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104134.
  • Shigo, AL. 1984. Compartmentalization: a conceptual framework for understanding how trees grow and defend themselves. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 22:189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001201.
  • Shivanna, M, A Singh, BD Singh, VP Singh, RP Matthews, PA Souza. 2017. Peat biomass degradation: evidence from fungal and faunal activity in carbonized wood from the Eocene sediments of western India. Palaeoworld. 26:531–542. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2016.05.004.
  • Smoot, EL, and TN Taylor. 1981. Palaeobotanist. 28/29:81–85.
  • Speranza, M, C Ascaso, X Delclòs, E Peñalver. 2015. Cretaceous mycelia preserving fungal polysaccharides: taphonomic and paleoecological potential of microorganisms preserved in fossil resins. Geol Acta. 13:363–385.
  • Steidtmann, WE. 1944. The anatomy and affinities of Medullosa noei Steidtmann, and associated foliage, roots, and seeds. Contrib Mus Paleontol Univ Mich. 6:131–166.
  • Strullu-Derrien, C, P Kenrick, P Tafforeau, H Cochard, J-L Bonnemain, A Le Hérissé, H Lardeux, E Badel. 2014. The earliest wood and its hydraulic properties documented in c. 407-million-year-old fossils using synchrotron microtomography. Bot J Linn Soc. 175:423–437. doi:10.1111/boj.12175.
  • Sun, Q, TL Rost, MS Reid, MA Matthews. 2007. Ethylene and not embolism is required for wound-induced tylose development in stems of grapevines. Plant Physiol. 145:1629–1636. doi:10.1104/pp.107.100537.
  • Talboys, PW. 1972. Resistance to vascular wilt fungi. Proc R Soc London B. 181:319–332.
  • Tanrattana, M, J-F Barczi, A-L Decombeix, B Meyer-Berthaud, and JP Wilson . 2019. A new approach for modelling water transport in fossil plants. IAWA J. 40:466–487. doi:10.1163/22941932-40190243.
  • Taylor, TN, EL Taylor, M Krings. 2009. Paleobotany. The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Cambridge (MA): Academic Press.
  • Taylor, TN, M Krings, N Dotzler, J Galtier. 2011. The advantage of thin section preparations over acetate peels in the study of late Paleozoic fungi and other microorganisms. Palaios. 26:239–244. doi:10.2110/palo.2010.p10-131r.
  • Terreaux de Félice, H, A-L Decombeix, J Galtier. 2019. Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany. Geodiversitas. 41:587–599. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a14.
  • Thayne, GF, WD Tidwell, WL Stokes. 1983. Flora of the lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and Colorado, Part I. Paraphyllanthoxylon utahense. Great Basin Naturalist. 43:3. Article.
  • Tosal, A, A-L Decombeix, B Meyer-Berthaud, J Galtier, C Martín-Closas 2021. First record of silicified woods in the Late Carboniferous basins of the Pyrenees. 7th International Meeting of Agora Paleobotanica, Oct 2021, Liège, Belgium. https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03412572/document.
  • VanderMolen, GE, CH Beckman, E Rodehorst. 1987. The ultrastructure of tylose formation in resistant banana following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol. 31:185–200. doi:10.1016/0885-5765(87)90063-4.
  • Walton, J. 1924. IV. On Rhexoxylon Bancroft—a Triassic genus of plants exhibiting a liane-type of vascular organization. Phil Trans R Soc London B. 212:79–109.
  • Walton, J. 1949. On some Lower Carboniferous Equisetineae from the Clyde area. I Protocalamostachys arranensis gen. et sp. nov. – a hitherto undescribed type of strobilus. II. The nodal structure of Asterocalamites Göpperti Solms sp. Trans R Soc Edinburgh. 61:729–773. doi:10.1017/S0080456800019128.
  • Wang, SJ, J Hilton, J Galtier, XY He, LY Shao. 2014. Tiania yunnanense gen. et sp. nov., an osmundalean stem from the Upper Permian of southwestern China previously placed within Palaeosmunda. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 210:37–49. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.07.004.
  • Weaver, LS, S McLoughlin, AN Drinnan. 1997. Fossil woods from the Permian Bainmedart Coal Measures, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. AGSO J Aust Geol Geophys. 16:655–676.
  • Wei, HB, XD Gou, JY Yang, Z Feng. 2019. Fungi-plant-arthropods interactions in a new conifer wood from the uppermost Permian of China reveal complex ecological relationships and trophic networks. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 271:104100. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.07.005.
  • Weiner, G, W Liese. 1997. Wound reactions in bamboo culms and rhizomes. J Trop For Sci. 9:379–397.
  • Weiss, FE. 1906. On the tyloses of Rachiopteris corrugata. New Phytol. 5:1–5. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1906.tb05923.x.
  • Wheeler, EA, AR Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA J. Supplement 3:1–188.
  • Williamson, WC. 1877. On the organisation of the fossil plants of the Coal Measures. Part VIII. Ferns (continued) and gymnospermous stems and seeds. Proc R Soc London. 25:68–73.
  • Williamson, WC. 1888. On some anomalous cells developed within the interior of the vascular and cellular tissues of the fossil plants of the Coal-Measure. Ann Bot. 1:315–323. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089066.
  • Wilson, JP. 2013. Modeling 400 Million Years of Plant Hydraulics. Paleontol Soc Pap. 19:175–194. doi:10.1017/S1089332600002734.
  • Wilson, JP. 2016. Hydraulics of Psilophyton and evolutionary trends in plant water transport after terrestrialization. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 227:65–76. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.11.010.
  • Yadeta, KA, BPHJ Thomma. 2013. The xylem as battleground for plant hosts and vascular wilt pathogens. Front Plant Sci. 4:97. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00097.
  • Zimmermann, MH. 1979. The discovery of tylose formation by a Viennese Lady in 1845. IAWA Bull. 3:51–56.
  • Zürcher, E, LJ Kučera, HH Bosshard. 1985. Bildung und Morphologie der Thyllen: eine Literaturübersicht. [Development and morphology of tyloses: a survey of the literature]. Vierteljahresschr Naturforsch Ges Zürich. 130:311–333. In German.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.